Cooper, James Fenimore: poto biography, pukapuka

Kuper Dzheyms Fenimor - mohiotia kaituhi American, kaituhi o 33 pukapuka. ngā tona kāhua āhuatanga o romanticism me fakamaama. Hoki te mahi wa roa o Cooper, ko reira te faahoho'araa o te tuhinga mōrearea American. O te akoranga, i mua i tuhituhi e ia taua mahi. Otiia ko Fenimore te kaituhi tuatahi, te whakarongo Pākehā manohi. Kua riro ana pūrākau wahi o te porohita o ngā ngākau nuitanga o te tokomaha nui o ngā tamariki. Tenei tuhinga, ko te haurongo poto o te kaituhituhi, a whakaahua ana tona hua matua.

tamarikitanga

whanau Dzheyms Fenimor Kuper i roto i 1789 i roto i Burlington (New Jersey). Ko te papa o te tamaiti i te kaipupuri whenua nui. I tū Childhood o te kaituhi i mua nei i roto i kei te kainga o Cooperstown te i roto i te āhua o New York, i te moana. I huaina e ia i roto i te kororia o te papa James '. O te akoranga, te takenga o te mahue te ōhakitia runga i te hanganga o ngā whakaaro tōrangapū, te aito o tenei tuhinga. pai Fenimore ara o te ora "gentleman tuawhenua" ka noho te kaitautoko o te whenua nui. He whakahounga whenua manapori hono anake ki demagoguery rohe, me te acquisitiveness bourgeois.

Studies me tere

Kuper Dzheyms Fenimor, tuatahi i kuraina i te kura rohe, a ka tae Yale College. I muri tu'ite i te tangata taitamariki kahore hiahia ki te haere tonu i ana akoranga. Whitu tau ka James tawhito te hēramana i runga i te kaihokohoko, a muri i roto i te Navy. whiti te kaituhi heke mai te Atlantic Ocean, haere he rota. Fenimore i ako hoki nga Lakes Great, e hohoro ka kauwhau ona mahi pānga. I roto i aua tau, kua whiwhi ia i te rota o te rauemi mo tona mahi tuhituhi i roto i te whānuitanga o ngā wheako ora.

mahi wawe

I roto i te 1810, i muri i te tangihanga o tona papa, Ka moe a Kuper Dzheyms Fenimor me noho ki tona utuafare i roto i te pa iti Skarsdeyle. Kotahi tekau nga tau i muri mai, i tuhituhi e ia tona pūrākau tuatahi i huaina "whakatūpato". I muri mai, haamana'o Hemi, hanga ana e ia he mahi "i runga i te bet." ko aroha o te pūrākau English Fenimore wahine. Na reira, ka anga te hero o tenei tuhinga hauti-poluserozno tuhi i te pukapuka taua.

"Tirohia,"

War o Independence - e te te kaupapa, i te mea te tino hiahia i roto i i te wa o Dzheyms Fenimor Kuper. "Tirohia,", i tuhituhia e ia i roto i 1821, i oti rawa katoa ki tenei take. pukapuka Patriotic, kawea te kaituhi kua kororia nui. Ka taea e tatou te mea e whakakiia tenei mahi Cooper te kau i roto i te tuhinga motu, a whakakitea ona aratohu mō te whanaketanga ake nei. Mai taua taime i runga i Fenimore faaoti ahau ki horo'a ia ki te mahi tuhituhi. Neke atu i te te ono tau i muri mai, kua oti te tuhituhi e ia te maha o ngā pakimaero, tae atu e toru mahi ngā i roto i te heke mai Pentalog te tōkena hiako. Engari ka kōrero tatou e pā ana ki a ratou motuhake.

Europe

I roto i te 1826, ka haere Dzheyms Fenimor Kuper, nei pukapuka kua tino rongonui, ki Europe. noho ia i te wa roa i roto i Itari me France. Hoki kua haere te kaituhi, me te ki ētahi atu whenua. takoha wheako New ia ki tahuri ki te hītori o te Tahito e rua ko New World. I roto i Europe, kua oti te tuhituhi te hero o tenei tuhinga e rua pukapuka Urungi ( "makutu Moana", "Whero Corsair") me te huinga toru o te Anotau ( "te Faifaka'auhá", "Geydenmauer", "Bravo").

Hoki ki Amerika

E whitu nga tau i muri mai, ka haere mai Kuper Dzheyms Fenimor kāinga. I roto i tona ngaro, kua puta ke Amerika te rota. Kua pahemo te wa toa o te revolution, me te mau parau tumu o te Whakaputanga o te Rangatiratanga i wareware. I roto i te Hau Amui no Marite i timata reira te wā o te revolution ahumahi, i huna nga toenga o patriarchy i roto i te whanaungatanga o te tangata, me te i roto i te ora. "Ko te Eclipse rahi morare" - na Nō mate Cooper, ngoto ki te hapori American. Ā rangi teitei moni, me mo te iwi hei moni.

