Fluoro matū huānga: āhuatanga honohono, āhuatanga

Köwhai (F) - te tino urupare huānga matū me te rōpū kōnakonako māmā 17 (VIIa) o te ripanga pūmotu. Tenei āhuatanga köwhai tika ki tona kaha ki te kukume irahiko (te huānga tino electronegative) me te rahi iti o ona ngota.

History o whakahura

Ko te kohuke köwhai-kei roto fluorspar whakaahuatia i roto i 1529 i te rata Tiamana, me te mineralogist Georgiem Agrikoloy. Ko reira pea e i whiwhi tuatahi waikawa hydrofluoric i roto i te glassmaker unknown English 1720 GA 1771 i roto i te kēmihi Swedish Carl Wilhelm Scheele whiwhi waikawa hydrofluoric masivesivá i raro i whakawera fluorspar ki te waikawa pungatara kukū i roto i te kohimu karaihe, e te nuinga waikuratia i raro i te mahi o te hua hua . Na reira, i roto i ngā muri, kua hanga oko o whakarewa. Tata whiwhi waikawa anhydrous i roto i 1809 tau, riro e rua tau i muri mai i te ahupūngao French André-Marie wae iahiko e tenei pūhui hauwai ki te huānga unknown, māota e ngákaunuitia, hoki nei Te anihia nei te reira i te ingoa i te φθόριος fluoro Kariki, «tauwhatinga». tahuri Fluorspar konupūmā pūkōwhai.

tuku pūkōwhai ko tetahi o nga raru kāore nui o matū pararopi tae noa ki 1886, ka ko te kēmihi French Anri Muassan te huānga i-iahiko o te otinga o te pāhare pāporo hydrofluoride i hauwai pūkōwhai. Hoki te reira i roto i 1906, riro ia te Nobel. Te uaua i roto i te pā ana ki tenei huānga me ngā āhuatanga paitini whai wāhi köwhai puhoi ahunga whakamua i roto i te mara o te matū o tenei huānga. Whakatika tae noa te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao ko ia he pākiki taiwhanga. Na, Heoi, ko te whakamahi o te konukarihi hexafluoride i te wehenga o kanoirite konukarihi, me te hua i roto i arumoni matū o te huānga, hanga ana e ia he matū e hopoi mai painga nui.

nuinga

Ko te hau köwhai-kei roto fluorspar (fluorspar, CaF ₂₎ mō ngā rau tau kua whakamahia rite te rere (kaihoko purea) i roto i ngā tukanga metallurgical. Mineral muri mohiotia he puna o te huānga, e huaina ana ko ano hoki fluor. Taekore tioata fluorite mārama i raro i māramatanga i te kauruku kikorangi. mohiotia ana tēnei taonga te rite fluorescence.

Fluoro - he huānga e puta i roto i te āhua anake i roto i te puka o ona pūhui, ki te kahore hoki moni iti rawa o te huānga noa i roto i te fluorspar, konutuki wāhi ki radiation. Ko te ihirangi o te huānga i roto i te kirinuku o te whenua, ko te pā ana ki te 0.065%. He fluorspar nga kohuke pūkōwhai taketake, cryolite (Na ₃ Alf _6), fluorapatite (Ca ₅ [PO _{4] 3} [F, Cl]), Topaz (Al ₂ SiO ₄ [F, OH] ₂₎ me te lepidolite.

ngā āhuatanga ōkiko me te matū o te hau köwhai

I te pāmahana rūma, köwhai hau ko te kōwhai ha ma ki te kakara irritating. Inhalation o tona kino. Ki runga ki te meangiti iho ano o taua wai kōwhai. He he kotahi anake kanoirite pūmau o te huānga matū - fluoro-19.

Ko te pūngao ionization tuatahi o te kōnakonako he tiketike rawa (402 kcal / mol), i te mea he hanganga te māraa wera paerewa F ⁺ 420 kcal / mol.

Te rahi iti o te huānga o te ngota e taea hāngai ratou nui āhua nui huri noa i te ngota pokapū ki te hanga i te plurality o complexes kainga, mo te tauira, hexafluorosilicate (Sif ₆₎ ^2- geksaftoralyuminata me (Alf ₆₎ ^3-. Fluoro - he huānga e kua te āhuatanga oxidizing kaha. e kore te No taonga atu oxidized anion pūkōwhai, huri i te reira ki te huānga noa, a kore hoki tenei take ko te tūemi i roto i te āhua noa i roto i te natura. e kore e tenei āhuatanga o te hau köwhai mo neke atu i te 150 tau tukua ki te tiki i te reira e tetahi tikanga matū. I taea tenei anake i roto i te whakamahi o te iahiko. Otiia, i te 1986 te kēmihi American Karl Krayst mea e pā ana ki te tuatahi "matū" whiwhi pūkōwhai. whakamahia e ia K ₂ MnF _6, me pentafluoride kakano (SbF _5), e taea te whiwhi i te otinga HF.

