Winter witi: ngā momo tipu, tukatuka, me te

Winter witi - he hua kai tino. hanga Irrigation tikanga pai mo tona tupu tika, me te whanaketanga noa, me ki te whakapai ake i tona hardiness, e whakarato ana ivi whakato pai.

Winter witi: te taea o loto teitei

Hoatu hangarau kaha i roto i te UK tupu te toharite o 69,56 t / ha o te witi, i roto i te Netherlands - 81,2 c / ha. He maha pāmu e te hunga mōhio ki te kaha hangarau hotoke witi māra, whakaputaina i runga i te whenua te taheraa e loto pūmau 60 ranei ara 70 quintals ia heketea. tae te kotinga teitei 92,4 centners ia heketea.

I raro i ngā āhuatanga agro-makariri pai taea te tiki rawa tukua rawa tiketike. mana'o pai i runga i nga whenua hāwai Winter witi - homai te kotinga ki runga ki te kotahi rau manokaramu ia heketea. hāwai te ahurea i roto i hurihanga hua e tupu ano i runga i te te Hiro i te kai matomato ranei, ka fakatau'atāina'i i muri te whakamahia reira i muri i te tapahi wāhi i raro i hua o pata, huawhenua me ngā tipu forage.

āhuatanga koiora o te witi hotoke

Wheat tarutaru no ki te whānau, te hotoke whakarato reira tipu, rakau, me te rere ngahuru pakeke. I muri te takurua tipu whanaketanga tonu. haamata te reira i te pārōnaki o te pūwāhi tipu. Ko ti'aturi i runga i te kaha o nga rau, me pakiaka o te ihirangi wai o te kopa tona tupu kaha. wai waiwai tonu e tika ana mō te ki pūtau mau tonu ratou turgor totoro, ake i te maha o embryos mō taringa heke mai. Ko te wā tino nui mo te ora tipu tenei. Te wā tino i roto i te ora te hotoke witi toro i te putanga ngongo ki te taiohitanga lactic.

Early taurite embryonic i mua i te whakapanga iho spikelets faarahi te nui o purapura, me whakainu puawai i te timatanga o te hanganga faarahi te maha o te puawai whakawhanakehia. I roto i te tupu me te kikiritanga ka rahi roa'tu, tipu manawa me te ururua matū organic, he tino rauangi ki pukā me hau wera tipu. i roto i tenei wā arotau pāmahana oma rangi ko 14-19 ° C, i 35 ° C te otaota e heke tukua ahotakakame nui heke te ki te 20, me i 40 ° C - 50%. mahi hoki haumākū tōraro iti me te hau maroke. Whakatipu witi hotoke i runga i te whakamārama o te rongo ki pāmahana teitei, me te haumākū titau whakarongo.

Fertilizing witi hotoke

Winter witi Ko te tika te roa o te otaota wā, taea reira ki kakato ange whakamahi ia nga matūkai i te oneone. Heoi, ko te hiahia, he rerekē hoki pākahiko ia, i runga i te wā tupu tipu rānei. Na reira, hotoke te kikiritanga witi i roto i te puna ko te tika.

Ko faufaa i roto i te wa e tipu hauota, engari te nuinga inarā te riro te reira e tipu i roto i ngā wāhanga, ina haere atu ratou ki te ngongo me taringa. Fertilizing witi hotoke he nui i roto i te tīmatanga o te puna, ko reira i tenei wa e tika ana ki iti pāmahana me te taea tukanga kapo hauota oneone waterlogged taea te tāmia, me nga hake wai atu te hauota pākawa i roto i te papa hohonu o te oneone, kia wheako otaota hauota hemokai ara mo te pai-ki o ratou oneone. Tenei whakamārama nga hua mahi nui ka fertilizing witi hotoke i roto i te puna tika kawea i roto i.

