A. V. Schusev, kaihoahoa: biography, kaupapa, mahi, mahi photo, te utuafare

Academician o te Academy o Pūtaiao o te USSR, e wha nga wa toa o te Stalin paraihe Aleksey Viktorovich Schusev - kaihoahoa me he kaihanga nui, he theoretician pai, me te kore iti kaihoahoa faahiahia, Ko te whakapehapeha o te whenua nei mahi, ka hei te hero o tenei tuhinga. Here kōrero i roto i te taipitopito i tona mahi me te ara o te ora.

Architecture rite te tukanga o te ora

Shchusev, kaihoahoa, ahakoa ki te pūtau kaiao Soviet whakamutunga, engari i te wa ano, rite mea ratou, te kaihoahoa o te Atua. Ia tohe tonu hoa tona auahatanga katoa, ngaahi tefito'i mo'oni te tohunga e taea tonu i roto i te hoahoanga o te whakaaro roa'ei te, pera ratou e tino tata e pā ana ki te ora i roto i ona faaiteraa katoa, a e kore te ora i rata tika. "E kore e puka whakatio tīariari, me te hoahoanga e taea pai ki te whakaū i tenei," - ka mea a Shchusev. noho kaihoahoa roto reira titiro, tonu tamata hou, me te ake tae noa kahore he makona te hua mutunga, te kimi utu anake i roto i te matauranga. Tīmata i Vitruvius, rapu ia kaihoahoa ki te waihanga i tona ariā ake o te toi, me na te tīmatanga o te rau tau rua tekau, kua whiwhi ratou i te tokomaha nui - te kanorau tino me categorical, me kapinga o te whanui o ratou tūranga ki te momo o ngā whāinga me te mau parau tumu e whakamārama whakatika te arata'iraa whāiti iho ranei ranei auahatanga hoahoanga.

Here i runga i te pūtake o enei ariā katoa, riro nga kaihoahoa rongonui tino, a hanga e te auaha me ngā kura. I roto i te rerekē ki te atu hao hoa Shchusev (architect rawa rongonui), ko te kaiwhakarewa o tetahi mea ki te kore e rapua, kihai i hoatu mua, kihai i hanga kura ariā. mahi tenei e hono kau muimuí, e kua ako tona tikanga pono i roto i te hītori o rua Russian me te hoahoanga Soviet, i tāutuhia te hanganga me ngā whare hanga e te reira. O te akoranga, ka korero ia, ka theorized, no te mea paanga tona matauranga o te hoahoanga, reka me te taranata maha iwi. tu rawa ēnei tauākī i runga i te par ki te rangahau teimaha e rangatira atu hangaia i roto i tari ata mō ngā tekau tau maha. Na, i roto i nga ara rapu i nga pukapuka, me mau haamana'oraa he taonga o te matauranga ngingila, i maturuturu iho kotahi tūpono Aleksey Schusev, kaihoahoa.

moengaroa

E î ana mahi ki e rua tapatahi, me te whakaaro nui, me te matauranga tino tonu o te taha mahi parakore o te hoahoanga nui. Ratou - wheako ora, tikanga noa, pūmanawa, me te haumi nui o mana'o pono tangata. Ko tenei te mea tukua ki a ia whakakiia tonu ratou uri whakaaro matua tūmatanui. Hoatu ngā, ara āhua ngali rashozhie, kaihoahoa Schusev A. V. He pakari te hanga i tētahi ara tino whaiaro. Ko reira te kāhua hītori motu, matarohia hou ranei, tahuri reira i roto i tātaitanga kore waitara arorau, me te kotahitanga toi, soldered me rerehua tikanga o te hoahoanga me te whakairo, me te peita. Ko te ïa tenei tetahi o te faahiahia tino o ana mahi - te V. I. Lenina moengaroa i roto i Moscou i runga i Whero Square, hanga i roto i te 1926-1930, aua. e kore te mea hou tenei katoa i roto i te hoahoanga - marere rōrahi pyramidal, ngā rōpū o pou tapawhā, e kawe i te paraharaha runga.

