He aha rawa e taea te: akomanga, ngā āhuatanga, ngā āhuatanga. ngā āhuatanga ōkiko o te taonga

I roto i te pūtaiao taketake matū ko te rohe o te matauranga tangata, e tuatapapa i te hanganga me ngā āhuatanga o te pūhui, me te ratou panoni tahi. Ko tētahi o nga pātai pokapū o te matū e kia e whai ake: he aha e nga akomanga o matū? manga Motuhake o te pūtaiao, pērā i te matū pararopi, me te organic, rawa whakaaro te hanganga me ngā āhuatanga o te pūhui, me te whakakitea ratou uara mahi.

He aha te mea te matū e pehea ki te wehe i te tinana tinana me ngā rauemi, i te mea he momo o ngā rauemi - ka hipokina enei me ētahi atu pātai e tatou i roto i tenei mahi.

Ko te ariā taketake o te matū

I roto i te peka katoa o te matauranga tangata ko te kī - nga whakaaro taketake me ngā ariā, i puritia te fale pūhihi katoa o pūtaiao. No te pāngarau - te maha e hōtaka - raraunga oti'a. Ko te matū rawa noho te pokapū tūranga - ahua o mea, e hanganga wae o te ngota, te rāpoi ngota ranei katote. Te whakakotahi i ngā ngā, i whai ahua ai ratou he nui whakaharahara o ngā pūhui he matū rerekē, me te tinana āhuatanga o te taonga.

Ko te tinana rauemi me

I runga anō i te ngā o te kāwanatanga o te whakawhāititanga, he reira taea ki te whakatau he aha te mea rauemi i roto i te āhua: totoka, wai haurehu waihā ranei. Faanahonahoraa i te karaihe ripekapeka wae hanganga o pūhui matū i hanga tinana. Matū e matūriki (ngota, rāpoi katote ranei) e whakamahia e te tangata mō te whakaritenga motuhake me ngā hiahia, ka karanga pikitia. Hei tauira, sima, karaihe - ko reira horihori, me te rakau, onepu, ofa'i - he rauemi māori.

He aha te mea he taonga parakore

I roto i te matū, ki te wehewehe i waenganui i nga matū takitahi me ranunga. Ko te whakamutunga i roto i te āhua i te maha whakahau o nui rahi: te wai moana, toto, waiu, toka, te hau e momi tatou - ko reira he huinga o te maha pūhui. Tīkina maheni ki te matū parakore e taea e i roto i te taiwhanga matū kura i ia te wā. E wehea tauhohenga i roto reira rite ki te tohu o te viivii ore. Ko te kupu, i roto i te puka parakore tino o te hautanga papatipu o poke he iti iho i te 0,0001%, engari i roto i te ahumahi matauranga-kaha, pērā i Microelectronics, karetao, ahumahi Aerospace, E kore e ranei tenei tohu o te viivii o te taonga.

Hei tauira, i roto i Semiconductors whakaaetia 10 milliardov ngota germanium te kore ngota neke atu i te kotahi poke. Hei whakatau i te mea te taonga o te viivii, whakamahia taua tikanga hou o te tātari matū, rite te purara, solubilization me maimoatanga colloid-matū. I muri whakaoranga i te poke o tona matū me ngā āhuatanga ōkiko o te mea e ahurei.

matū reo

Te riroraa i te pūtaiao tangohia, whakamahi te ariā o te mea, whakamahi matū nga tohu o nga mea timatanga. Ratou Tohua te kounga, me te ine hanganga o ngā rāpoi ngota. Ko te kupu, i roto i te faaotiraa o ngā pūhui matū waro o te tātai kei reira e rave rahi kōwhiringa, pēnei i te pūhui o tātai whānui, rite ki ona āhuatanga matū o ngā hua parariraa.

Pūhui o ohie, me te matatini

Tonu i te rapu mo te whakahoki ki te pātai, he aha te mea taonga, ko reira utu mahara tetahi o nga whakarōpūtanga tuatahi ako nga mau haapiiraa o matū - te wehenga ki matū ohie, me te uaua. Ko te tuatahi i roto i tona hanganga i roto i ngā ngota o anake kotahi matū huānga. Hei tauira, te hāora - e _2, whanariki - S, konupūmā - Ca. Etahi, ka karanga atu pūhui tito o ngota o rua (matū ā-rua H ₂ E, CuS) āhuatanga atu matū ranei. Hei tauira, Na ₂ CO _3, Ba (OH) _2. matū Simple, i tahuri, e taea te wehea ki konganuku me-konganuku kore.

E āwangawanga ana te rerekētanga matua i waenganui i a ratou matua ki taua āhuatanga rite ngā āhuatanga tinana. Matū "konganuku" e ngāwari mōhiotia e te takatu ai hiriwa āhuatanga, he ratou conductors nui o te wera me te hiko, rite nga ongoi e o te ahua tuatahi. Non-konganuku i roto i te wā dielectrics rahi. He rawakore te whakahiko o te wera, me te hoki ratou. Heoi, tenei wehenga ko matū noho. Mai i waenganui o te konganuku me te nonmetals uaua ki Unuunu te mārama i puta ke. Hei tauira, germanium, graphite, kei te whānui e whakamahia ana i roto i te engineering hiko, e pā ana ki-konganuku kore.

Karaehe o matū matatini

Systematizing mōhiotanga whakamārama i te āhuatanga matū, me te tinana o te taonga, wehea pūtaiao pararopi me pūhui waro ki ngā akomanga. Waikura, waikawa, tai me turanga Kua tirohia ngā i roto i ngā kōrero i roto i mātauranga matū akomanga 7 - 9 akomanga me ngā akomanga o waro matū (waiwaro, waiwaihā, aldehydes) e Ngaahi ki te hōtaka o te 10 - 11 o te kura.

