Hanganga o te moni ākonga ki hītori

Ko mōhio o te hiahia Interest, kua whakakitea ai i roto i te pōtitanga o ngā mahi, whakaaro me kare. moni hinengaro - te pūkaha matua o te matauranga.

moni amorphous rerekē aita, hohekore,

Keno ki mahi uri. I roto i tenei take, nga ākonga ngā kaupapa tino - te hunga e kore e e whai ki te pumau. Hoki ratou i reira he kore tino iti rawa ngā kaupapa tino me wāhanga ranei. e kore e ratou te matauranga haere ki tua atu i te hōtaka. I runga i nga mau haapiiraa o hītori, he pai ki te whakarongo ki nga kōrero ngā, me te mataara ataata ratou. O nga momo kaha o te kino iti hoki ratou ko te ki te mahi i roto i ngā rōpū, te wahi e taea e koe "peke" i te utu o tona hoa. O te kāinga hiahia ratou "auaha" - whakapaipai o ratou ake pukatuhi ki tuhi, hanga o tauira, te whakakī mahere aratau, a tae noa tuhituhi auaha. Otiia i te wa ano e ngā ratou ki te tukanga o "mahi" ki tona tau'a ki te hua. He mea tika ki te whakaara i te taumata o ngā whakaritenga whakangungu kaiako mō ngā mahi pērā i te moni i roto i heke ratou koi.

moni Whānui āhuatanga e te momo o te kaupapa takotoranga. mahi hinengaro he kaupapa rerekē, kukū, kare aronganui. Ko te ākonga ki te moni whānui - te amateurs pākiki. Ratou Horizons whanui, engari mōhiotanga pāpaku a taea noho rite taua, ki te tetahi o nga kaupapa o ratou moni e kore e tami, a kore e waiho mahu'inga.

Ko te moni matua o te hohonu rerekē, me te wāhi o te takotoranga kaupapa. Ko ia te tumu ārahi o te whakaako. ahu ēnei ākonga ki te whiriwhiri mara tawhiti ki te haere ki tua atu i te hōtaka, kaupapa i roto i te rapu mō puna o ngā mōhiohio ahu ki te horo'a i te tumu parau o te moni o tona wa free. moni Local taea te ākonga ki te whakapai ake i runga i tona tūāpapa te ariā, te ako me te pūkenga hinengaro.

E ai ki te tohu o te pūmautanga o te moni ko reira-a, ngā pūmau, me te ukauka.

te panga moni-a rite te tauhohe ki te minamina ana, wherikotanga, ohorere, raruraru. E titau te reira ngā tamau i te waho, kahore nei hohoro ngohe atu, mahue kahore wahi i roto i te hanganga o te tuakiri. Ngā moni pūmau ko te hua o te matatini katoa o taputapu akoranga whakaongaonga. Me hoki te roanga o ona pānga tua atu i te hōkai o te haapiiraa, engari reira faaitoitoraa waho. I roto i te moni hinengaro pūmau kaha hihiri tūturu. I te wā teitei o te whanaketanga, riro te reira i te hiahia i te pae varua, no te kore e taea e kore mahi i te ākonga ki te kaupapa raraunga, kihai i horo'a ia te wahi o te wā noa, e kore e whai i nga pukapuka hou i runga i te kaupapa o te moni.

I roto i te kura nui, kia rerekëtanga te raruraru o te hanganga o te moni kōrero i roto i te hītori. akomanga tikanga nui tonu araunga haapiiraa moni-a ki te hanga i te tau kia pai i runga i perception hinengaro, me te aronganui o te tumu parau. I roto i te reia kia whakaturia akomanga te mahi o te hanga i te moni ngā pūmau o ngā ākonga katoa me te ukauka i roto i te nehenehe tino o ratou.

moni hinengaro mahi e toru ngā mahi taketake, ko reira:

1) te tikanga (faaitoitoraa) whakangungu;

2) Ko te hihiri o te mahi mātauranga ;

3) pükenga pūmau.

Ka rite ki te manawarü ki te ako i te reira e āhei ki a koe te whakamahi i ngā pānga waho ki te hanga ako atu ātaahua, meinga whakarongo tumu, ki te whakarei ake whakaaro, me kare o ngā ākonga, nohoia mahi ako. I roto i te tukanga o te ako i te hītori o ngā mātāpuna o te whakaongaonga o te tukanga hinengaro ko te ihirangi o te rauemi mātauranga, whakahaere me te mahi, te āhua o whanaunga i waenganui i nga kaiuru o te tukanga mātauranga.

