Hanganga, Kōrero
Codification o Justinian rite te puna o te ture Roma: rā uara
Eastern Empire Roma mo te wa roa i te kaha whakamutunga o puāwaitanga te ture Roma tiaki ona iho, me rapunga whakaaro. whakakitea te kingitanga o Justinian ngoikore, me etahi paerewa ture kēnana tawhitotia whakamahia i roto i aua ra. codification reira whakawhanakehia (whakatikatika), e hoki te haapiiraa taketake o te ture Roma, te āhuatanga ture, me te pono.
Whāinga me ihirangi
Ko te whakaaro matua o te hanga ko te whanaketanga o te pukature kotahi, he huinga o ngā ture me ngā ariā ture, e kua ngā me tika onamata, jus vetus, me ture emepaea hou. I mahara tenei huinga o ture, me te ki kia he tautohe kaha i roto i te mau faaotiraa ture, me te i roto i te whakahaere o te tika. A, no te haere mai i te reira ki te ture tata me whakahau o te Hiha, ko reira nui māmā ki te mahi - katoa o te kaupapa ture tata te whakaputaina wā. Ko ngā tikanga ture tohua i roto i a ratou, i maha whakakorea tohua rite tawhitotia ranei ranei. Na reira, i reira te kōhanga o codification o Justinian, ka riro te whakahounga o ngā kohinga ture tīariari kua faufaa. A ki te mahi i tenei i te reira tika kia kua huringa o muri katoa i hanga i roto i nga wahi katoa o te kingitanga, a ko te kupu i zakonotolkovaniem ki te mahi anake ki pai te hinengaro ture o te wā.
Ko reira uaua ake ki te whakamahi i ngā puna tuatahi o matarohia te ture Roma, he tokomaha o nei kua i taua wa i tūnga ngaro, kia kōrero ki a ratou ko te mahi Aue. I te tahi atu te ringa, ara te hunga mahi i runga i nei te whakahaere o te tika, fonu ngā whakahēnga me hapa arorau. Na reira, ngā whakaaro ture i roto i ia take o te tautohe strikingly rerekē i ia atu. Kei te anake whakaritea te otinga whānui e te katoa te maha o ngā pōti, e ranei piri whakawa. I roto i te poto, kihai i tino ngā te kingitanga o Justinian ki ture ture mārama, me te pau, a ua te hiahia akiaki ki te mahi ki tenei ai'a me tikanga urupā hou, tikanga ture me ture, ki te kawe i te pūnaha ture i roto i te hanganga ture tino ki te wairua o te ture Roma.
ana'iraa
February 528, kitea te Justinian mo te whanaketanga o ngā ture hou, tae atu i te turanga o te whaiwhakaaro ana Roma tawhito. i fakatahataha'i Justinian codification i te rōpū o tekau iwi, i roto i nei uru ia Tribonian. I roto i April o te taua tau ka haere mai te Code o Justinian, i tae atu whakaputaina katoa i te wa o nga tikanga kaupapa ture me fetaulaki'anga mua. Kua kua tino waihanga me te papa'iraa te kohinga oti o tikanga me nga kaupapa ture o nga rangatira o mua o te Hau emepera Roma Eastern, te maha o neke atu i te toru mano. I te mutunga o 530, mahi ia tetahi atu kōmihana ārahi roia upoko e Tribonianom. Tenei wa ngā reira Ahorangi Academy Kronstantinopolya Kratina Tiopira, Dorotheus ko Agatoly Beritskie me te maha o te ture ārahi. Ko te mahi o te kōmihana ko ki te whakawhanake i te huinga o tikanga ture, ka te pūtaiao ture nāianei matua.
