Ahupūngao aronui: te āhuatanga aronui o te marama

Kua whakaaro ake koutou e pā ana ki te mea te tikanga i roto i te meka maha ari marama? Hei tauira, te tango i te awenga whakaahua-hiko, ngaru wera, ngā tukanga ahomatū me te rite - nga āhuatanga aronui katoa o te marama. Ki te kahore i kitea e ratou, e kore e pūtaiao mahi kua oho i te wāhi mate, i roto i te meka, me te ahunga whakamua pūtaiao, me te hangarau. A tuatapapa i to ratou wāhanga o optics aronui, te whäriki te nei hono ki te taua peka o te ahupūngao.

āhuatanga aronui o te marama: i te whakamāramatanga

Tae noa tata, te tikanga mārama, me te whānui o tenei āhuatanga whatu kore i taea e hoatu. Kei te angitu whakamahia ratou i roto i te pūtaiao, me te ora rā, i runga i tenei kaupapa ki te hanga i te tātai e kore anake, engari te raruraru katoa i roto i te te ahupūngao. Te whakatauira i te whiwhi i te faaotiraa whakamutunga anake i kaipūtaiao hou nei ka whakarapopototia ki nga mahi o ona matua. Ko te kupu, ko te āhuatanga aronui poipoi o te marama, me te - te putanga o nga āhuatanga o ona emitters, ngota ai he irahiko. Quantum (pūaho ranei) te hanga e tika ana ki te meka e tere ana i te irahiko ki raro taumata pūngao, ko te kupu whakaputa nga ngātere hiko-autō.

Ko te kitenga whatu tuatahi

XIX столетии. puta te whakaaro e pā ana ki te aroaro o nga āhuatanga aronui o te marama i roto i te rau tau XIX. Kua kitea pūtaiao, me te ata ari pērā i ttara, raweketia me te vahiraa. Ki te to ratou awhina, i ahu mai te ariā poipoi hiko o te marama. I hāngai te reira i runga i te whakatere o te kaupapa o ngā irahiko i roto i nga oscillations o te tinana. Ka rite ki te hua, ka puta tikakatanga, aru e ngaru o te marama i muri ia ia. whakapae o te kaituhi tuatahi i runga i tenei kaupapa kua hanga e te pakeha D. Rayleigh. Kei te whai whakaaro mai ia kia rite ki te pūnaha o te radiation ngaru rite, me te pūmau, a i roto i te wāhi herea. E ai ki ona whakatau, me e nui te hekenga i roto i to ratou wavelengths putanga tonu, ano, hiahiatia ki te whai hihi katinga me x-hihi. I roto i te mahi, e kore nei tenei katoa i whakapumautia, a tangohia ana e ia tetahi atu theorist.

tātai o Panēke

XX века Макс Планк – физик немецкого происхождения – выдвинул интересную гипотезу. I te timatanga o te rau tau XX Maks kurupae - he ahupūngao Tiamana-whanau - kua hoatu mua he whakapae ngā. E ai ki a ia, e kore e te tukunga me te absorption o te marama puta tonu, rite whakaaro i mua, me wahi - quanta, ranei rite e huaina ratou pūaho. h , и он был равен 6,63·10 ^-34 Дж·с. I whakaurua taimau o Panēke - tauwehe proportionality fakafofonga'i e te pukapuka h, a ko reira rite ki te 6.63 × 10 ^-34 J · s. v – частота света. I roto i te tikanga ki te tātai i te pūngao o ia pūaho, e hiahiatia ana tetahi atu uara - v - te auau o te marama. tamau o Panēke whakanuia e te auau, ka rite ki te hua whiwhi te pūngao o te pūaho kotahi. Mai pūtaiao Tiamana tika me tika noaa i roto i te tātai ohie, te āhuatanga aronui o te marama, i i mua i kitea e H. Hertz, a whakaritea ana e ia kia rite ki te awenga whakaahua-hiko.