Tino hira i konei ko te ihirangi o te rauemi mātauranga. Ko e tika ana ki te tūranga ārahi o ngā mōhiohio mana'o turai tenei. No reira, te whakaritenga motuhake mo te whakahaere me te tikanga o te tuku o te mōhiohio hītori. Me āhuatanga ia e te mau huru e whai ake nei:

- whakangahau, minamina ana, wherikotanga, ihoa. I roto i te tukanga akoranga whakangahau ko te hiringa taketake o te pānga hinengaro, tautoko me te huru mahara aronganui tamau wāhanga uaua, te tikanga o defusing raruraru mahi mātauranga, te faaitoitoraa, me te whakawhitinga o te aro, whakaaro, kare. Ka rite ki te tikanga, meinga tokanga tumu o ngā ākonga: te aamu o te wahi, i hanga i runga i nga ture o te tekitiwhi me mōrearea momo; taha-hītori kōrero āhuatanga e pā ana ki te kaupapa o te akoranga ranei; āhuatanga taipitopito mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga ā-waha, me te ataata täoro katoa; te whakamahi kupu kaiwhakaako whiti faahitiraa, ngahau me nga pepeha,; kitá i runga i whakapakoko ataata, rawa i roto i nga mahi o te toi; te lēsoni o whakaritenga me tata.

- te faufaa morare o te mōhiohio e mahia e aroha aronganui, he tikanga o te mana morare, i runga i te anga ke, he makanga koi. Kei te nuinga o piri tenei kounga ki te tautohe, whakahohe i te mau mana'o morare me whakaaro, me ïa. Hei whakaongaonga kōrero hiahia ki i categorical whakatau tata, me te āta whakapataritari pato'iraa i te hunga e whakahē ana ki a ratou; Me oro matatapu ki te kōrero ki te piha haapiiraa, i tutuki he roa, he maha ētahi wā tau o mahi. E ngā tikanga whai hua i roto i te whika āhuatanga āhuatanga o psychoanalysis, he tauākī te whakamahi i kōrero, kupu tika whakaaroaro ana ranei i te hi'oraa o te huru. whakapiki i tenei te tika o te kōrero hinengaro, me te aronganui; I roto i to ratou akomanga ka tauwhāiti nga ariā o "peasants ririki", "feudal", "smerdy", "Zakupy," "whanaunga feudal" whakamahi ahau i te mahi kēmu: "A feruri e koutou, mau inanahi te kaiparau free Zhdan me te tangata nyne- i roto i te pononga ki te Vseslav rangatira. takoha huru ora koe ki te tahuri ki te katoa-kaha Prince o te Kupa. I muri i te fariiraa i te reira, kua ngaro koe tou haere noa. Korero mai ki ahau, he aha te arahina ngaahi tu'unga ki a koe te tono ki te rangatira, whakamārama i raro i te mea tikanga whiwhi koe i te taurewa. Te whakaahua i te mau mana'o o te tangata e ngaro tetahi o nga uara ora tino utu -. Haere noa whaiaro ". I roto i te ako o te pūnaha tōrangapū o Russia i roto i te kingitanga o Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, te whakamahi ahau i te mahi e whai ake nei: "A feruri e ko koe - te wati Johann Krieger, e tae i roto i Russia i te 17. Germany i te aniraa o te kāwanatanga Russian. He makona mātauranga me tangata fakatokanga, he anaanatae i roto i te pūnaha kāwanatanga o Russia koutou, whakataurite reira ki te pūnaha kāwanatanga o te whenua. I te taua wa koutou pānui kore anake te pai ngā āhuatanga i roto i te pūnaha o kāwanatanga, engari ano hoki ki tīariari hunga, i roto i to koutou whakaaro, te kino. Te whakaahua koutou kitenga, me whakataurite i roto i te pukapuka ki tona hoa tawhito, te ariki Franz Weber i Dresden. "

- pūtaiao tika whakamatautauranga tauira, e iriti te reira uara taumauri auraa mahi ranei, nga tikanga o tona tātaritanga me te aro mātai. Scientific rauemi ako piri tohutoro historiographical i runga i ngā take i tautohetia nui; whakamārama ranei tohu ataata o te hape o te tahi mau kitenga pai-whakapumautia me aromatawai mā te whakatairite ratou ki tuhinga o mua me ngā tānga pūtaiao mana; te whakamahi o tiwhikete o to'utangata me kōrero pūmanawa; he kōwhiringa motuhake o ngā meka, e whakaatu ana i ngā me ngā tauira o ngā tukanga hītori; whākinga taunakitanga i o ratou hiranga hītori; rite o ari rite o te hītori motu me te ao; whakamārama o te take o te ngā whakaturia kīanga me kōrero.