Wāhanga o te codification o Justinian
Codification wehea ki te maha nga wahi, ia o nei ngā pere motuhake whakaaro ture me ngā pātai. I te mutunga o te tau 530 haere mai nga kohinga pera-ka karanga - kohikohinga o tangohanga poto i te mahi o jurists Roma puāwaitanga. Tukutahi ki te Digest i whakawhanakehia pukapuka mo te ako o te ture mō ngā rōia taitamariki - pūtahi. I muri i taua i hanga, ka ētita e te waehere o kaupapa ture emepaea. tika wāhi Emperor i te waihanga o ēnei tuhinga, me te ki te hanga tono, me whakatikatika, i muri mai ngā raro i te taitara "Te codification o Justinian."
codification aroaro wāhanga Ripanga i raro:
Ko te putanga tuatahi, me te tuarua o codifications
I mohiotia kua te putanga tuatahi o te Code o Ture rite te "codification o Justinian." i iti whakarāpopoto ona tirotiro ki toru ngā wāhanga: kohinga, pūtahi me waehere. Kia aroha mai, i roto i te putanga tuatahi o te tuhinga ki te ra hakari e kore kua ora taua. I whakaurua web ki nga uri o te rārangi atu whānui o codification - te putanga tuarua pera-ka karanga. Tenei huinga o ture unu i runga i muri i te matenga o Justinian, e hāngai ana i runga i te mahi o tona komiti me, hoatu ona menemana. Kua riro te putanga tuarua mohiotia rite te "praelactionis repetitae Codex". Āpiti atu ki te aronui e toru-wahi, ngā reira nga pūrākau pera-ka karanga, i nga he kohinga o kaupapa ture emepaea, whakaputaina i muri i te whakaputanga o te pukapuka tuatahi "te codification o Justinian." Ka taea te faataa whakarāpopoto te faufaa o tenei mahi i te pānga o tenei mahi i runga i te whanaketanga atu o te whakaaro ture Pākehā. i hanga tokomaha tikanga ture te pūtake o wharekarakia ture tivira. Na reira, ko te reira pai ki te titiro i te wahi Pākēha o te tuhinga i roto i te taipitopito atu.
kaupapa ture emepaea
Tuatahi o te katoa, Justinian utua e ahau whakarongo ki nga hui ngā o te kaupapa ture emepaea. Tona mahi rahi i ki te hoatu i roto i te tikanga i te tikanga ture katoa e kua putu ki runga te rau tau i muri i te whakaputanga o te rarity ture pai-mohiotia. Komihana o Jurists tutaki e pā ana ki te tau, te hua o to ratou mahi, ko te Tapeke reipublicae, i whakakorea ture o mua katoa me kaupapa ture, me te korero i nga ture hou o whakawa me tautohetohe ture. Ko te nganatanga tuatahi ki te matau i te kainga tupu ture o te mua, a kua kawea mai te reira hua pai. pai te kingi i ki te mahi, me te ture i runga i te whakatamarikitanga o ture hou tukua i runga i April 7529 tau.
Digesty
i taea e ki te kohikohi me te whakarite i tono katoa i te wa i te ture o nāianei Hiha Justinian - leges. Na i reira ki te mahi i te taua i roto i te pā ana ki te tikanga puāwaitanga o te ture Roma - te vetus jus pera-ka karanga. Ko nui atu i te mua te mahi hou, a nui atu uaua ki a ratou ko te mahi. Ko te mahi ngaio ki te kua puta te Code me te mahi kaha o kaiāwhina whakakaha Justinian te whakatau ki te haere tonu i te mahi. auctore 15 Hakihea 630, whakaputaina te ture e Deo, i fakataumu'a Tribonianu ki te faatupu i tenei mahi uaua, te kōwhiri i te kaiawhina. karangatia Triboniat ki whai wāhi i roto i te kōmihana o jurists rangatira o te wa, roto i nga ahorangi wha o Constantinople Academy me tahi ture. E kanohi he codification o Justinian, e taea te whakawakia e te mahi hoatu i mua i te kōmihana:
- Te kohikohi me te arotake i te mahi katoa e wātea ana i te wa o te ārahi roia.
- enei mahi katoa i ki kia i raro ki arotake me ki te hanga o ratou te nekehia atu.
- Tangohia tawhito tautauā ranei i te kau nga tikanga me ngā ture.
- Whakatau rerekētanga me ketanga arorau.
