Kaupapa auaha: he tauira, te whanaketanga, me te aro mātai o ngā mōreatanga. kaupapa auaha i roto i te kura ranei i roto i te mahi

kaupapa auaha ko te pūnaha matatini o ngā mahi e hāngai ana ki te whakatutuki etahi whāinga i roto i te whanaketanga o te pūtaiao me te hangarau. Ko ratou kaihaka hono ngā, kati me ngā rauemi. ka karanga He hōtaka auaha nga kaupapa hono matatini auaha me te kaupapa e whai ana ki te tautoko i te mahi ki tenei aronga. I te kau, e whiwhi kaupapa auaha rongonui i roto i te kōhungahunga, e faauruhia e te hanganga o ngā hōtaka mātauranga hou tauira o nei.

Ko te taumata o te auraa pūtaiao, me te hangarau

kia whai i te taumata e whai ake nei o te auraa pūtaiao, me te hangarau kaupapa auaha, me te rongoā, me ngā whakaaro e ite ratou hangarau,:

• ao hou, (e kore e Base Technology mamae huringa uruhi);
• (Rerekē tino hoahoa hua hou i te mua) auaha;
• atu (i hanga te hoahoa kei te ki te ārahi rongoā hangarau);
• taumata tāimu'a (i reira he hangarau hou, me ngā rauemi kihai i i te tīariari i mua).

Ko te taumata o te hiranga o te kaupapa auaha whakatau te matatini, tauine, rawa ki te kōkiri i te tukanga, me ngā hua o te maka. ka pā tenei te ihirangi whakahaere kaupapa.

Whakarōpū o kaupapa auaha

Ka taea te whakarōpūtia te reira rite kaupapa auaha e whai ake:

1. Ko te āhua o te whāinga:

• mutu;
• takawaenga.

2. I roto i te wā o te whakatutukitanga:

• poto;
• wā-waenga;
• te wā-roa.

3. hiahia e tutuki te kaupapa. Ka taea e ratou te arotahi ki te hanganga o hou, te mauruuru o te mau hinaaro e aore.

4. E ai ki te momo o te auahatanga (ranei te hanga i tētahi whakapai ake hua hou, faaapīraa o te hanganga whakahaere, me ētahi atu).

5. E ai ki te tohu o whakatau taea whai te pūāhua taua:

• rangatōpū;
• rohe;
• ahumahi;
• Federal International.

6. E ai ki te tauine o te mahi:

• monoproekty - kaupapa e kua kawea i roto i te taha o te kamupene kotahi i roto i te kino tāpare pūtea, me te wa, me te whai i te whakaaro ahurei o te auahatanga;
• multiproject - hōtaka matatini e hāngai ana te whakatutuki i te whāinga wero;
• mega-kaupapa - ngā hōtaka-whakaaro maha e ngā he maha o te multiproetov e whai wāhi kotahi whakaaro slozhnodostizhimoy.

Katoa kaupapa haere i roto i etahi ngā wāhanga o tona whanaketanga i tïmatanga ki te otinga. Ratou huinga hanga tona huringa ora. Ka taea te wehea te reira ki ngā wāhanga, o ratou - i roto i te taahiraa, i muri nei - i roto i ngā wāhanga. tēnā i ratou i runga i te whakahaere o te pūnaha o te mahi me te mahi.

Whanaketanga o te kaupapa auaha

A, no te hanga kaupapa auaha kei raro te whanaketanga, te whakatinanatanga, me te otinga. Ko reira utu aufauraa i te whakarongo ki nga kaupae taketake:

• te hanganga o ngā whakaaro;
• whai wāhitanga rangahau;
• faaineineraa o ngā tuhinga mo te mutunga o te kirimana;
• faaineineraa o ngā tuhinga mō te rēhita o te kaupapa;
• mahi i runga i te whakatinanatanga o te hōtaka;
• aroturuki o tohu ōhanga.

I roto i te wā whanaketanga e whakarongo ki te angitu me te whai huatanga o te kaupapa. I roto i tenei take, e kore te mea nui rawa te kōrero o tona oraraa i roto i teie taime. Hoki ratou auaha nui rawa, whakataetae, tiaki me te wātea o te ārai raihana. I tua atu, e rapu haumi o moni tohaina mo te whakapai ake o te mahi kaupapa auaha.