Fluoro: honohono, me te hāora kāwanatanga

Kei roto i te waho anga te kōnakonako irahiko unpaired. Ko te aha te mea rite ki te kotahi te honohono, o köwhai i te pūhui. Heoi, ka taea e VIIa ngota huānga rōpū ake i te maha o ngā irahiko ki te valency o 7. köwhai mōrahi me tona ahua hāora rite ki te -1. e kore e taea ki te whakawhānui tona anga honohono, mai reira huānga ngota tuimotu d-orbital. Ētahi atu whakawhetai kōnakonako-free ki tona aroaro ka taea e te honohono, o runga ki te 7.

High hāora huānga kaha taea ki te whakatutuki i te āhua pitihāoratanga taea teitei o te tahi atu āhuatanga. Fluoro (honohono ahau) ka taea e te hanga i te pūhui, e kore nei e te tīariari ranei i roto i tetahi atu kōnakonako: hiriwa difluoride (AgF _2), konukurahina trifluoride (Cof ₃₎ heptafluoride rhenium (tohutoro ₇₎ pentafluoride pūkeha (BrF ₅₎ me te konutawa heptafluoride (IF _7).

hononga

Tātai köwhai (F ₂₎ tito te o rua ngota o te pūmotu. kia tomo ia ki te hononga ki ētahi atu āhuatanga katoa anake haumāmā me haukura, ki te hanga i fluorides katote kotuari ranei. Ētahi konganuku pērā i nika, hipoki tere i te apa o te kōnakonako, te ārai kōrero atu ki te huānga whakarewa. Ētahi konganuku maroke pērā i ngawari maitai, parahi, konumohe, ranei Monel (konukoreko 66%, me te 31.5% koranu parahi) e kore e tauhohe i pāmahana noa ki köwhai. Ki te mahi ki te huānga i pāmahana ki runga ki te 600 ° C, ko te monel e tika ana; Ko te kainga ki runga ki te 700 ° C. alumina Sintered

hinu Fluorocarbon He lubricants tino pai. tauhohe murua Huānga ki rauemi organic (hei tauira, rapa, rakau me papanga) fluorination na te mana o organic pūhui köwhai timatanga anake taea, ka tango whakatūpatotanga motuhake.

production

Fluorspar Ko te puna matua o te pūkōwhai. I roto i te hanga o te hauwai pūkōwhai (HF) maturuturu te i paura fluorspar ki te waikawa pungatara kukū i roto i te kōwae mata ranei maka rino. I roto i te Māturu i hanga konupūmā pākawa (caso _4), he rewakore i HF. Ko te pūkōwhai hauwai whiwhi te i roto i te kāwanatanga feunga anhydrous i te iheu hautanga i roto i te parahi maitai ranei oko, me te rongoa i roto i ipurau maitai. poke Common i roto i te pūkōwhai hauwai arumoni he waikawa sulfurous me pungatara me te waikawa fluorosilicic (H ₂ Sif ₆₎ i hanga e tika ana ki te aroaro o te silica i roto i te fluorspar. kia nekehia atu tohu o makuku i iahiko mā te electrodes konukawata i maimoatanga ki köwhai timatanga, ranei te rokiroki i runga i te waikawa Lewis kaha (MF _5, ai M - whakarewa) e taea te hanga tai (H ₃ e) ⁺ (MF ₆₎ ^-: H ₂ e + SbF ₅ + HF → (H ₃ e) ⁺ (SbF ₆₎ ^-.

Ko te pūkōwhai hauwai whakamahia i roto i te faaineineraa o te momo o te ahumahi pūhui köwhai organic me inorganic, hei tauira, natriyftoridalyuminiya (Na ₃ Alf ₆₎ mahi ko rite te kawehiko i te tango, o te konumohe whakarewa. mea te otinga o te hau hauwai pūkōwhai i roto i te wai te ki te waikawa hydrofluoric, he nui nui o te konganuku e whakamahia nei mō te horoi me te mo te orooro karaihe ranei faaite kōkōuri ki tona waikawa.

Te faaineineraa o te pūtau free mā te whakamahi i ngā tukanga -hiko i te ngaro o te wai. Ko te tikanga ko ratou i roto i te puka o te pāhare pāporo pūkōwhai ngohe-iahiko o te hauwai pūkōwhai (i roto i te ōwehenga o 2.5-5 ki te 1) i pāmahana o 30-70, 80-120 ranei 250 ° C. I roto i te tukanga o te tirotiro hauwai pūkōwhai i roto i te heke kawehiko me nga ngau ira whakakoero. Na reira, ko te mea e tika ana e tangohia e tona tua wahi tonu. I roto i te pāmahana tiketike whakakapi kawehiko ruma te ina nui te pāmahana 300 ° C. Ka taea te rongoa humarie köwhai i raro i te pēhanga i roto i te ipurau he kowiri tira, ki te te piha noa o tohu o ngā matū waro rango.

te whakamahi o

whakamahia Huānga te ki te whakaputa i te whānuitanga o te pūkōwhai pērā i māota trifluoride (ClF _3), whanariki hexafluoride (SF ₆₎ ranei konukurahina trifluoride (Cof _3). pūhui māota me te konukurahina he āpiha fluorinating nui o ngā pūhui matū waro. (Ki te whakatūpatotanga e tika ana e taea te whakamahi hāngai köwhai mo tenei whakaaro). Pūngāwhā hexafluoride whakamahia te rite te uruhanga haurehu waihā.