I roto i puta germination me te whanaketanga wawe o te witi tono tiketike mō te ūkuikui kai tōtika, whakaongaonga reira te whanaketanga noa o te pūnaha pakiaka. Ki te houku pai taea pakiaka wātea tomo i roto i te taka ki te hohonu o te 1 mita, e whakatairanga hardiness o witi hotoke. haapuai Phosphorus te tohu o te pārōnaki me te tokomaha nui o purapura ia taringa. e kore e taea te utua te kore o reira i te timatanga o te tupu i tetahi kai o tenei tongi mana te tipu i te rā i muri mai.

Ko te drawback o pāhare pāporo käore he pänga i roto i te oneone i roto i te wā i te timatanga o te tupu ki tupu hua witi i roto i te takamuri nui i roto i te tupu o te otaota, me te takamuri tupu tipu - hei ratou ake tairongo ki ngā rerekētanga i roto i te pāmahana me te makuku oneone. faarahi whakarato rawaka o te tipu ūkuikui me te pāhare pāporo i roto i te hinga i te hardiness o witi hotoke, me he supply e tika o te hauota faarahi te ihirangi o te pūmua i roto i te witi. Ko te taikaha o te makuku oneone muri, me te nui, ārahi ki te whakatokia tira.

witi hotoke

Ko te rohe i tutu'a tonu te huarahi takitahi. Me tohua ngā momo o te witi hotoke tupu i raro i irrigation whakautu ki tongi tiketike, makuku atu o te oneone me te ātete ki te tira me te mate fungal.

Best hoki witi he oneone whenua parauri me te pango i roto i tona kakano, te toharite, aeration pai. Ko witi hotoke, tono ki te oneone. Kāore hoki reira - totea, raungaitinga me repo. momo Modern o witi hotoke, kua whakamahia i runga i te rohe, te whai ake:

• Tarasovskaya bristlecone - peu i roto i Voronezh me Rostov rohe.
• Rosinka Tarasovskaya - momo whai purapura tiketike.
• Mana - hoki ngā wāhi ki te hukapapa te mutunga (te rohe Täingäwai, te lepupilika Te Tai Tokerau Caucasus).
• tiupiri Severodonetsk (tupu i runga i Kuban, Krasnodar, Rostov i runga i nga whenua i roto i te Te Tai Tokerau Caucasus).
• Spring Tarasovskiy - e tupu i roto i te tonga.
• August - nga momo tauraki-ātete.
• Kawana Don.
• Don 105.
• Kamyshanka-3 - Kei te mahinga i roto i te Lower Täingäwai.
• Nemchinovskaya-57 me 24.
• Moscow, 39 me te 56.
• Galina.

Te kōeke whakamutunga i roto i tenei rārangi muia ki Black Earth, kua ratou witi i te kounga tunu teitei.

hotoke tongi witi

Ki te tono tika o maniua i roto i piki te kotinga ahuwhenua te taheraa i 40 ki te 70%. Fertilizer mō te witi hotoke ake i tino te tukua, me te witi kounga. I roto i nga ngā o te Institute o te ahuwhenua i runga i te hua whenua te taheraa o te witi hotoke nui haere i 28.3 ki te 51,9 quintals ia heketea.

Ko te hua i roto i te tukua i te auau ikeiketanga o te hauota tongi i te tonga o te whenua i 10-10,6, i Phosphate - 1.2-1.6, a na ratou mahi tahi - 12,1-16,9 t / ga.To reira hoki witi hotoke i roto i te huarahi rerekē aro ki pākahiko takitahi. I te mutunga o pūtaiao, maniua tau hopi kia hanga anake, no te te oneone o iti iho i te 300 mg / kg o pāhare pāporo pūkoro.

Auau o tongi tātai tikanga toenga, e hāngai ana i runga i te taumata ki te kotinga whakaritea, wātea o ngā matūkai i roto i te oneone, me te whakarea o te digestibility o ngā tipu. Infestation o witi hotoke tino whakaiti te tōtika o te whakamahi tongi, whakaiti i te kotinga tae 12-15%.

He rahui nui mō te whakapiki i te whai huatanga o ngā maniua mō te witi hotoke he mokowā rawa ōrite o te parae. E tenei huru me whakatata āta. kia whakamahia maniua Nitrogen mō te witi hotoke tīpakongia, tango ki pūkete oneone, me te huarere tikanga rohe, me te te koiora o ngā momo mahinga, te uara o te hua whakaritea.

