Hanganga, hanganga, te mau parau tumu o te faanahonahoraa, me ngā āhuatanga o te rauwiringa kaiao

Rauwiringa kaiao - he pūnaha koiora, e ngā o te plurality o rauropi ora, ratou wāhi noho, me te hononga e kawe i roto i te utu o te pūngao i waenganui ia ratou. I tēnei wā, i tēnei wā ko te ariā taketake o te mātauranga rauropi.

hanganga

ako āhuatanga rauwiringa kaiao tata. Kua tawhiti Scientists ona wāhanga matua e rua - aahuatanga me abiotic. Ko te wehea ki heterotrophic (ngā kaiao e whiwhi pūngao i piti hāora o ngā matū waro - consuments me kaiwhakapopo) tuatahi, me te autotrophic (kaiao whiwhi pūngao tuatahi mo te ahotakakame me te chemosynthesis, arā, hua ..).

Ko te pūtake tino nui kotahi o te pūngao e tika ana mo te oraraa o te rauwiringa kaiao katoa he kaihanga e mimiti pūngao i te ra, wera, me te hononga matū. Na reira autotrophs Ko nga māngai o te tuatahi te taumata arataukai o te rauwiringa kaiao katoa. tuarua, tuatoru, me te tuawha nga taumata e hanga e tika consuments. kaiwhakapopo Kati e taea o iriti i te rauemi organic wae abiotic popohe.

Āhuatanga poto pūnaha rauropi e pā ana ki e taea e koe te pānui i roto i tenei tuhinga auraa te mo te whanaketanga māori, me te whakahou.

Ko te wāhanga matua o te rauwiringa kaiao

Hanganga me ngā āhuatanga o te rauwiringa kaiao - te ariā matua o te huru, mahi nei i roto i te mātauranga rauropi. whakaritea e te reira ki te tohatoha i taua tohu:

- ngā takiwā makariri, ambient pāmahana me te aratau haumākū me te māramatanga;

- uwhi organic wāhanga abiotic me aahuatanga i roto i te tohanga o ngā matū;

- ngā te pūhui pararopi i roto i te huringa mana;

- ngä - he kaiao e hua hua tuatahi;

- fagotrofy - heterotrophs e whangai i runga i ētahi atu rauropi matūriki organic o matū nui ranei;

- saprotrophs - heterotrophs e taea te whakangaro i te mea organic mate, mineralize reira, ka hoki mai ki te tohanga.

He fakakātoa 'o te wāhanga e toru whakamutunga hua koiora o te rauwiringa kaiao.

āhuatanga rauwiringa kaiao me te mau parau tumu o te faanahonahoraa i Akoranga i roto i te rauropi, mahi i roto i poraka o kaiao:

1. Saprophagous - kai i runga i te mea organic mate.
2. Biofagi - kai atu kaiao ora.

Sustainability me koiora o rauwiringa

E pā ana ngā āhuatanga rauwiringa kaiao ki te momo o te momo e ora i roto i reira. Te koiora whānui me te matatini atu mekameka kai, te nui te pūmautanga o te rauwiringa kaiao.

Ko te tino nui Biodiversity, no te mea ka taea e te reira ki te hanga i te maha nui o ngā hapori, e rerekē i roto i te āhua, te hanganga me te mahi, me whakarato te taea tūturu o ratou hanganga. Na reira, ko te teitei te koiora, kia noho te atu hapori, a taea te kawea te te nui tauhohe biogeochemical nui i roto i, i te whakarite e te oraraa o te ao koiora matatini.

Pono ranei whakaritenga e pā ana ki te āhuatanga o te rauwiringa kaiao? Hoki tenei ariā āhuatanga tapatahi, pūmautanga, me whaiaro ture-samovosproizvodimost. Maha ngā pūtaiao me ngā kitenga hoatu te hoê pahonoraa papû ki tenei pātai.

hua o rauwiringa kaiao

I roto i te ako o te hua kua hoatu mua ariā pērā i koiora me te hua tu. Ko te wā tuarua whakatau te papatipu o te rauropi katoa e noho ana i roto i te rohe i te wai wae whenua ranei. Ko koiora - he hoki tinana taimaha raraunga, engari i roto i ngā o te pūngao mea organic maroke ranei.

ngā koiora te tinana katoa (tae atu ki te kiko necrotic i roto i nga kararehe, me ngā tipu.) riro koiora nekromassoy anake ka mate te tinana katoa.

hapori production Paraimere - ko te hanganga o ngā o koiora pūngao, kaore he aweretanga, e taea te pau i runga i respiration ia rohe wae ia te wā wae.