Pīra ki hoa tangata

Dzheyms Fenimor Kuper, nei pukapuka i mohiotia tawhiti tua atu i te rohe o Amerika, faaoti ki te ngana ki te "kōrero etahi tikanga" o ratou hoa iwi. Ia i whakapono tonu i roto i te hua o te pūnaha pāpori, me te tōrangapū o ratou ake whenua, whakaaro te pānga kino fakangalingali, distortion waho o te pūtake tuatahi hauora, me te whaitake. Na tukua Fenimore "Letters ki te iwi." I roto i a ratou, ka karanga ake ia ki te whawhai, ka kia "mio'i".

Otiia e kore e ko te mutunga angitu. I te anga ke, patua Hemi te rota o te ngautuara ngaro, me te mauahara tuwhera. mahue Bourgeois Amerika kua tona karanga tautahi. whakawakia ia Fenimore whakapehapeha, quarrelsomeness, kore o te mea ïa, me te kore taranata tuhituhi o. I muri i taua, mutu te kaituhi ki Cooperstown. I reira tonu ia ki te hanga mahi kairīpoata me pukapuka.

Ko te wā whakamutunga o te auahatanga

I roto i tenei wā o te wā Dzheyms Fenimor Kuper, nga mahi oti e he inaianei i roto i tata whare pukapuka katoa, oti te rua pūrākau whakamutunga Pentalog te tōkena hiako ( "Deerslayer", "Pathfinder"). I te 1835 whakaputaina e ia he Sapphire pukapuka "Monokines" e pā ana ki te kino o te pūnaha tahanga pāpori-tōrangapū o te USA ko Ingarangi. I roto i te pukapuka, e ahu mai ratou i raro i nga ingoa Nizkoprygiya me Vysokoprygiya. nui hoki tona huinga toru e pā ana ki haehae whenua ( "kairūri", "maihao o Diabolo", "Redskins"), whakaputaina i roto i te tekau-ano. Ko ngā wä, me te toi whakamutunga mahi he tino pāhiwihiwi Cooper. I tua atu ki te faaino o te hapori bourgeois, i roto ratou wāhanga o te utopia momo, hoatu kaipānui te perception teka "o te kāhui u." Ko, ahakoa tenei, kua piri tonu te kaituhi ki te tūranga anti-bourgeois tino.

Pentalog Leatherstocking tōkena

Tenei raupapa o ngā pukapuka ko te paetae teitei o auaha Cooper. ngā reira rima pūrākau: "Ko e pionie", "Prairie," "Te whakamutunga o te Mohicans," "Deerslayer" me "Pathfinder". E tahoê katoa ratou i te ara o te protagonist ko Nataniel Bampo. Ko ia he kirehe mohoao nei kua maha i tapaina a: pūpoto roa, Leather tōkena, Hawkeye, Pathfinder, marou o St John. aroaro te Pentalog Bumpo ora katoa - i tona tamarikitanga noa tona mate. Ko ngā wāhanga ora Nathaniel kore e hāngai ki te tikanga o pukapuka tuhituhi. James Fenimore Cooper Works e whai nga pā katoa o tona mahi, ka anga ki te whakaahua Bumpo ora ki tau tawhito. tonu hautoa te kōrero o te pakeketanga Natty, na reira ko te tau tawhito. I reira i muri noa i te faafaaearaa ma toru tau ka tangohia e kotahi ano Cooper ake nga tokena kōrero hiako, me whakaahuatia tona tamarikitanga. Kei raro whakarārangi tatou te hua ko Pentalog i te raupapa o tipu ake hero.

"Deerslayer"

He papaki rua tekau Natty Bumppo. Ko Inia i te iwi Huron hoariri tamariki. Whawhai ratou, tutaki Natty i roto i tona ara Chingachgook. Ki tenei Mohicans Bumpo hanga hoa, a ka mau tonu te hononga mo te ora. Te āhuatanga i roto i te mahi uaua e te meka e te hoa ma Natty taurite, me te kino ki nga iwi ke. whakapataritari ratou toto, me te tutu. Ko te mōrearea whakaari - whakarau, mawhiti, whawhai, pehipehi - whakakitea ki te whakamārama o te āhua he tino ataahua - nga takutai ngahere o koroirangi roto, me ona mata whakaata-rite.