Ko te kitea o te awenga whakaahua-hiko

Kia rite ki ta mea matou, te pūtaiao Genrih Gerts ko te tuatahi he hunga unu whakarongo ki nga āhuatanga aronui o nezamechaemye marama mua. kitea te awenga whakaahua-hiko i roto i 1887 ka piri te kaipūtaiao rauhanga he pereti konutea me te tokotoko o te electrometer. I roto i te take te wahi mai te paraharaha ki te tiaki pai, e kore te tukua te electrometer. Ki te tukuna he tiaki tōraro te, tīmata te pūrere ki te fakahoko, te taenga atu ano te paraharaha taka hihi katinga ray. I roto i tenei ringa-i runga i wheako i whakamatauria ai e taea te pereti e kitea ki te marama anaana utu hiko kino, e muri riro te ingoa e tika ana - irahiko.

wheako Stoletova Practical

ngā Practical ki irahiko kairangahau Russian Alexander Stoletov whakahaere. whakamahia e ia he puku karaihe korehau me rua electrodes hoki ana ngā. I whakamahia Kotahi kawehiko mo te mana tuku, a ka marama te tuarua, a ka kawea ai ki te pou tōraro o te pūhiko. I roto i tenei mahi, ka tīmata te nāianei ki te whakapiki ake i te kaha, engari i muri i te i ka te tamau, me te tika hautanga ki te radiation o te marama. Ka rite ki te hua, i kitea ai e kore e te pūngao neke o ngā irahiko me te roa i te ngaohiko whakawhirinaki i runga i te kaha o te marama. Ko te hua i roto i te auau o te marama ai ki te tupu tenei ahua.

āhuatanga New aronui o te marama: i te awenga whakaahua-hiko, me ona ture

I roto i te whanaketanga o te Hertz ariā me te mahi Stoletov i mawehe atu e toru ture taketake, e, rite tahuri reira i roto i, te pūaho he mahi:

Мощность светового излучения, которое падает на поверхность тела, прямо пропорциональна силе тока насыщения. 1. Power marama e taka i runga i te mata o te tinana, ko te tika hautanga ki te kaha o te nāianei tōpuni.

Мощность светового излучения никак не влияет кинетическую энергию фотоэлектронов, а вот частота света является причиной линейного роста последней. e kore e 2. Power marama pā te pūngao neke o te photoelectron, engari ko te auau o te marama te take o te tupu rārangi hou.

Существует некая «красная граница фотоэффекта». 3. He he he ahua o "mata whero o te awenga whakaahua-hiko." Ko e ki te he iti iho i te marama iti mo te rauemi hoatu tohu auau te auau, kitea te awenga whakaahua-hiko kei te rārangi raro.

e rua ariā te raruraru tutukinga

I muri tātai ahu Max Panēke, fehangahangai Pūtaiao ki te matawaenga. poipoi mua ahu, me ngā āhuatanga aronui o te marama, i nga tuwhera he iti i muri mai, e kore i taea e te tīariari i roto i te anga o te ture whänui ana te whakaaetia o te ahupūngao. I roto i runga ki te hiko, te ariā tawhito, nga irahiko katoa o te tinana, e hinga ki runga ki te marama kia tae ki te oscillation takoha i te auau kotahi. e whakaputa tenei he pūngao neke mure ore e te mea tino taea. Ano, he tika ki te taea ki tekau o meneti mo e noho i te pūngao irahiko te haaputuputuraa o te nui e hiahiatia ana o okiokinga, i te awenga whakaahua-hiko, i roto i te mahi, e kore ko te roa iti i reira. whakatika hoki atu whakama i te meka e kore e te pūngao o ngā irahiko aho whakawhirinaki i runga i te kaha o te marama. Ano, e kore e te mata whero o te awenga whakaahua-hiko, me kahore i tātai hautanga ki te auautanga o te irahiko pūngao neke o te marama kua whakatuwheratia. E kore taea te ariā tawhito whakamārama mārama kitea ki te kanohi o te tītohu tinana, me te hou kahore i ano tino mahi i roto i.

Rationalism Alberta Eynshteyna

Anake i roto i 1905, te ahupūngao nui Albert Einstein whakakitea i roto i te mahi, me te tuhia i roto i te ariā, he aha te mea te reira - te āhua pono o te marama. Na āhuatanga poipoi aronui, tuwhera na e rua tetahi ki tetahi whakapae i roto i rite wahi tūturu ki pūaho. Hei whakaoti i hapa te pikitia te parau tumu anake o discreteness, arā te wāhi tangohia o pūaho i te wāhi. Ia pūaho - he matūriki e taea te whenumi tukuna rite te katoa ranei. Irahiko "horomia" faarahi pūaho roto tona tiaki i runga i te uara o te pūngao whenumi e te matūriki. I tua atu, i roto neke te irahiko photocathode ki tona mata, i te pupuri i te "horopeta rua" o te pūngao, kua puta nei putanga ki pūngao neke. I roto i tenei tikanga ohie, ka kawea awenga whakaahua-hiko i roto i roto i nei kahore tauhohenga whakaroa. I te mutu o te irahiko hua he aronui ano, e taka i runga i te mata o te tinana, anaana ki atu ara pūngao. Ko te nui te maha o pūaho hua - te radiation atu kaha, aua, me te tātāu o te ngaru marama tupu.