- Systematize toenga maroke , me te ki te tapae i te reira i roto i te tikanga mārama me te poto.
Ko te tikanga o teie wahi o codification o Justinian i ki te waihanga i tētahi katoa pūnahanaha o te tokomaha nui o te tuhinga tuku. kua Na kua meatia tenei mahi ngū mō tau e toru anake. Kua i roto i te 533 tau kingitanga o Justinian tukuna he tikanga whakaae i te huinga hou o ture, ka karanga Digesta, a ki runga ki Hakihea 30, ka anga kua ia ki te mahi i roto i te rohe katoa o te Hau emepera Roma Eastern.
Ko te ihirangi roto o te Digest
tikanga Digesty hoki kaimahi me ko he kohikohinga o nga tikanga, me te mau parau tumu o te e whaiwhakaaro ana. Ratou ingoa atu - ngaungau. mai te wā i te pandektes kupu Kariki, i te auraa e te whānui, ao - rite i fakamamafa'i e te parau tumu te ao o te tono o tenei tinana o te ture. Ko te codification o Justinian tirohia kohinga rite kohikohinga o te ture ngā, me rite te pukapuka i runga i te tono o te ture. hua Just Digest 39 jurists rongonui o te wa, me te, rite ki whakatau tata o te Hiha ia, ako neke atu i rua mano mahi. Pandects Ko te moni o te katoa o te tuhinga ture puāwaitanga me ko te wahi pokapū o te huinga katoa o te ture e kua whakaaetia Justinian I. e wehea korukī katoa i to ratou ihirangi pū i te pukapuka e rima tekau, kua rite rawa e wha tekau-whitu o ratou ki to ratou ake taitara ki ngā ingoa e whakakitea tetahi taha i tetahi raruraru ture ranei. e toru anake ngā pukapuka i kahore taitara. I roto i te whakarōpū hou, he ratou 30, 31 me te 32 wahi. faaite katoa o a ratou he raruraru noa, a ka he kanga ki te katoa o a ratou apopo..ko.
Roto ia taitara pupuritia te rārangi o faahitiraa i oti rawa tetahi taha i tetahi take ture ranei. whai hoki ēnei korukī ratou ake hanganga. I roto i te nuinga o te wā, te rarangi tuatahi o te kōrero i kai ture, kōrero i runga i nga tikanga o te ture tivira, a ka - he wāhanga i te tohi o te ad edictum, whakatapua ki te taha matatika o te take, me faaoti ki vydezhki o roa heheu tauira o te tono o tikanga ture roto i te mahi ture. I te matenga o te toru o nga rōpū o tauākī ko responsa Papiniani, na kua huaina enei tekiona "Papilyana papatipu". I te tahi taime tetahi tetahi taitara ranei whakaoti tauākī atu - e huaina ratou Tāpiritanga.
Tetahi o nga tauākī me faahitiraa parau i roto i ngā tohutohu pau i runga i kaituhi faahitihia me ana mahi. I roto i te putanga o te whaiwhakaaro ana hou kua taua torokī katoa, te roa o ratou i te wehenga ki nga wahi iti - kōwae. Na reira, ka kore e kōrero ki te whakahanumi tohu i te pukapuka, tangohia nei i te parau rite te taitara, torokī me te maha o ona kōwae.
marohi
Te hanga i te wahi pokapū o te codifications, ko nga jurists kore anake ki te kohikohi tauākī o te ture tawhito, engari ano hoki tapae ratou i roto i te tikanga i matau ngāwari. I roto i te mau papa'iraa tahito i reira i tokomaha nga wahi e te kingitanga o Justinian tawhitotia. Otiia e kore e reira i ki pā te kounga, me te mārama o te kuputuhi. Hei whakatika i hē, maha haere compilers ki huringa iti i roto i te tangohanga faahitihia. I muri mai i huaina ēnei huringa marohi. e kore te No tohu waho o āwhiwhiwhi takina, he katoa o ratou, ano he hononga noa o te mātāpuna tuatahi Roma. Ko taea te ako whānui o te Digest te whakamahi i ngā tikanga reo kitea te marohi i roto i ngā rahinga nui. whakairo haere compilers huri noa te tuku iho ture a kawea ana e ia ki roto ki ngāwari-ki-matau tirohanga. I te tahi taime e ngāwari kitea enei hë i te whakatairite i te faahitiraa parau i tangohia i te taua mahi o te ture Roma, ko i te tikanga o ona whakanohoia i roto i ngā pukapuka Prediktov. mohiotia hoki take o te whakatairite i korukī i te codification o Justinian ki nga puna taketake ora. Otiia anake i roto i ngā tūhuratanga hītori, me te reo matatini e taea te kitea i roto i te nuinga o te wā, maimoatanga me te āhua o compilers nui.