Ko te āhuatanga i runga o te ihirangi o te-a meinga te moni o ngā ākonga. Hei hoatu i te reira me waiho hei vairaa papû whanaketanga pūkenga mātauranga, me te hinengaro. whakahaerehia ana tēnei e te momo o ngā tikanga o te whakahaere ngā mahi akoranga, ki te hanga i te tukanga o te hanganga o ngā kaha e kitea, me te ātaahua, i roto i te tautuhinga ngā momo versioned; kuputuhi-ako ki hapa mua; whakamātautau kuputuhi o te matauranga. Ko nga akonga me nui fakaetangatá haamo'eraa ia ki pai te mahi i ngā mahi i runga i te tātari, me te systematization mātauranga rauemi i roto i te puka o te kuputuhi papa. I roto i te 5-9-graders momo whai hua o te petipeti matauranga, me te whakaū i te rangahau.

I roto i to ratou mau haapiiraa i roto i 5-8 ngā akomanga e ahau ara mau haapiiraa te whakakotahi mohio i roto i te puka inu, Haere, tūranga-whakatangi kēmu, te mākete. Mau haapiiraa te whakamahi i ngā āhuatanga tūranga-tākaro te marea e ngā ākonga moni hinengaro hanga te ngahau tukanga akoranga. I roto i enei mau haapiiraa i hanga te huru motuhake, te wahi i reira he āhuatanga o te auahatanga me te whiriwhiri noa. Whakawhanake i te kaha ki te mahi i roto i te rōpū. E mea pinepine titau tenei te ākonga ki te hinga tona ināianei ake, me te rangirua, te kore o te whakapono i roto i to ratou ake kaha. Ko te kupu, Kei te kitenga o te parau tumu o te whanaketanga, faaite nei te kore anake i roto i te whanaketanga o te maramarama, engari ano hoki ki te whakarangatira i te ao aronganui, te hanganga o mau huru kaha-mea tohe ki o te tangata, te hanganga o te kiritau-. I enei haapiiraa mahi te kaiako rite te kaiwhakahaere o te mahi hinengaro o ngā ākonga, te hanga tikanga hāngai ki te whanaketanga o te kōrero me te mahi tahi.

I roto i to ratou mau piha, te whakamahi ahau i enei momo o ngā mahi mātauranga, pērā i te whakakī i ngā panga panga kupu, panga, kōrero i runga i te kaupapa kotahi, te Karere, te kēmu "Ko wai te mea te reira? He aha te mea tenei? "Dictations Historical kēmu" kitea i roto i te whakaahuatanga, "" te mea te reira? E pā ana ki nei ". I roto i te haapiiraa ia, noho ahau te mahi ki ngā ariā hou, ngā rā hou, me te whakatika. maha ui Home ākonga tuhinga roa i runga i te kaupapa ngā, pērā i "hahaereraa i te iwi onamata", "tetahi ra i roto i te pa wharekarakia," "I te joust", "awheawhe o te kaimahi". tuhituhi ngā ākonga i enei mahi mo ratou me ki te moni kite taua mahi. e kore e Whakaahuatanga o wāhanga angamaheni, he whakataki ki te kōrero o te reo tika ranei meinga ratou mau fifi.

He puna nui o te whakaongaonga o te moni hinengaro ko te hononga i waenganui i te whai wāhi i roto i te tukanga mātauranga. E tino nui:

- titauraa teitei i runga i ngā ākonga i roto i te taha ki te aroha tinihangakore; faatura ki te akonga, me te unacceptability o āhua aronganui tauwhatinga piki; mātauranga hāngai o te kiritau-, e hāngai ana i runga i te mōhiotanga o ratou tupu hinengaro, me te wairua;

- whakatairanga nahanaha o ngā mahi auaha. aro mātai whakaongaonga Indispensably nui o mahi hinengaro tamariki ngoikore;

- kore kātakí mo te mangere me te ore. Best "whiu" ko he takitahi rōpū ranei i runga i te Arawhata kaupapa, te whakatinanatanga o te mahi auaha takitahi. Me feinga koe ki te whiu te mutunga riro te whakatairanga - te kaute teitei me te whakamoemiti ki te piha haapiiraa. Hanganga o ia ākonga te whakapono e te iho ai akoranga faaupooti'aee kitea;

- i runga i ngā ngākau nuitanga hinengaro takitahi me aptitudes o ia ākonga, ngā wāhanga o tona whanaketanga tata me te tūturu;

- hanganga o te huru o te collectivism rite te fetokoua'aki fakalaumālie, āwhina tahi me te kawenga morare ki ia rōpū;

- objectivity i roto i te māka kaiako. kia whai i te itoito no te farii i to ratou hape te kaiako. Ki te kino ia te rangatiratanga ākonga i roto i te aroaro o te piha haapiiraa, ara, ki te he te reira pono, i muri ki te rohirohi o te ohipa te kaiako whakamoemiti ranei ki whakapāha ki a ia i roto i te aroaro o te piha haapiiraa.