A, no te tupu i roto i te oneone taimaha, me te reo ki te moenga hohonu rawa o wai whenua, me te ihirangi hauota iti i roto i te oneone ki te hanga pai tongi wehewehe - rua-hautoru o nga ture taketake i raro i te maimoatanga, me te era atu - i roto i te whakakakahuria i te mutunga o te puna tillering.

I te marama oneone, me te taimaha, ki te wai whenua mate taea kaua pāpaku o maniua nitrogenous, na 30% o te auau ā-tau kia whakamahia i raro i presowing māra, te okiokinga - i roto i te kai puna. I roto i ngā wāhi i reira nui haere rāhui hauota i roto i te oneone, hanga hauota tongi i roto i te taka koretake hoki e arahi reira ki te mārō o te tipu, thickening o kai. I roto i ngā take pēnei i, whakamahia 40% o te auau ā-tau o te hauota i roto i te tīmatanga o te puna, i te 60% - i muri mai.

Scientists i Germany, Belgium, Great Britain ko Austria whakapono e ki te tiki 80-95 kg / ha o te witi hotoke whai wāhi maniua hauota houhou ki te wā mua ruinga-, na tūtohu katoa te auau hauota te ki tohatoha i 3-4 kikiritanga, a kia kia ngā tono o maniua ki te whakataki o fungicides.

Ki te whakapai ake i te kounga o te hua witi o te hotoke witi kai Urea i roto i te ruinga wāhanga. I roto i Germany, i raro i te witi hotoke kia hamuti wai i te tere o 20-30 mita pūtoru te heketea, faaohipa i te reira i mua i te whakatō ranei i roto i te wa e tipu. Kairangahau i roto i France me te United States mea e ki te whiwhi i te tukua o te 80 dt / ha tika rapu i te whakamahi o te wai irrigation me tono foliar o maniua ki te wai ahurea o te momo uaua, e ngā o whänui me micronutrients (Zn, Mg, Fe, B). whakapiki i tenei witi fertilizing hotoke kounga hua, me te whakarite i tona tupu e 2-6 centners ia heketea.

witi

tikanga Cross-purapura i runga i ia heketea whakaora 50-60 kg o purapura, he hua i roto i tukua witi i roto i rite ki te akoako ruinga kati tae whitu quintals ia heketea. Na reira, i te hotoke witi whakatokia ripeka, katia ngā akoako, whitiki, me te razbrosnym ara. Ko te tikanga tikanga tino noa - me tamărû o te 15 cm, i roto i te hanganga ture ki te tramline.

A, no te kawea te pāmu i roto āhua-papaka momo te hotoke witi, te reira te whitiki purapura aho-toru, e whakarato ana i te hua i roto i tukua whakaritea ki te ruinga raina tūtohutia. Whakamana pai me te moenga matomato, kawea nei i roto i ki te ranunga o purapura o ngā momo papaka, me te tikanga. Nā ki te aho roa me te hua hanganga whakapai ake ake 10-15% phytoclimate te, e hanga atu whānui, utu-whai hua, me te whakamahi hua o rāhui o makuku, whakaiti i te pānga kino o pāmahana teitei, ko te kupu tipu i 8-24% ātete witi ki, hei tauira, pirau pakiaka.

Ko puhoi ti'aturi i runga i rui wa hotoke hua witi. ngaro ora katoa ra te whakaiti tukua witi e 20-60 kg. kia mahi te hotoke witi matomato i roto i te wa. Rawa koi whakaiti hua purapura i roto i Oketopa, neke atu i te tetahi ariu reira korotkostebelchatye momo e rapua e te rā kati mua. kia purapura iti kia whakatokia pāpaku, a nui - hohonu. kaporeihana pāpaku ki te uri oneone kawea atu seeders rangi wae ngā ranei, whakatairanga rawa he hua nui i roto i te tukua o te hua.