Heoi riro oi'oi moengaroa mana, taketake, āhuatanga auaha, expressiveness tino o rahi katoa, me tino nui - te hononga tino ki te whakarite o tenei whare, hononga i roto i te ensemble ki ētahi atu āhuatanga hoahoanga o te rohe. tenei katoa ka meinga tenei whare te tohu matua o tona wa. faaoti katoa ki te rahi. Kaihoahoa Schusev AV tātai rite te teitei me te matotoru o te mau papaa parau, ka whakanui ake, ka tapahi e tangi puka whakapae poutū, ki tonu i te pūngao, me te katinga pouri o te ruma o raro me te compactness - taiepa sarcophagus ohorere neke i roto i arawhata, me te turanga wāhi, te wahi i te whakanui o te haere noa , te hau me te marama. Ko reira e tika ana ki te puta tenei kitea kororia funereal tohunga o te whare moengaroa ki te hari hakari ana me o te toa whakaaturanga. I tenei wa, puritia i roto i te hanga Kremlin me te hanga hou, na katia te moengaroa i te parade whakamutunga. Kua riro iwi hōha, ka tuhituhi he rota e pā ana ki reira i runga i te Ipurangi. Ko e mo'oni, tenei hanga taea kite i te kaihoahoa katoa Shchusev, he ihirangi fakalaumālie tiketike, he matatini o whakaaro nui pāpori nei mahi.

biography

tutaki Oketopa revolution Shchusev, ka ko ia te academician, he kaihoahoa e mōhiotia ana ki te mahi-tau ma rima. I roto i te 1910, kua whai kororia ai hoki ngā hua tino pai, no te nga tikanga tino taketake o te whakahokinga mai o te whare o te tekau ma rua te rau tau i roto i Ovruch (Volyn). Na i whanau ia i te tau 1873, i roto i Chisinau, te toru te tamaiti i roto i te utuafare rawakore o te mōhiohio mutu. puta wawe rawa te kaha ki te utu, a ka wahia te tamaiti i tenei mahi i tata e taea. ka anga ia i te tau o tahi ki te ako ki L. N. Benua, i roto i te awheawhe i riro katoa whakangungu tino. Āhua kaiakopono kaihoahoa heke mai Shchusev, nei mahi e whakamoemititia e ngaio tiketike, ko te maere waimarie.

Kēnana o te waiata Russian ko National Heritage, hei tauira, i whakaako ia Ahorangi Kotov, tona Credo i e he te tautokohia ki te kui tārua urupa hītori, he mea e tika ana ki te maka atu i te māramatanga hou o onamata Russian, me tupurangi-Russian kāhua - squalor. He mana'o nui i runga i te tangata taitama i hanga hoahoanga Āhia Central tawhito, tino Samarkand, te wahi tuhi kaihoahoa Schusev Aleksey Viktorovich i taipitopito me āta inenga o urupa karakara o Bibi Khanum, a Kurupaara-Emir. Kua kairau a te reira i te wāhi nui i roto i tona mahi i muri mai. Hei tauira, te Kazansky teihana tereina kaihoahoa Shchusev hangaia, e hāngai ana i runga i to ratou wheako Āhia.

mahi Ko te tuatahi

puta Shchusev Academy me i 1897, ka riro te kaupapa pōkairua ko te kaute teitei ki te mētara koura nui, me te haerenga pakihi tāwāhi. Ko he "e kikī", i tukua ki a ia noho tata e rua tau i roto i te ako o te hoahoanga o Vienna, Trieste, Venice, me era atu pa o Belgium, Italy, Tunisia, France me Ingarangi. Vahi atoa i ia he rota o huahua, o nei unu te pūrongo whakaaturanga i runga. I. E. Repin, maheni ki enei mahi, ko hari. Ki runga ki e hoki te kāinga, me muri i te tāpaetanga o te pūrongo Alexey Shchusev, kaihoahoa ano kahore wheako, i ahau i mua i te tikanga ngā. Ko te reira i te iconostasis i roto i te Kiev-Pechersk pakiki whakaaro Cathedral hoki i ko reira tika ki te hoahoa i te wahanga. tāia ki Talented Shchusev ki tenei mahi, a ki te whakaaro e te inaianei tūturu e pā ana tona mahi ki nga wahi o te karakia.