No te kura tuatahi me te tuarua rite taea te whakamahi tohu o te hanganga o te moni e whai ake tona whakaatu i te haapiiraa: arotahi o aro; ngā ākonga ngā pātai whakaatu takotoranga i roto i te matauranga, me te hiahia ki te tomo i te ngako o te raruraru; whai wāhitanga tūao i roto i te kōrero matapaki ranei, hou a tāpiri nga hoa whakautu; hihiko ki te mahi i ngā mahi; āwangawanga e pā ana ki te hua o te mahi hinengaro; faaiteraa waha o mana'o; te oaoa aronganui; ōrite tauhohenga ki te rauemi aronganui.

He taketake tumu hinengaro o te moni:

- whanui taumu'a pāpori. Ki te he pāpori tumu whānui nga mea anake e kore e ngā ki ētahi atu, e kore e whakaaro ratou rite tohu o te pānga hinengaro;

- mōhiohio tumu. Ka taea te i titiro te kore o te mōhiohio tauihu rite te kore oti o te moni i roto i te aamu. Nuinga maha puta te reira i roto i te tamariki ki te hehema kore-'ofa fakaetangata ranei anake reo korerotia;

- mōhiotanga o ratou ake mana'o turai rosta- pūkaha matua o te whanaketanga ākonga, te tere o te whai huatanga o te whakangungu, me te kī tauwhiro. I roto i ngā ki te kōrero taea reira ki te utu mo te tahi atu tohu katoa o te moni tauihu;

- rangi te hāngaitanga mahi o te kaupapa i roto i te kōrero teitei teina. I tenei tau, kua reira kahore tino pānga i runga i te moni o ngā ākonga. faarahi tere tōna tūranga i roto i te kura nui ;

- te tauihu whānui o te pākiki. Ka rite ki te tikanga, ko reira he tohu o te ngākau nuitanga amorphous, ina kumea piahi e kore te hua o te mahi hinengaro, me te tukanga o te whakaako me te kōrero e pā ana ki reira. Ko te hua i roto i te kawenga whakangungu me te pārōnaki o nga ngākau nuitanga o ngā ākonga i roto i te kura nui arahina ki te ngaro tata oti o reira;

-motiv koa hinengaro, me te wairua - kotahi te mehua o te hohonu o te moni, me te pūmautanga o tona Whaitae kanapa aronganui;

- mana tumu ko te huru nui mo te aro mātai hanganga me te ākonga te kiritau-. faarahi mārika i tōna tūranga i roto i te taiohitanga me te pakeke wawe, tahi ki te hiahia o te tangata takitahi i roto i te whakaaetanga pāpori me te whaiaro ai ta-. Kei te hono hāngai te reira ki te taumata tiketike o te matauranga, pūkenga, angitu i roto i ngā akoranga. Kore, kia i titiro reira hei takarepa te kiritau-. Ko te kore o te mana tumu, i roto i te aroaro o etahi atu, e kore e meinga āwangawanga, rite kia tohu te reira i te kore o te totohe i roto i te tamaiti. Ko te ngaro o tenei tauihu - te heke i roto i te auau huamoni, me te e te nuinga o tahi e te disincentives hua;

- te tumu o te kōrero. I roto i te taha ki te mana'o turai i runga whakaatu reira he huru auaha i roto i te akomanga, te hiahia ki te whakapai ake mōhiotanga me ngā pūkenga ākonga, ko te mehua o te vairaa papû o te moni;

- rangi "rite te kaiako" whai wāhi tino hira i roto i te tīmatanga o nga māka, me te te wāhanga tuatahi o roto i-hohonu ako o te hītori.

Ko te mahi matua o te kaiako i roto i klasse- ākonga hiahia rite tona kaupapa, hiahia i roto i na e kore i hiahia ratou ki te kia whakaritea, kia, i haere ratou ratou ki te whakatau i te kaiako; me pehea ki te mahi i te reira, te reira te katoa ngaro, engari he ihirangi nui, me te ngā o te haapiiraa, o te akoranga, taunga ki te tau 'te ākonga, a rawa te ataahua, hauhau, ngā kōrero e taea te āwhina te whakatutuki i tēnei whāinga, engari ki te whakatutuki i te ahanoa runga ake, me tika, te kore e kia kino te kaiako te hua, haere puhoi mahi, te hopoia; uninteresting, hōhā mea e kore haere te pai.

kia whakawhanake i te kaiako ngā ākonga runaruna, ki te whakaako a ratou ki te mahi, te pānui i ngā pukapuka nui, pai ki te whakapuaki i ō rātou whakaaro.

Ko te kaiako e hoatu ai e tona tauira he tetahi nui o te matauranga me Me whakarite e ratou i te matauranga i haapii pai. Ko te kupu he mea e tika ana ki te tono tikanga rerekē o te whakaako.