Purapura ruinga täkupu i roto i te parau tumu whakawhirinaki i runga i te rahi momo, purapura, rui rā, me te tipu rohe. kia rerekëtanga hoki auau matomato i runga i te tohu o contamination o te parae rānei.

Care o kai

Care o kai kau whakakiato i, whakahaere fertilizing, puna pakanga fifi ki tira, me te tarutaru, me ngā pests, me mate. I roto i ngā wāhanga ki te nui o te hukarere te hukarere pupuri kia whakamana, e whakapiki i makariri tipu me whakanuia ana te makuku i roto i te rāhui oneone. Spring tiaki hoki kai tīmata ki te kikiritanga me wana fifi. I roto i nga mara, i e rite mo te irrigation tipu, me kawea fifi i roto i tango ki pūkete nga āhuatanga o te whatunga irrigation. I roto i te aroaro o takai te taheraa kia fifi anake haere te ruinga; i roto i nga moa o nga hua pai kua whiwhi e fifi hoe hurihuri.

I roto i te aroaro o ngā tarutaru i roto i hua o te tukatuka hotoke kia kawea waipatutaru witi. I mua ki te whakato i te hua e maputia e ki te ngongo. I roto i te wā kotahi, me kia tukinotia nga hua ki te paura koriri rau waikura ranei. mate witi hotoke tukinotia ki ngā rongoā pūnahanaha he "Bayletonomil" me "fundazol".

Ki te whai i te hua chinch bug, ngō, haerenga, piyavitsy, whakamahia te tikanga "Metaphase" ranei "phosphamide", 40%. Tiaki Mahi mo te hiahia hua o te witi ki te ngā, me te kawe ia ratou ki waho e rua ranei e toru nga wa, e whakaora moni, mahi me te wā. hua tukatuka desirably kawea atu i te tono taurite whakakotahi o enei māngai ki te wai irrigation.

Tei witi hotoke iti i runga i te kaha, me te roanga o te tira hua me kia tae i raro i irrigation 25-50% o ngā utu mahi, a ka te tikanga hoki tupu hauhake toru nga wa, me te tino heke te kounga o te hua. Taupānga Turan i whenua te taheraa tika auau tino pai o te tarukino ko e toru kg / ha a.i. kawea maimoatanga i roto i roto i te mutunga o te tillering. I te kūmara e pängia ana ki te whare tira, hanga täkupu nui, a ki runga ki te tahi atu - te iti. Processing kūmara hotoke witi tour korotkostebelchatyh he koretake.

irrigation

Irrigation - te take matua i roto i te tukua tiketike o te witi hotoke i roto i ngā rohe katoa o tona māra. Ko te hua i roto i te tukua te witi irrigation - ko te hangarau o te kai o te witi hotoke, faarahi te whai huatanga o te ahurea irrigation ki ona hoa-mahi ki te tongi.

A, no te Me hotoke witi whakatipu ki te whakarato makuku oneone tino arotau mō te germination whanaketanga ngahuru tipu ngāwari, me te noa. tutuki ana tēnei te presowing taurite mai tuku iho ranei. rerekē ratou mahu'inga i roto i ngā wāhi rerekē o te ahuwhenua. I roto i te ngā wāhi i reira he maha ua i roto i te hinga, me te waiwai hohonu te oneone tae noa ki te puna, heke whakainu kaha. I roto i te ngā wāhi ki te ngahuru maroke, me te iti makuku oneone ua ngahuru taurite he tino ki loto tiketike o te witi hotoke.