pūtahi
Tukutahi ki te kaha Titanic o tito whakahanumi mahi ki te waihanga i tētahi aratohu poto mō ngā rōia taitamariki. I roto i te tuhi ake te kaiārahi hou tika wāhi Ahorangi Tiopira me Dorothy. He ā-Kua haaputuhia kua i roto i te puka o te akoranga o te ture tivira. Hei tautapa ka mau te reira tino maori mo te hunga ingoa wā. I roto i te Whiringa 533, tukuna Emperor Justinian he legum tikanga cupidae Juventati, te tikanga mo te mau aivanaa, me ngā ākonga. I mana fakangofua ia te reira i te taha o te tikanga ture whakaturia atu i roto i te pūtahi, me te painga ano ea te tahi atu codifications o Justinian.
Ko te hanganga ā-o te whare
Ko te nuinga o ngā pūtahi i tahito nga buka i tuhituhia e te ture Roma Kaiu; nei arahina ratou mahi ture i roto i te BC rautau 2. e. tikanga tenei aratohu mō rōia taitamariki, a i whakamahia rite te pukapuka mō te Rünanga Whakamana pūmotu. Institutes o Justinian ka mau i tenei tahua te hanga parau tumu. Just rite Gaia, e tahuri iho te akoranga katoa ki wha nga wahi nui. He tokomaha pene e tāruatia tika i Gaya painga ara te parau tumu rawa o wehewehe ki kōwae i tangohia i tenei rōia onamata. Ia o nga pukapuka e wha he ona ake taitara, kua wehea ia taitara ki ngā kōwae. I muri i taitara me te aroaro hiahiatia te paratarafa matamua e ki te whakaatu i tētahi tuhinga poto i huaina principium. Pea e kore te mau melo o te kōmihana Justinian i hiahia ki te reinvent te wira, ka mutu i runga i te putanga e ko tino watea hoki te ako.
Me huringa
Ka rite ki te roa rite te mahi pakeke o tuhia ture ture hou me ngā ariā, tukua ture Byzantine te rota a ture hou me te kaiwhakaatu, e hiahia hoki ki te arotake. i hainatia ētahi o enei tautohetohe tika e Justinian, me ua faaite i roto i te tikanga - tae maha o tikanga i tautohetia e rima tekau mongamonga. ka ui maha rongoā matatau te aro mātai hou me te arotake, ko muri i te tukunga whakamutunga o te Digest me pūtahi etahi tikanga i roto i roto i te hiahiatia kē ratou whakahounga. Waehere, whakaputaina i roto i te 529 tau, i roto i kai ture tawhitotia ranei, a na reira kihai i whakatau i te whakaritenga hoatu mua. I takoto te Kōmihana ki te titiro i te tikanga i tautohetia whakahou ano ratou, ka whakaae ki te ture kua tukuna me ngā ture. kawea tenei mahi i roto i, me te i roto i 534 whakaputaina e ia te putanga tuarua o te Code, i ka mohiotia rite te praelectionis repetitae Codex.
pukapuka
I roto i tenei Tikanga o Ture o te Hau emepera Roma Eastern, i oti ai. Kua tukuna muri tikanga reira, te faatitiaifaroraa i te ture ngā pā ana ki te tikanga o te tono o te ture i roto i te mahi. I roto i te whakarerenga iho ture ngā, kua piri ratou ki raro i te taitara novella Novellae leges. Etahi o nga kōrero e kore anake kupu e pā ana ki te tono o tikanga tīariari o te ture, engari ano hoki tikanga rawa whanui o etahi wāhanga o te ture. tikanga Emperor Justinian ki te kohikohi kōrero poto, me te whakaputa ia ratou hei tua ki te codification ngā. Ko, kāore, e kore i taea e meatia e ahau i te reira. Noa nei tae e rave rahi kohikohinga tūmataiti. Ano, Me tukinotia ia o enei kōrero rite te tāpiritanga ki te wahi ngā o codifications.