I roto i te Hune 1904 i akona ai ia i te Hinota mahi atu kawenga, me te uaua, ka tonoa e ia ki a Ovruch, te wahi kua hangaia te hotoke katoa he whare i runga i nga wahi kua ururuatia o te pou o te tekau ma rua te rau tau. Ko te hua ko te mea tino he hahi rima-domed ataahua i roto i Russian iho puāwaitanga, engari kua oti te tūemi toe katoa ngā i roto i te horopaki o te kia pararopi i te titiro i te katoa te hahi. I mohio tonu te kaupapa rite tetahi o nga ari tino ataahua o te hoahoanga hou. tīmata Press korero e pā ana ki te mea Shchusev hanga he kāhua neo-Russian hou. haere mai ia ki te rongo, engari te kaihoahoa Shchusev, nei biography he tonu o reira ki te niao, noa tukinotia tona mate reira marie me te rongo e kore noa e kite.

"Mata"

I roto i te 1907, hangaia Shchusev ko Marfo-Mariinsky Convent (hapori), katoa o ona whare. hokona Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna ratou whakapaipai i roto i te tikanga ki te whakaatu i te aroha institution, kihai i nei he ohu whakapono, engari Nuns, tuahine o te mahi tohu, me nga ki taurangi e he rite ki te Monastic. Heoi, i muri i nga tau i taea e te tiki e ratou i roto i o reira, kahore pakanga ki te hahi, ki te tīmata i te utuafare e, me te ora te iwi rite takoto.

He aha faauruhia ka hoahoa ki rerekē here ana Moscow "Mata", kua kaihoahoa rongonui Shchusev? Veliky Novgorod tona faaururaa, te urupa Pskov - e tenei kikorangi nui o fehoanaki taiepa ki pukapuka e pā ana. Ko reira tino kitea ki te whakarite koe. Te rahi nui o nga whare ohu titiro awhiawhi, me te ata. Ko rite ki te wāwāhi tawhito nui kua tahuri ki te pahau hauauru me te taringa mahere o te temepara, katoa puawai toru e anga ana ki te rawhiti. Nā ki enei Apse ruawhetū hanga te mana'o o te whakamarie, no te mea oti te nuinga o huna i te kanohi, me te pahū nui, i haaati i te rohe oka o te kikorangi te hanganga.

Chisinau

I Kerch Street (i mua - Char Valley) oire o te whare e rua-papa tuatahi o te kaihoahoa i hanga Shchusev - hoatu Mihaila Karchevskogo, tona hoa, ka - te whare Dragoeva i te pūtahitanga o Pushkin me patupatua (inaianei Bernardazzi). A i roto i te tau 1912 i hanga ai te hahi i roto i te kainga o Kuchureshty. Katoa e hangaia a hanga te kaihoahoa Shchusev, 'Ofotokisií tika āwangawanga - ki te whānuitanga nui iti ranei, ki tenei pā kore anake ki nga wahi o te karakia. He nui i muri i faataahia Shchusev ki te kaupapa whānui o te hangaia anō o te hautoa Chisinau i muri i te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao. I roto i tona tamarikitanga wawe, i muri noa tona korero ngingila o tona kaupapa pōkairua, pau ahau i te marama torutoru konei Shchusev - kaihoahoa, he āpitihanga ora ki tenei pa i mau nei te utuafare. He marama ruarua o te oaoa: ia hangaia kihai anake te whare mo te hoa, engari marenatia ano tona tuahine - Meri Vikentievna Karchevsky.

I reira, i roto i te raorao o te Char i Chisinau waho, ka timata te ora whaiaro o te kaihoahoa Shchusev, nei i maru humarie i prying nga tau te roa katoa o tona ora. Ae, a inaianei kitea raraunga i roto i tona koioranga, e kore e pā ana ki te hoahoanga, tata taea. Monument ki Lenin wāwāhitanga tona mahi i roto i te tau 1991. hangaia e ia ano, me te piriti hou i runga i te awa Bic, ia ko ia he tino houkura, a kaha tohutohu hoa kaihoahoa i te whanaketanga o ngā kaupapa o anō o te whare huna o te huinga - te teihana tereina, toa, presences me ētahi atu whare. Chisinau whakahonoretia ana te mahara o tona teina rongonui: ara ko i muri ia ia, i roto i te whare i reira i whanau ai ia, a ka tupu ake he whare taonga ki ana taonga whaiaro, tuhinga, whakaahua.

