Toi Donatello: biography, mahi, whakaahua

Donatello - Ko he toi Italian, he māngai o te wā o te tīmatanga o te Renaissance, te kura Florentine. Mō tona ora, me te mahi ka e lāulea i roto i tenei tuhinga. e kore te haurongo o te kaituhi mohiotia i roto i te taipitopito, na ko reira taea ki te tapaea poto anake.

Poto mōhiohio haurongo e pā ana ki te toi Donatello

Ko te toi heke mai Donatello whanau i roto i Florence i 1386, i te tama a Nikollo Di Betto Bardi - huruhuru carder taonga. ako ia i roto i te tau 1403-1407 i roto i te awheawhe o te tangata, ko Lorenzo Ghiberti. ako reira ia, i roto i ngā, i te tikanga o te makanga parahi. I runga i te mahi o te toi i rawa awe e mōhio ki te atu tangata nui - Filippo Brunelleschi. Ghiberti ko Brunelleschi noho oraraa taatoa hoa tata ruānuku.

Dzhordzho Vazari mea e ko te toi Donatello te tangata rawa ohaoha, rawa huatau, tukinotia hoa tino pai, e kore kihai i tāpiri faufaa ki te moni. tangohia ana akonga me hoa i i a ia kia rite ki te nui rite hiahiatia ratou.

Ko te wā wawe o te auahatanga

Ko te mahi o tenei toi i roto i te wā wawe, i roto i nga 1410s, i pā ana ki whakahau terenga, i whakaratohia e ia ki te whakapaipai i ngā whare tūmatanui i roto i Florence. Hoki ngā whare ranei San Michele (kātakí) mahi he whakapakoko Donatello o St. George (te wā i 1415 tae noa 1417) me St. Mark (1411 ki te 1413). I roto i te 1415, oti ia te whakapakoko o St. Ioanna Evangelista, whakapaipai Florence Cathedral.

Construction Komihana i roto i te taua tau mo te whakapaipai o te Campanile whakaakona ki mahia i te whakapakoko i poropiti Donatello. Neke atu i te ratou ruānuku hanga mahi ia mo tata e rua tekau tau (i 1416 i runga i 1435). E rima whika i roto i te Cathedral Museum. "Rawiri" whakapakoko, me te poropiti (e pā ana ki 1430-1432 tau) tonu te nuinga e pā ana ki reira te mutunga te iho Gothic. Faaoaoaraa whakapaipai manawataki ahua tuarua, mata maitai kaupae tukinotia me te tinana hipoki ki te kakahu taimaha. Otiia ara i roto i enei fakatupu e ngana ana ia ki te kawe i te pai hou o tona tau - te tuakiri hautoa takitahi - Donatello. hanga mahi toi he momo o ngā kaupapa, i roto i nei whakakitea tenei pai. Ko rawa kite i roto i te kōrero image tenei. Mark (1412), St. George (1415), me te Habakkuk ko Heremaia (tau o te hanganga - 1423-1426). Āta riro mārama ngā puka, hei buka wāhi, whakakapi portrait te angamaheni hoho'a mata, me nga taiepa o kakahu whakakakahu ana te tinana fakanatula, tona kaupapa tuarua, me te piko.

John XXIII Menema

hanga tahi toi Donatello ki Michelozzo urupa o John XXIII i te wā i 1425 ki te 1427. Kua riro te reira i te hi'oraa matarohia o taua i whakamahia mo te urupa i muri no ki te Renaissance. tahi wā-roa i waenganui i te kaiwhakairo e rua tīmata ki tenei mahi.

Maka atu whika i roto i te parahi

Donatello i roto i te tīmatanga o 1420 o, e pā ana ki te whakarewanga o tau parahi. I roto i tenei rauemi, tona mahi tuatahi - ki te whakapakoko o Louis o Toulouse, i whakahaua ki a ia i roto i 1422 whakapaipai i te wāhi i roto i ranei San Michele. Tenei Ko tetahi o nga urupa tino faahiahia, e whakaata he māramatanga o te mo'araa o te feat whaiaro, ka kaha i roto i te Renaissance.