Whakatinanatanga o ngā kaupapa auaha

Te nuinga o ngā rōpū whakamahi puna roto, o waho o te pūtea i te wa ano. puna ā-ko ratou ake pūtea, e kua hanga e te nuinga i te hoko o ngā rawa ranei he inihua Sumy, hekenga uara me te uara. puna pūtea waho ngā whakaarahia, ka tono moni, me te pūtea i pūtea rohe hānga ana ranei.

tūponotanga

kaupapa auaha Ko nga hōtaka ki te mōrea rawa mo te haumi. Hoki tenei take, tūturu kia ratou kaihanga aromatawai ratou kaha. Ko te ātaahua tino mō ngā hōtaka haumi e hāngai e i te whakatairanga i oti auaha hua. Kaupapa e pā ana ki te whakatairanga o ngā hangarau hou e whakarato tūpono noa nui, mo ratou nui atu uaua ki te waihanga i tētahi ariā hokohoko.

whakatika raruraru ki pūtea i roto i te kaupapa i te kaupapa, ko te oti rangahau atamira torotoro. A, no te he tūponotanga nui o whiwhi i te hua kino ratou mahi.

whakarōpū mōrearea

Tūponotanga o te kaupapa auahatanga he pahuhu noa, e tei runga i te whakatau tangohia, ka kawea ratou whakatinanatanga i roto i muri i te ia. Wāhanga o ngā whakataunga mahi ko ki te aromatawai i te tūponotanga. Hoki to ratou whakarōpū, he mea tika ki te tono i te parau tumu o te poraka, e whakarato ana hoki te tohatoha o ngā kāwai mōrearea, ngā rōpū, me ētahi atu momo o ngā mōrea o kaupapa auaha taea te whakarōpūtia e whai ake .:

• āhuatanga Predictability: wawetia hoki me ta'e'iloá.
• Na roto i te aroaro o te hanga āta.
• E ai ki te wa o te rapunga.
• I te wahi o te kitea.
• I roto i te tikanga o te rapunga.
• Hoki ngā take o te ahua.
• E ai ki te ahua o nga hara.
• Hoki te roanga o te mahi.
• I whai wāhitanga rīanga.
• E ai ki nga tikanga o te paremata.
• Ko te wāhanga o te tukanga.
• E ai ki nga tikanga o te hanga.
• I utu i whakaritea.

Hei aromatawai i te mōrea o te kaupapa auaha hiahiatia te ki te whakatau i te tohu o te rangahau pūtaiao, te hōtaka tautukunga rautaki mākete te kamupene o me hokohoko. Whakarōpū, te aromātai, me te ako o te tūponotanga e hiahiatia ana ki te whakahaere ia ratou.

Te aromātai i te whai huatanga o te kaupapa auaha

Ko te whai huatanga o tenei momo o te kaupapa i roto i ngā o ona kaiuru taea whakatau tawhā tika mo ratou whai wāhitanga. kia arotake te reira i ona aromatawai i runga i te wahi o te whare wānanga auaha, i te haepapa hoki te whakatinanatanga o te kaupapa, me te kukume kaiuru ke, me te pūtea atu. Te aromātai i te whai huatanga o te kaupapa auaha e hāngai ana i runga i te mau parau tumu e whai ake nei:

• tono i te utu mō ngā ratonga, ngā rauemi, taonga, e kua whakaratohia e te kaupapa e whakatakotoria i runga i te mākete ranei;
• Me tātai kapewhiti i roto i te moni kotahi, e kua whakaratohia e te hōtaka ki te utu mō ngā hua me ngā rauemi ki te hoko, i muri nei e waiho e ratou i te tere o nāianei iritihia ki moni Russian;
• Me tango i te tātaitanga ki moni pūkete i ngā mahi pūtea, me te haumi, me te ki te tono i te kaupapa o pütea te kaupapa;
• Me tango ki pūkete te takoha ki pūtea tāpiri me te moni roaa i ratou.

I roto i te tukanga o te tātai i te tōtika o te whai wāhitanga o te kamupene o e tango, ki pūkete te moni, ahakoa o ahakoa ake ratou ranei tono. ka utu i runga i loans me tuku atu ki ngä timunga, me te tarahuraa - takoha.