Fashion i runga i Shchusev

i muri tonu i te hanga o Ovruch me te kororia o te ohu ka haere kaupapa Marfino i muri i te kaihoahoa i runga i nga rekereke. hopu Rich hoki ia i roto i te tumanako ki te hanga tetahi ki runga ki to ratou whenua, engari i roto i te kāhua schusevskogo huatau. Heoi, ka mau te reira kaupapa atu ngā. I roto i te tau 1913, ko ia rite tānga hanga Shchusev ti'ahapa Art Exhibition i Venice, te hanganga o nei te tikanga te hoahoanga motu o te rautau tekau mā whitu. A i roto i ngā ki ataahua whenua momona Italian. Katahi te San Remo i te kaihoahoa hanga he hahi Siu, te whakapaipai ki te whakairo kohatu, tāpa, me te pourewa pere ki te tuanui hipped. Karaiti te Kaiwhakaora Cathedral i San Remo, katoa whakapaipai i roto i te kāhua o te hahi Russian o te rautau tekau mā whitu.

Ko teihana Kazan paanga ia e kore i kotahi. Heoi, rerekē tukuna ki te whakataetae katoa kaihoahoa rongonui, me te mātanga āhua sketchy, me te kore e faauruhia, a te tahi atu, e kore anake huatau Shchusev, kaihoahoa nei whakaaro i taketake, pūmanawa, engari kia tae noa torutoru. Otiia, kua reira kua tīpakohia huahua o te heke mai o te teihana Kazan, no te mea kua whakawhirinaki e ka e taea ki te anaanatae i te kuwaha ki te rawhiti o Moscow kore pera roa i mua i aroha o Samarkand Shchusev ratou te poari. kihai i hape te Poari.

Kazan Railway Station

Moscow Gates ki te Te Tai Rāwhiti - tetahi o te kaihoahoa otinga tino ngaio faata'i o te mahi uaua. i kitea Ahakoa te kaupapa tae tino pai. A he aha te otinga ngingila mo te tapatahi o te ensemble i roto i tona meka pono matawhenua! I roto i te Oketopa 1911, i whakaaetia Shchusev rite te tino kaihoahoa o tenei whare, hoatu nei i runga i te moni tino mīharo - e toru miriona moni koura kingi. i ako taipitopito o te kaupapa i te kaituhi o neke atu i nga tau e rua - e kore i tenei ki a ia tupu ano. Ko te rapu mauiui - tenei "poka" ki kore whakakiia i roto i tetahi rohe Kalanchovskoy tae noa kahore Shchusev patua e te whakaaro nui: te whare teitei whakanohoia i te pūwāhi i raro.

A ka takaro reira te kotahitanga o te ensemble o nga whare maha, ngāwari ki te pānui i i te mawhiti. i mahi te pourewa rite te tūturu tino, te kohikohi i nga mita whakaurunga katoa e rua rau i raro i tona parirau. Ko te angitu o tenei kaupapa ko te rite-kaha ki te waihanga i te reira. Ko te moheni "Architect", tuu i te reira i runga i te whārangi, i motumotuhia ahau. ringihia Mihi ua. A pono e kore te taua roa nui o te teihana i te aukati i te perception katoa o te hanganga katoa, no te mea he rawa te reira te hangarite pakaru, a tauturu te pourewa motu mokemoke ki te whakatuwhera i ngā hou katoa i hea i roto i te rohe. Heoi tawhiti, kihai i nga kaihoahoa mahi pera noa rāwekeweke marama me te whakamarumaru i te kore noa te ra, engari ano hoki ki te horo'a i te ora i te tauira kapua kohatu.