"Te whakamutunga o te Mohicans"

Mahalo te pūrākau tino rongonui e James Fenimore. Tenei ko te huritua Bumpo tinihanga me te kino o te mahi rangatira o Magua. kāhakina ia Alice me Cora - tamahine a Kānara Munro. arahina Bumpo te kapa iti, a haere ana ki te wewete i te whakarau. Kei te hoki tahi Natty e Chingachgook me tana tama Uncas. Last i roto i te aroha ki tetahi o nga kotiro kahakina a (Cora), ahakoa e kore tino whakawhanake Cooper tenei raina. patua Chingachgook tama e i roto i te whawhai, e ngana ana ki te whakaora i tana i aroha ai. mutu te pūrākau ki te scene o te tangihanga o Cora me Uncas (te whakamutunga o nga Mohicans). I muri Chingachgook ko Natty e tonoa ki te ara hou.

"Pathfinder"

Ko te wahi o tenei pūrākau ko te whawhai Anglo-French o 1750-1760 tau. Kei te ngana Ko tōna ngā mema ki te tinihanga utu ranei ki te kukume i te Inia ki to ratou taha. Chingachgook ko Natty whawhai i runga i te roto o Ontario, te tautururaa i o ratou teina. Heoi, kaha hei whakatau he te whawhai whakarewahia e nga colonialists Cooper mangai Bumpo. fakamamafa'i ia te uhinga o te mate i roto i tenei whawhai kia rite ki nga Inia me Pakeha. mahi nui i roto i te rārangi lyric homai. Leather tōkena aroha ki Mabel Dunham. mauruuru ia te manaaki, me te itoito o te matataua, engari haere tonu ki Jasper, ko wai te mea tata ki a ia huru me te tau. Whakama, rau Natty te hauauru.

"Pionie"

Ko te pūrākau tino raruraru, e Dzheyms Fenimor Kuper te i tuhituhia tenei. "Pionie" whakaahua tokena hiako ora i roto i te tau o e whitu tekau. Ko, ahakoa tenei, tukinga te kore ngaro ara maiteraa, a ko pakeke tonu tona ringa. Chingachgook katoa rite tata, i tika o te rangatira nui, me te whakaaro nui, ka tahuri ia ki te tangata tawhito decrepit haurangi. He pūāhua rua i roto i te kainga o Pākehā, i reira nga ture o te "ritenga" hapori. Ko te pakanga pokapū o te pūrākau takoto i roto i te aroraa fa'ufa'u hono nga whakahau pāpori me nga ture o te natura. I te mutunga o te pūrākau mate Chingachgook. Bumpo atu i te whakataunga me te huna i roto i te ngahere.

"Prairie"

Ko te wahi whakamutunga o Pentalog, i tuhituhia e Dzheyms Fenimor Kuper. "Prairie" parau te aamu o te ora o Nathaniel i tau tawhito. kua hanga Bumpo hoa hou. Otiia inaianei e tauturu te reira ia ratou kahore pere pai-hāngai, me te ake wheako ora, te kaha ki te kawe i runga i te whakahaere me te rangatira Indian pakeke me te piringa i te kino. Natty ki hoa whakahē te whānau Bush o ngā tāngata whai, me nga Initia Sioux. Ko mutu te kōrero rikarika rawa pai - he marena rua. whakaahuatia te hua whakamutunga e te scene aau, me te hanahana o te mau taime whakamutunga o te ora, me te mate Bumpo.

mutunga

Dzheyms Fenimor Kuper, nei haurongo kua aroaro i runga, i mahue he kainga tupu tuhituhi nui. tuhituhi ia 33 pakimaero, me te maha o ngā pukapuka o te tuhituhi haere, nūpepa, rangahau o mua, me te puka. Kua kairau a Cooper he wāhi nui i roto i te whanaketanga o te pukapuka American, haere mai ki etahi o ona subgenres ake: utopian, pakiwaitara Sapphire, pāpori me te kāinga, moana, hītori. Hoki nga mahi o te kaituhituhi i āhuatanga e te whakaata hautoa o te ao. Ko te mea i tauturu te whakakotahitanga o te maha o ana pukapuka i roto i te huringa: huinga toru dilogy, Pentalog.

I roto i tona mahi hipoki Dzheyms Fenimor Kuper e toru kaupapa matua: ko te ora o te rohe, te moana, me te whawhai o te motuhake. heheu tēnei kōwhiringa he pūtake whaiāipo o tona tikanga. hapori American, topa i roto i te apo, pakeke ia haere noa o ngā huānga moana me hoia itoito. Tenei āputa me te meka pai whaiāipo ko te pūtake o ngā whakaaro toi hoahoa tetahi hua Cooper.