Statue o Rawiri

Ko te tihi o te auahatanga o tenei ariki i roto i te toi o te parahi, ko te whakapakoko o Rawiri, hanga a tawhio noa 1430-1432 tau. Kei te hangaia te reira i, i roto i te rerekē ki te whakairo wharekarakia i runga i te haerenga a tawhio. Tētahi atu auaha ko te kaupapa o te kautanga, ki i ngā Donatello. tuhituhi toi Rawiri tahanga, e kore i roto i nga kakahu, i rite ko te tikanga i mua, i te wa tuatahi mai i nga anotau Middle rite tūturu me i roto i te taua tauine nui.

Ētahi atu mahi e Donatello, e pā ana ki te 1410-th - te timatanga o nga o 1420 - te ahua o te raiona whakairo i te hōanga - te tohu o Florence, he crucifix rakau mo te hahi o Santa Croce, te reliquary parahi mo te hahi Ognissanti, whakapakoko parahi, kei roto i te National Museum o Florence i raro i i huaina "Amorin Attis," i te mea, te āhua, te ahua o nga atua tawhito o te hua Priapus.

Ko te mahi i roto i te tikanga o te manawa

Ko te ngā i roto i te tikanga o te tauturu i te Donatello i hoki orurehau. Ko te fekumi ki he whakapakoko kiko toi wāhi illusionary arata'i ki te hanganga o te mahere whenua papatahi, whakamana ai te te hohonu ongo mā te whakamahi i ngā pukapuka o hurihurihanga. Whakarei ake i te tokonga mokowā o te whakamahi o ngā tikanga o te tirohanga tika. "Drawing" toki, rite toi ki te kaituhi o peita a te toi. Me kï hoki i konei taua mahi rite "Te Battle o George me te tarakona", "Pazzi Madonna", "hakari o Herora", "Ascension o Meri" me etahi atu. whakaaturia papamuri hoahoanga i roto i te whenua picturesque o te ruānuku kei te, te whakamahi i te ture o te tirohanga tika. i taea ki te hanga e rave rahi rohe mokowā i roto i nei te pūāhua he ia.

He haerenga ki Roma, te wā Florentine tuarua

Toi Donatello i roto i te wā i August 1432 ki Mei 1433rd kei roto i Roma. Here obmeryaet ia ko Brunelleschi urupa o te pa, te tūhura i te whakairo tahito. noho Local, kia rite ki te kōrero, whakaaro hoa e rua o mohoao. kitea ongo Roma i roto i taua mahi kia rite ki whare whirihoratia hoki Capella del Sacramento i whakahau ano Eugene IV (Pope), "Faaiteraa" (te kore -. aata Cavalcanti, kite whakaahua i raro nei) Singing nohoanga mātai o te kaunihera Florentine me waho Dept., hanga mo te Cathedral i roto i Prato (wa o te hanga - 1434-1438 tau).

Donatello tutuki ai Classicism tūturu i roto i te te tauturu o "Te hakari o Herora", hanga i runga i tona hokinga mai i te haerenga ki Roma.

A tawhio noa 1440 hangaia e te toi tatau parahi, me waru ngaahi mētali mo Florence Old sacristy o San Lorenzo (te wā i 1435 tae noa ki 1443). Ko te reliefs stucco whakatauira o te wha i tutuki haere noa mīharo i roto i te wanihi e whakapakoko, whare me tau iwi.

wā Padua

tonoa Donatello te i roto i te 1443 i roto i Padua. Tenei tīmata te wā i muri o tona mahi. mahi te reira i te whakapakoko kaieke hōiho o Erasmo de Narni (Gattamelata whakapakoko). maka Donatello ia i roto i 1447, ka whakapumautia ko te mahi, he iti i muri mai - i roto i te 1453-m. mahi Way rite te tohu ki a Marcus Faka- maau◊anga. Mā te hauroki e hanga he hoari, me te tokotoko Gattamelata (Erasmo īngoa), me te tūranga ringa amui tau hoiho, me te kaieke i roto i silhouette wahi toi Donatello. Whakairo hanga i roto i tenei wā, tino nui. Haunga te runga ake mahi te reira te Chancel kōrero. Antoniya Paduanskogo, me te manawa e tohu ana scenes wha i tona ora, e kua whakaaro te keokeonga o te auahatanga o tenei ariki i roto i te whenua picturesque.