Ko te maha tauhohe ki waiwaro ki te hanga i te fluorocarbons ōrite i roto i nei i te wahi katoa ranei o te hauwai whakakapia te ki kōnakonako te köwhai timatanga diluted ki te hauota. Kei te tikanga ana te pūhui hua āhuatanga e pūmautanga tiketike, inertness matū, ātete hiko tiketike, me te tahi atu ngā āhuatanga ōkiko me te matū tino.

taea hoki te hanga Fluorination i maimoatanga o ngā pūhui matū waro o te konukurahina trifluoride (Cof _3)-iahiko ranei rongoā ona i roto i te pūkōwhai hauwai anhydrous. kirihou whai hua ki ngā āhuatanga rakau-kore, pērā i polytetrafluoroethylene [(CF ₂ CF _{2) x],} arumoni mohiotia rite Teflon, whakaputaina i waiwaro fluorinated hamanga.

pūhui Organic kei roto māota, pūkeha konutawa ranei, kua fluorinated ki te whakaputa i matū pērā i dichlorodifluoromethane (Cl ₂ CF ₂₎ refrigerant, Kei te whānui i whakamahia i roto i refrigerators whare me conditioners rangi. Mai chlorofluorocarbons, pērā i dichlorodifluoromethane, tākaro he wāhi mātātoa i roto i te kēkeno o te apa Ozone me i whāiti ratou production me te whakamahi, me te inaianei te refrigerant meinga kei roto hydrofluorocarbons.

Kei te whakamahia hoki te huānga mō te whakaputa hexafluoride konukarihi (UF ₆₎ whakamahia i roto i te tukanga tūringiringi haurehu waihā o te wehe konukarihi-235 i konukarihi-238 i roto i te hanga o te wahie karihi. E hua hauwai pūkōwhai me boron trifluoride (BF ₃₎ i runga i te tauine ahumahi, mai he ratou kaiwhakakökï pai mō ngā tauhohe alkylation whakamahia ki te faaineine maha ngā pūhui matū waro. Kei te nuinga o te konutai pūkōwhai ki te wai inu i roto i te tikanga ki te whakaiti i te pā o caries niho i roto i ngā tamariki. I roto i nga tau tata nei, te tono tino nui o te pūkōwhai riro i roto i te ho'oraa me mara ahuwhenua. whakauru whiriwhiri o te hau köwhai tino whakarereketia te āhuatanga koiora o matū.

tātari o

He uaua ki te whakatau i tika te nui o te pūhui kōnakonako. pūkōwhai Free, i te mea e rite ana ki te honohono, o te 1, e taea te kitea i reira i te piti hāora o te konuoi HG + F ₂ → HgF _2, me te ine i te hua i roto i te taimaha o te mēkuri me te huringa rōrahi o te hau. Ko te whakamātautau kounga matua mo te aroaro o katote o te pūmotu he:

• kōwhiringa o te hauwai pūkōwhai i raro i te mahi o te waikawa pungatara,
• hanganga o te hohenga o te konupūmā pūkōwhai mā te tāpiri konupūmā otinga pūhaumāota,
• kōwhai otinga discoloration tetraoxide o Titanium (tio ₄₎ me te hauwai i roto i te waikawa pungatara.

tikanga tātari ine:

• rerenga o te konupūmā pūkōwhai i te aroaro o te konutai pākawa waro me te maimoatanga Koinei te whakamahi i te waikawa winika,
• whakatakoto chlorofluoride mata mā te tāpiri konutai pūhaumāota me te pākawa mata,
• ine ero (faaotiraa o te kukū o te taonga rewa) ki te otinga o te thorium pākawa (Th [KORE _{3] 4)} te whakamahi i te konutai alizarinsulfonate rite tohu: Th (KORE _{3) 4} + 4KF ↔ ThF ₄ + 4KNO _3.

köwhai Covalently herea ia (honohono ahau), pērā i fluorocarbons ki tātari uaua ake. Me whiwhi tēnei te hononga ki te konutai konganuku, aru i te tātaritanga o te F ^- katote rite whakaahuatia ana i runga.

āhuatanga huānga

I te pae hopea tapaea tatou te tahi mau āhuatanga o köwhai:

• tau ngota: 9.
• taimaha Atomic: 18,9984.
• Pea valency köwhai: 1.
• ira whakakoero: -219,62 ° C.
• wāhi e koropupu ana: -188 ° C.
• Kiato (1 atm, 0 ° C): 1.696 g / l.
• tātai köwhai Electronic: 1s 2s ^{2 2 5} _2p.