He tauira o te kaupapa auaha e hāngai ana i runga i te whai huatanga o te tūpono

Me whai whakaaro te reira i te whanaketanga o te kaupapa auaha e hāngai ana i runga i te aromatawai o tona whai huatanga. Ka rite ki te tauira e taea te tango tatou i te tauira o te kaupapa o "EkoZdrav". Ko te kamupene te mauria atu ona mahi i roto i te pa o Krasnoyarsk. whai ana te kaupapa i te whakaputa me te mākete o-kaiwhakahohe kore, me te bezkartridzhnyh tāuta, e kua te tikanga mo te maimoatanga o te inu, me te ururua wai. I te kau i ratou kahore analogues.

whakakitea rangahau mākete tuatahi e hiahia enei tipu he nui nui. E ai ki tata, moni reira ki te 25 000, mongamonga, i te mea he whakatekau o kaihoko pea katoa. I runga i tenei mōhiohio, te kamupene mahere ki te whakarewa i te tāutanga o te 10 mano. Units ia tau, e te mea tino whaitake.

Hei arotake i te whai huatanga e tika ana ki te kitea te uara hakari kupenga (NPV) mā te whakamahi i te tere o te tupu o utu, me te moni o te tautaha utu toharite o te whakapaipai (WACC). E pā ana te tātai e whai ake nei:

WACC = (E / K) * y + (D / K) * b * (1-t),

te wahi E - tika whakapaipai, D - nui nama o te whakapaipai, K ko te moni o te whakapaipai haumi, y - hoki tüpono i runga i te tika, b - te moni tata o te anō whakapaipai, t - auau tāke i runga i hua.

ka hei ahua mo te kamupene:

WACC = (188/2000) * 0,72 + (1812/2000) * 0,28 * (1-0.2) = 0,270624

Ki te tangohia e koe te auau pikinga o 7%, i whakapumautia i te wa o te whanaketanga o te kaupapa, ka taea e te tiki e koe i te take hekenga ki 0,340624.

I raro i te mahere, te rōrahi o te pai e fuoloa ki 448060 moni. i roto i te tau tuatahi, 3229925 moni. - i roto i te tuarua, me 3919425 moni. - i roto i te toru. kia tatau ratou tango ki pūkete nga tohu, e hāngai ana i runga i ka e kia aromatawaitia te whai huatanga o te kaupapa auaha.

uara hakari kupenga tātai mo te tau e toru i muri mai (NPV):

NPV1 = 448060 / 1.340624- 2000000 = - 1665782,5

NPV2 = 448060 / 1,340624 + 3229925 / (1,340624) ^ 2 - = 2000000 131343.21

taupū haumi moni (PI):

PI = (448060 / 1,340624 + 3229925 / 〖(1.340624)〗 ^ 2) / 2000000 = 2131343,21 / 2000000 = 1,0656

auau ā-o hoki (IRR):

IRR = r_1 + NPV (r_1) / (NPV (r_1) - NPV (r_2)) (r_2-r_1)

tangohia te utu o te whakapaipai e r1 20%.

Na IRR = 0,3 + 255859,8 / (255859,8- 131343,21) (0.340624-0.3) = 0,383475

Ka taea te faaoti te reira e nui te auau tatau o hoki te utu o te whakapaipai. Ko te kupu, Ko taea te whakatinanatanga o tenei kaupapa auaha.

kaupapa auaha i roto i te mahi

Ki te rā, kaupapa auaha i roto i te mahi pai te wikitoria i te mākete ao. Ko e tika ana ki te meka i kore te mea pera ngāwari ki te pai i te kiritaki hou tenei. Ki te ka faahiti i te kamupene ona tāwhai, te reira pae hopea mona tona rongonui. Hoki tenei take, me innovations tetahi mahi. Best o katoa, ki te te reira kaupapa tino auaha, kaua ki te whakapai ake hangarau tawhito, hua ratonga ranei.