Diversity me te haere noa stylistic

Mai i Kazan Station Shchusev tino rereke, tahuri reira i roto i, te hanga o te pa, engari e kore e rite ki mua - paku taonga hanga whare ahumahi paku māmā ranei. He tino heterogeneous nga mahi o te whare teihana, a kua pana reira ki te meka i hangaia te ngingila Shchusev, kaihoahoa. Mahi, kei te aroaro whakaahua o e konei tini i roto i, me te taua whanui, māia, free-kāhua tikanga (i te iti rawa i roto i nui, ara i roto i nga puka iti) whakaatu pehea te kaihoahoa Shchusev kore anake matamaha, engari i roto i te rave'ae katoa o tamau, me te pono ki a ratou ano, ratou whakaaro. Tenei whare hōhipera i Matsesta, ko Moskvoretsky Bridge, me te Tāhuhu o Ahuwhenua, me te Opera Theatre i Tashkent, me te teihana "Komsomolskaya" - mowhiti o te lēlué Moscow. Just resourcefully me i te wa taua tino kēnana matatini hanga o ngā whare o te Academy o Pūtaiao o te USSR - he ensemble angamaheni Russian e fakatahai hanganga waiata kanorau. hoki arahina Shchusev te rōpū o kaihoahoa e anō Moscow.

Ko reira kia kawea e ratou, a Shchusev i ngā, ratou atekōkiri mauruuru āta neke i roto i te waka. No te mea ki te kore te mahi e ratou, e kore e te kaupapa kia taea rite taua. Kua whakapumautia hanganga pa, me nga wahi hoki waka kore tata i ngā hea atu, ina koa i roto i te rahinga o tenei ra. Architects Kua nui whakawhānui rārangi katoa, rawa pa Leningradsky Prospekt, ara e here ana ngā rārangi mowhiti toropā ki tohutoro ki te waka tereina. Me kï hoki, ka mau wahi tonu i muri i te Revolution me te Pakanga Civil - i roto i te 1919. Tiwihana Komihana hukihuki tawai kaihoahoa tika taua huarahi whanui me ara, engari whakahaere te Shchusev ki riria te ngā mema o te kāwanatanga.

ano

I roto i te 1922, rite te tino kaihoahoa i faataahia Shchusev ki te Center Exhibition, i whakatuwheratia i roto i August 1923. Na ka ka hanga ai ki runga ki te rohe o Gorky Park. hanga Shchusev i hanga tipu aunoa i raro i te ti'ahapa o ahumahi pahī, ka arahina e ia tata katoa o te hanganga, me tenei rau e rima whare. I roto i te 1924, kua mahi he kaihoahoa ārahi o te whenua i roto i te hanga o te kaupapa o te Lenin moengaroa. I roto i te hawhe tuarua o te pia ma i roto i te maha o ngā pepa hangaia Shchusev ka hanga i roto i te kāhua o Hanganga: te peka Tbilisi o te paari o te Komiti Central, te State Bank i Neglinnaya ko Okhotny Ryad, Lenin Library, hōhipera i Matsesta, me te ake.

He take motuhake - e kore hanga i whakatinana i runga i Tverskaya Central Telegraph Office, i reira i roto i te whakautu ki te whakawakia o te taua riri kaha mo te Hanganga whakamatauria Shchusev e Hanganga he tika ki te ora, ki te e whakaki koutou i te reira ki te varua, me ona akiakinga ngā me te manawataki anake te āwhina ki te whakapakari i te turanga o te ahurea wairua, e kei reira te hoahoanga rite taua. I roto i te ahua o te whare waea te mārama takina kore anake te hononga o nga taima, engari etahi - mahere kōrero ao, i roto i te parau tumu, tikanga nei, ko reira - ki te hono whenua me mau fenua. Granite whitiki karaihe poutū. Plenty o ruma. Monumentality. Ataahua, mesmerizing. Ahakoa te meka e te whare kaupapa ko rite te pūmanawa, ōhanga, auhia. Ko reira auaha rawa mo te wa. Ko wai e waiho ngāwari ki te hanga me te e kia tika.

koa i te iti rawa taua hotera faahiahia "Moscow" i hanga Ko ahau, te Soviet Embassy i Romania me te tokomaha nui o te tahi atu taonga. I tua atu, ka arahina Alexey Shchusev he mahi whakaako kaha tata ki te mutunga o te ora - i roto i te 1949, i tuhituhi atu atu i te rua rau pepa pūtaiao.