Te hanganga me te whakaaro o ngā kōrero poto
pukapuka katoa ngā te kaupapa ture, whakaputaina e Justinian i tona kingitanga. Kei roto ratou ture e takahi i te whakatau mua o te emepera. I roto i te nuinga o te wā, kua oti te tuhituhi ratou i roto i Kariki, ki te kahore hoki te hunga kawanatanga roto i whakamahia te āhua rite te reo Latin. He he he kōrero poto whakaputaina i roto i te reo e rua te wā kotahi.
kua wehea ia o nga kōrero e toru nga wahi, i ngā te take ārahi ki te whakaputanga o te kaupapa ture hou, e taui ki te ihirangi me te tikanga o to ratou urunga ki te kaha. I roto i te pūrākau o Justinian wahi tuatahi i huaina ko Proaemium, a muri wehea ki pene. huaina te wahi whakamutunga ko Epilogus. Ko te rārangi o ngā take i whakaara i te pakimaero, he rawa kanorau: te tono o te ture tivira take kē ki whakahaere, Siasí refereeing ranei. Ngā ngā mō te ako o te pūrākau 127 me 118, e pā ana ki te tika o te tupu i roto i te take o wirakore. Ko ratou, rokohanga, ko i te pūtake o te ture o nga kingitanga Tiamana. Hoki o te pānga ko te pūrākau i oti rawa ki te utuafare, me te ture tūmatanui, me nga āhuatanga o te tono o etahi kai ture.
Pukapuka o Justinian i roto i to tatou wa
Ki te pūrākau pūtaiao hou ora Justinian i te kohikohinga o ngā kohinga tūmataiti o Booksellers Antiquarian. Ko tētahi o ēnei kohikohinga i whakaputaina i roto i te tau 556 ka kei 124 kōrero poto, whakaritea i roto i te raupapa wā. rā hoki ki te tau 535, me te i muri o te whakaminenga katoa i te kōrero matamua pā ki te tau 555. huaina ana tēnei kohinga ko Juliani hoho'a tumu Novellarum. I mua mohiotia ko tetahi kohinga kei roto 134 kōrero poto, engari i te kau e kore he reira e wātea ana mo te ako whanui. Tiberiy11 kingi, nana nei i muri Justinian tukuna he kohinga oti o kōrero poto, kohia mo te wā o 578 582 tau. Kei reira 168 kōrero poto, tae atu i te pukapuka o Justinian mohiotia kua, me te ake. haere mai tenei hui ki kairangahau nāianei i roto i te teití papa'i Venetian i te pito o te rau tau 12. korerotia wāhanga o reira i roto i te papa'i o te chronicler Florentine, nei rewrote te pūrākau e rua rau tau i muri mai. I roto i te tua, he maha o pūrākau rongonui o hui tūmataiti Justinian oti rawa ki te ture kēnana.
tika Corpus
Katoa o te Code hou o Justinian i te ariā e whai, kia wāhi, otiia kihai te ingoa noa hoki ratou i whakaaro. whäkina faufaa o te codification o Justinian i anake i roto i te anotau Middle, ina kua nui haere te moni i roto i te tuku iho ture Roma. Na ka ka te ako o te ture Roma kaupapa herea mō te ture heke mai, a ka ka tapa e te ingoa noa mō te huinga katoa o Justinian. ka mohiotia e ia kia rite ki te Corpus Licence Civilis. I raro i tenei ingoa mohiotia Justinian codification i roto i to tatou wa.
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