Kei te te hapori ao kaha whakarerekē i te whanaketanga o te ao pūtaiao, me te hangarau. Mai i tenei wāhi o te tirohanga, titau aro te pakihi. I tua atu, kia mohio auaha i te hapori. Ki te kore e manakohia ratou whakawhanakehia he kaupapa auaha, kua he tauira o e kua whakaatu ki kiritaki, e kore e kawea reira tetahi painga.

Ko te whakamahi o innovations i roto i te mahi

Me kï reira e auaha i roto i te mahi rapu nui hinengaro, utu pūtea, me te mahi. I tua atu, ki te hiahia te haumi e kore anake i roto i te hoahoa, engari ano hoki i roto i te kamupene. Auaha i roto i te mahi e taea e hangarau, whakahaere, whakahaere, ōhanga me te whakahaere.

I roto i te kaupapa auaha matua o tenei ahua e taea te huaina whakarorohikotanga. te āwhina ratou te hanga i te pati turanga, ki te kawe i roto i te mahia o utu mā te Ipurangi, te whakamahi o ngā hōtaka rorohiko, ki te mahi me te unga īmēra. I tua atu, ka taea ki te hanga i tētahi paetukutuku arumoni ranei toa ipurangi te kaipakihi.

Ko te kupu, tenei momo o te kaupapa i roto i te mahi tukua ki te whakapai ake i te tukanga whanaketanga, ratonga, hoko, a pera atu. I tua atu, kei te nui raweketia te tukanga me te iti iho te wā e kai ana. tikanga o tēnei e ka whai i te mahi profitability nui.

kaupapa auaha i roto i te kura

Ko te mātua maha whakaara ake te pātai o te wahi ki te unga ratou tamaiti ki te kura i ia te wā, kura tiketike, me te kura nui. Kei te hohoro whakaritea te nuinga o ratou, ko te ariā o "kura auaha" hoki ratou e uaua mōhio. Ahakoa tenei, e taea te huaina i te pūtahi mātauranga hou katoa taua. Ko e tika ana ki te meka i hāngai te nuinga o te marautanga te auahatanga tenei.

Ehara i te mea e tika ana ki te hoatu i te tamaiti i roto i te kura auaha, i muri i te katoa, i roto i whakatinana te institution tuku iho he kaupapa mātauranga auaha. Tonu, ka arotahi ratou ki runga ki te hanganga o te kaha o ngā tamariki ki te whaiaro ako-.

Ko te whakamahi o te hangarau auaha i roto i te akomanga ka taea ki a koe te whiriwhiri takitahi i te hōtaka o te ako mo ia tamaiti, e kua he pānga pai i runga i ona āheinga. I tua atu, ka whai atu ngakau nui mō te ako tamariki, kia taea e ratou hiahia. He aha te mea he kaupapa auaha i roto i te kura? Tauira - te whakamahi i roto i te hanganga o ngā hōtaka. Ki te to ratou awhina, ka taea e koe te whai hua i runga i te hopu me te Kawanatanga o te matauranga.

kaupapa auaha: he tauira

I roto i te tikanga ki te tino matau te mea ko te kaupapa auaha, kia whakaaro he tauira motuhake. Ko te kamupene Electrolux Hoahoa Lab tū i roto i te 2013 whakataetae ākonga i roto i China. Ia paetahi o te Institute o hākoritanga Qing Ji aroaro tona kaupapa, i hāngai ana ki te whakapai ake i te moe tangata. whakawhanakehia e ia te urunga pūtau i roto i te puka o te papatipu matomato. He mea e taea ki te whakarato kore anake te okiokinga pai, engari ano hoki te tiaki i te huakita kino. I roto i tenei take, he kaupapa auaha, he tauira o nei whakaaturia te, whakarato te tenenga te hangarau tino hou, me te mātanga.

Ko te hanganga ngā urunga pūtau aroe, e mimiti hauhā me te tuku hāora. Hoki tenei take, iwi e moe ki runga i te reira, e kore e whai raruraru ki te manawa. E taea e ki te whakakore i tetahi huakita kino a tawhio Tahi pūtau. Tenei kaupapa auaha, he tauira o te mea i whakaahuatia, ko te angitu, engari ki te hiahia koe ki te waihanga i te tahi mea hou, he mea ka taea ki te faaineine i kore te mea rite uaua te hōtaka. Kia roto i te reira i whakahou hangarau o tēnei wā.