I roto i te haamauraa i reiti irrigation tango e ki pūkete te hohonu o Horizons tote me ngā taumata manawa whenua. wai Irrigation kore e tae i te pae tote-amo, mai taea tai rewa whakatika ki te capillary nāianei me te kahu pīkara oneone i reira e kei nga pakiaka. Whakainu koretake i te taumata tata o te manawa whenua. Ka taea e reiti irrigation nui meinga mākū. Whakainu whai hua i roto i te manawa whenua hohonu o 3 m atu ranei. I te hōhonu o tetahi, me te hawhe mita o te oneone whakainu whakakapi irrigation i mua i te whakatō. Ko te hiahia mo te whakainu i muri germination puta i roto i ngā āhuatanga maroke me te hinga i runga i te whenua ki te tepu manawa whenua hohonu. kia wā o te irrigation kia whakaritea e te wa o te ruinga o te hotoke witi, whakaurunga supply wai, taputapu irrigation me te ahurea wā horoi.

hauhake

Ko te wā tino arotau o te witi hauhake hotoke - te ware pi taiohitanga pera-ka karanga o te witi o te witi. Puta ana tēnei taahiraa ina whai i te ihirangi o te purapura i te taonga maroke tiketike. Senikatsiya (riringi ki te kotinga) hua whai wāhi ki te ahurea pai ake matuatanga, faarahi te tukua o te witi hotoke, kia kia tamata koe ki te noho horoi i roto i te wa poto, me te ki te mate ka taea mōkito.

Ka whakaiti i te kotinga Whakahaere ona parekura, me te mau tonu i te kounga tiketike o te witi. Kia mahara te reira e iti te mau herehere o te kotinga te hotoke witi e ra atu atu i tekau ārahi ki te whakaiti mahuinga o tukua witi mo whitu quintals heketea, engari te ihirangi i te pūmua ano i roto i te witi e te hawhe ōrau.

huarahi kaiao

tikanga hotoke witi māra, me te tetahi te ahuwhenua, he maha o ngā āhuatanga:

• ngā rauemi māori - hāngai pūngao kōmaru, te wera kōhauhau, wai i roto i te puka o te rerenga, oneone;
• utu pūngao tika mo te hanga o ngā hua mō te hangarau motuhake mo te hinonga ranei;
• utu pūngao autaki, e kua whakamahia i roto i hangarau tipu māra i roto i te mara o te kohinga, tukatuka, me te rokiroki.

I roto i te ao i reira ko te huru o te whakaputa overruns kaha. Ki te riro 1% o GDP i te whakamahi pūngao piki kainga e 2-3%. oneone maimoatanga e ngā tikanga tuku iho, ko te utu tino. Tenei hangarau i roto i te tau torutoru mua kua arahina ki te hekenga i roto i te pararopi, me te kinonga oneone. ngā Global i roto i te whanaketanga o te witi hotoke, huringa i roto i te hangarau māra tohu te ara ki te pāmu economical.

whakamaoritia Neke atu i 124 miriona heketea o whenua i roto i te ao ki tohu hangarau. Ko tētahi o nga mehua ki te whakapai ake tōtika pūngao me te faaoraraa pūngao ko te whakapai ake o ngā pāmu hou auaha - tauira taiao, me te ōhanga o te production tōtika ki te kukū o te pūngao hou me hangarau rauemi-whakaora. Ēnei hangarau ngā: ngoue kai, matomato tika, irrigation tōtika. whanaketanga hotoke witi whakarato mo te whakataki o enei hangarau.

Ko te whakamahi o te ururua, e taea te whiwhi i roto i te ahuwhenua, ko reira i roto i te whakatinanatanga o ngā kaupapa i runga i te whakamahi o te pūngao whakahou huri noa te ao. I roto i ngā, i te maara o te witi ia ton o witi hua 2 taranata o te kakau witi. Hukihuki kakau tapatapahi pai parautia whenua mō te whakaora hua. Ko te wahi o te kakau witi e taea te whakamahi ki te tahuri i te reira ki te pūngao briquettes.

Witi - Ko te tikanga kai matua i roto i nga whenua maha, e tika ana ki te uara kai tōtika makehe o witi me tona hanganga taonga. Kei hea te pai te tipu hotoke witi, ko reira ngā te ārahi hua. Tenei repupirita o te Te Tai Tokerau Caucasus, te rohe Central Black whenua, Ukraine. Ko Winter witi maitai whakamahi te makuku o te ngahuru me te puna, nga rakau, maoa wawe rawa, a ka te nui iti pāngia e te tauraki me te hau maroke.