Ahakoa ka whakaatu te nekehanga reira Donatello pehea e rua whakapakoko kōrero. Ioanna Krestitelya i Florence (i roto i te casa Martelli ahau V Fiorentina), he reira iti ki te momo tino. I roto i te wā e rua here. kanohi Hoani rere, ka whai wāhi katoa koromatua whakamutunga kei roto i tenei kaupapa. Kua Nature kua tangohia i roto i te mea ngaro hou.

He āhuatanga motuhake o te pūkenga o Donatello ngā i roto i te meka i tuhituhi te toi ki te pūkenga taua, me te pūngao, kaha, kanohi pai, me te aroha noa. Na, mo te tauira, whakairo i roto i 1434 pati-tanga mapere taupee o te pa whare karakia o Prato whakaatu ana geniuses hawhe-tahanga, me tamariki e tākaro mea whakatangi, me te kanikani ki te tupare o puawai. Tino ora ratou kaupapa, tākaro, me te whānui. Ka taea e te taua te tuhia me ētahi atu pati-reliefs i mapere, hanga hoki Florence Cathedral.

Donatello i roto i nga tau tata nei, i kitea i roto i Padua mahi iti. Te āhua, ko ia tino mate. Toi hoki i roto i te 1453 i roto i Florence, a haere tonu ki te reira ora noa tona mate (i roto i te 1466), ki te kahore hoki he haerenga poto i roto i te 1457 ki Siena.

wā Florentine Late

whakaara ake te reira maha pātai i muri te mahi e Donatello. Toi i roto i te mutunga o nga mahi kahore i hanga kia nui te mahi ngā. I te tahi taime e korero e pā ana ki te ngaromanga o tona pūkenga, me te hoki mai o te tahi mau tikanga Gothic. Sculpture e Donatello i te wā i 1450 a ki te tīmatanga o 1460 o fakafofonga'i e te whakapakoko Marii Magdaliny (1455, whakaahua cm. Raro), hanga o te rakau, he rōpū o "Judith ko Holofernes", he whakapakoko o Ioanna Krestitelya, reliefs i runga i te kaupapa o te raa, me te Passion o te Karaiti e rua ngā tūru i roto i te hahi o San Lorenzo. I roto i enei mahi, te nuinga te kaupapa fakamamahi e whakawhanake Donatello. Toi puritia e naturalism, e rohe i runga i te wairua ngatata. Kua oti he maha o titonga kua muri i te matenga o ngā ākonga tona ariki - Bertoldo me Bellagio.

mate toi i roto i te 1466. I tanumia ia i roto i te hahi o San Lorenzo, te whakapaipai nei ki tona mahi, me hōnore nui. Ko te kupu te mutunga te mahi Donatello. Toi, Haurongo me nei mahi kua aroaro i roto i tenei tuhinga, kua He wāhi nui i roto i te hoahoanga ao. Kia mōhio te mea ko ia.

Ko te uara o nga mahi o tenei ariki

ko Donatello he ahua matua i roto i te hītori o Renaissance whakairo. Ko ia te tangata e ko te tuatahi ki te ako pūnahanaha te huarahi o te kaupapa tinana tangata, tuhituhi ia ka timata te mahi papatipu matatini ki te whakamāori i te kakahu e tika ana ki te tinana kirihou me te kaupapa, whakaturia te mahi ki te whakapuaki i te whakaahua takitahi i roto i te whakairo, kumea ana whakarongo ki te ora hinengaro o te pūāhua tuku. kua tika tonu ia ia te whakarewanga parahi, me te hira ake mapere. Trehplanny manawa, whakawhanakehia ia, i te whanaketanga ake o te whakairo, me te peita.