Nga whakaaro māmā, e hāngai ana ki te parau tumu o te awenga whakaahua-hiko

I muri i te āhuatanga i hanga e te pūtaiao Tiamana i te timatanga o te rau tau rua tekau, whiwhi te tono ki te āhuatanga aronui o te marama mo te hanga o ngā whakaaro. Inventions, ko tona mahi, ko te awenga whakaahua-hiko, ka karanga pūtau solar, te māngai māmā o nei - te mārua. I roto i taea te huaina ona kino ngoikore kawe nāianei, te tūtohutanga iti ki te radiation poipoi roa, i te mea he aha e kore ai e taea te whakamahi i roto i ara iahiko AC. Kei te whakamahia whānuitia te pūrere mārua i photometry, whanganga ratou te kaha o te wherikotanga me te kounga marama. Ia nui hoki te wāhi nui i roto i te fototelefonah me te wā anō audio.

pūtau photovoltaic ki mahi āriponga

Ko reira tino he momo rerekē o ngā pūrere, e hāngai ana ki te āhuatanga aronui o te marama. Ratou whakaaro - ki te huri i te kiato kawe. Kei te te tahi mau taime i huaina tenei āhuatanga i te awenga whakaahua-hiko ā-, a ko reira te pūtake o photoconductors mahi. E tākaro ēnei Semiconductors he wāhi tino nui i roto i to tatou oraraa ia rā. Hoki te wā tuatahi i timata ratou ki te whakamahi i te waka faka. Na ka whakarato ratou te mahi te hikohiko me te pākahiko. I roto i te waenganui o te rautau rua tekau ka anga ki te tono i taua pūtau solar mō te hanga spaceships. Noa nei, e tika ana ki te awenga whakaahua-hiko ā-mahi i te turnstiles i te arā raro, tātaitai kawe me awhi solar.

tauhohe ahomatū

Marama, ko te āhua o e anake pūtaiao wāhanga e wātea ana i roto i te rau tau rua tekau, i roto i te meka, pānga reira te matū me ngā tukanga koiora. I raro i te mana o te rere tīmata aronui tukanga dissociation rāpoi me ratou hanumi ki te ngota. I roto i te pūtaiao, mohiotia tenei te rite photochemistry, a i roto i te āhua o tetahi o ona faaiteraa he ahotakakame. Ko reira e tika ana ki te marama ngaru tukanga o paheke o etahi matū whakaputaina e ngā pūtau ki te wāhi wahopūtau, ai te tipu riro matomato.

Pā te āhuatanga aronui o te marama, me te kite tangata. Whiwhi i runga i te etine, pāngia e te pūaho te tukanga o te whāwehe o ngā rāpoi ngota pūmua. kawea ana tēnei mōhiohio e neurons i roto i te roro, me muri maimoatanga, ka taea e tatou katoa te kite i te marama. whakahokia muingota o te pūmua te ahiahi kei te ka ū kitenga e ki te tikanga hou.

hua

kitea e matou i roto i te akoranga o tenei tuhinga, e te mea te nuinga e whakaaturia nga āhuatanga aronui o te marama i roto i te āhuatanga i huaina te awenga whakaahua-hiko. Ia pūaho he tona tiaki me te papatipu, me ka haukotia ki te irahiko taka ki reira. Aronui me te irahiko hei tetahi, a ka kua tahuri ratou pūngao ngā ki pūngao neke, e, i ata korero, e tika ana hoki te whakatinanatanga o te awenga whakaahua-hiko. Ko te oscillation poipoi kupu hua ai te whakapiki ake i te pūngao pūaho, engari ki te tetahi mehua anake.

awenga whakaahua-hiko i tenei ra ko te wāhanga faufaa o te nuinga o te taputapu momo. I tona pūtake nga kaipuke wāhi whare me āmiorangi, te whakawhanake e whakamahia pūtau solar rite te puna o te pūngao pŭpŭ tauturu. I tua atu, i te pānga nui i runga i nga tukanga matū, me te koiora i runga i te whenua i te ngaru marama. Ko te utu o te rā noa e matomato nga otaota, peita ariā o te whenua te papatā ki tonu o puru, a ka kite tatou i te ao i te mea he reira.