Ko te ako o ngā akomanga matū te whakawhänui Horizons tangata, whakatairanga i te hanganga o te wheako tūturu-ao, e ngā o te momo nui o matū. Ko te kupu, whakaaro te waikura, e kore tatou e ako anake e pā ana ki te mea tupu i roto i tenei taonga te piha haapiiraa i roto i to ratou āhuatanga ōkiko ranei matū, engari ano ki te kia maheni ki te horapa o waikura fakanatula, me te tautuhi ratou whakamahinga i roto i te ahumahi, me te ora rā. Hei tauira, silicon waikura SiO ₂ Ko te wahi o te onepu, te uku, ofa'i, kiripaka, hanga te lithosphere o te whenua.

Ko te rauemi raw nui mo te ahumahi rauemi hanga, i roto i te hanga o te karaihe, sima, okouku. Rino waikura FeO, Fe ₂ e _3, Fe ₃ e ₄ Ko nga taketake wae o ngā momo o rino ore whakatu te parae, hei tauira, Krivoy rog, Kurskoe, Kachkanarskoye. Ko te huru ko whānui aroaro rite waro waikura, ngā te hauhā, me te hauota waikura.

Tote - te tino whānui o te piha haapiiraa o ngā matū

Kua whakaaroarohia e mātou te āhuatanga o te waikura - pūhui ā-rua ki te hāora ki konganuku me-konganuku kore. Na whakaaro tatou tetahi o nga akomanga nui o ngā matū pararopi - Mariao. E faataa ratou āhuatanga tinana i te wini whakakahokaho katote. Te reira i He matua te kaha ki haerea hiko o nāianei e rua i roto i ngā wairewa ka i roto i whakarewa, a ka tiketike rewa pāmahana. Hei tauira, he rite ki te 801 ° C te tote noa, kua konupūmā magnesium - 1544 ° C.

Tai i whai wāhi i roto i matū tukanga ki ngā konganuku, kawakore, ngā waikawa, me te kēne i roto i te wairewa ariu ki tetahi ki tetahi, kukume i te utu hohenga. tirohia Matū kore anake te mea te mea taonga i roto i ona āhuatanga matū me te tinana, engari utu ano hoki aro nui ki tona whakamahi i roto i te ahumahi, ahuwhenua me whare. Hei tauira, te konutai pūhaumāota, whakamahia e tatou ki te tote te kai ko te maha-ton raw rauemi mō te hanga o te waikawa pūhaumāota, houra, māota. pāhare pāporo tai, hei tauira, pūhaumāota, te pākawa me pūkawa, ko nga kohuke maniua e whakarei puku e loto. Konupūmā pākawa waro māngai i roto i te natura, noa whakamahia i roto i te hanga.

Āhuatanga matū psychotropic

Natural āwenewene synthesized ranei pūhui awe e rua ka karanga nga wahi o te pūnaha io pokapū me te wahi piringa taonga neuroleptics ranei. Na roto i te arotahi i runga i nga āhuatanga kino, me to ratou kaha ki te meinga i te hononga tangata, maha whakamahi i te wā "raau taero". Hei whakamārama i te pānga matū psychotropic ki te pūnaha io i roto i te whānui, haamana'o tatou e kia te pūhui o tenei raupapa e rua whakarei i te auau te tuku o excitation ki te roro, me te ua, me ki te tautāwhi i mahi o te pūnaha io katoa.

Ko ratou stimulators motuhake o ngā momo rerekē o receptors: mamae, māna, ataata, tūturu. Tenei e taea te meinga te tangata he āhua motuhake o te mahara, ka karanga te huringa. Pai whakaaturia maori taonga whakamahi ki ngawari mahi pānga i runga i te tangata tinana. E kitea ratou i roto i te pīni kawhe, rau tea, Aropi hua.

Feunga korerotia pānga paitini i paerewa nikotīni, waikawa ibotenic roto i roto i te tangohanga harore kikino. He maha rongoā mamae whakamahia i roto i te rehunga, pērā i rehunanu, codeine, ephedrine, i takea mai i ngā tipu. He puai pūhui Psychoactive hoki ratou. Ko te nui tino, ārahi ki oti te whakangaromanga o te tinana tangata, he drugs āhua-waihanga, me te waihanga ähotea: amphetamine, taimiri, LSD. Ko te whakamahi o psychotropic taero ko whakatupato te mana, me te te tono rere i raro i te whakahauanga te mātakitaki o te rata.

Te matū ki ngā āhuatanga ahurei

Ko te papatipu tapeke o pūhui matū taea te tuku ki te hunga e whai he tetahi, āhuatanga motuhake. Hei tauira, whakaaro te whakarewa tino kōngohe i roto i te natura te ki hei te koura, te taonga tino reka - -L-α-aminomalonic -aspargil waikawa. Ko 40 000 wa reka atu i te huka tepu ia. Ko te pātai o te mea taonga kua te haunga fetid, kahore he kupu whakahoki kotahi rite he maha o pūhui mēkuri-whanariki ki te RSH tātai whānui, ka karanga mercaptans, haunga whakarihariha. E tohaina ratou i roto i te tukanga o te pirau o mate mea organic reira i roto i te feces o manu me kararehe, a tae noa wahi o nga repe odoriferous o etahi kararehe, pērā i kunuku.

Ka rite ki a koutou e taea te kite, te ao, ko te rauemi nui, me te ngā, me matū - ko te pūtaiao e taea ki tatou ako ratou hanganga, ngā āhuatanga me te faufaa i roto i te ora tangata.