Tohatoha production tuatahi kerekere, me te kupenga. Ko te rerekētanga i waenganui i a ratou ko te utu o te manawa.

Ko te hua kupenga o te hapori - ko te auau o te haaputuputuraa o mea waro, e kore nei e pau heterotrophs, me rite ki te hua, me kaiwhakapopo. Whāngai ki te tātai hoki i te tau e tipu wa ranei.

hua Tuarua o te hapori - ko te auau o te pūngao penapena i kiritaki. Ko te rauwiringa kaiao nui o kiritaki, te buka nui o te pūngao hangarua.

Whaiaro-ture

āhuatanga rauwiringa kaiao ngā whaiaro ture-a te whai huatanga o i whakaritea e te momo o te iwi me te whanaunga kai i waenganui ia ratou. A, no te he nui iti o kiritaki tuatahi, whakawhiti te konihi ki ētahi atu momo e kua i mua mo ratou faufaa tuarua.

kia īnaki mekameka roa, te hanga i te pea o te momo o whanaunga kai, i runga i te maha o patunga ranei te tukua o otaota rānei. I roto i te pai o ngā wā e heke te maha o ngā momo e - te kupu whanaunga tonu o roto i te biogenotsenoze.

wawaotanga tangata noatia i roto i te rauwiringa kaiao e taea whai hopearaa ino. Kawemai ki Ahitereiria kua whakanuia kotahi tekau ma rua o te räpeti i roto i wha tekau nga tau takirua ki te torutoru rau o mirioni o takitahi. Ko tenei tika ki te maha iti o konihi e whangai ki runga ki a ratou. Ka rite ki te hua, kei te whakangaro kararehe huruhuru te otaota katoa i runga i te tuawhenua.

ao koiora

Ao koiora - he hauropi o te ana'iraa rawa, whakakotahi ki tetahi katoa hauropi, me te whakarato i te taea o te ora i runga i te ao whenua.

Ko te āhuatanga o te ao koiora rite te rauropi rauropi ao e tuatapapa te pūtaiao. He mea nui ki te mohio me pehea ki te hanga tukanga e pā nga ora o rauropi katoa rite te katoa.

Ko te hanganga o te ao koiora ngā taua wāhanga:

- Ko te wai ōnuku - he anga wai o te whenua. He pūkoro reira me whiwhi nga wahi katoa. Water - he pūhui ahurei e ko tetahi o nga turanga o te ora o tetahi rauropi.

- Atmosphere - te rangi māmā anga o te whenua, te taha i runga i te wāhi i waho. Ngā mihi ki a ia, i reira ko te utu o te pūngao ki te waho;

- lithosphere - whenua anga pakeke arā, o toka magmatic me parataiao.

- pedosphere - topsheet lithosphere, ngā tukanga hanganga oneone oneone, me te. faaite te reira i rohe ki coatings mua katoa, a ka kati te pūngao katoa me ngā hurihanga mea i roto i te ao koiora.

e kore te mea he pūnaha kati te ao koiora, mai te tata katoa whakaratohia reira i te pūngao kōmaru.

rauwiringa kaiao horihori

rauwiringa kaiao horihori - ko reira he pūnaha hanga rite ki te hua o te mahi a te tangata. Tenei ngā agrocnosises me pūnaha tūturu-ōhanga.

Ko te hanganga, me te āhuatanga taketake o te puunaha hauropi i hanga e te tangata, e kore e rerekē rawa i te hakari. Reira he ngä, kiritaki me kaiwhakapopo hoki. Ko reira he rerekētanga i roto i te Tuhinga o te mea, me te pūngao kapewhiti.

rerekē rauropi Artificial i te tawhā e whai ake tūturu:

1. He maha nui iti o ngā momo me te mārama predominance o tetahi atu o ratou ranei.
2. ātete iti āhua, me ti'aturiraa tiketike i runga i ngā momo katoa o te pūngao (tae atu i te tangata).
3. mekameka kai poto e tika ana ki te momo iti o ngā momo.
4. Open-pahikara o ngā rauemi e tika ana ki te withdrawal o ngā hua Hapori kotinga tangata ranei. I te wa ano, hauropi māori, i runga i te anga ke, ngā i roto i te huringa nui taea o reira.

Ko te āhuatanga o te puunaha hauropi hanga i roto i te taiao hanga, nga āhuatanga iho tūturu. Ki te kore koe e mau tonu i te rerenga pūngao, ka i muri i te tetahi wa ki te whakahoki ngā tukanga māori.

rauwiringa kaiao ngahere

He rerekē i ētahi atu rauwiringa kaiao te hanganga me ngā āhuatanga o rauwiringa ngahere. I roto i tenei taiao, taka reira nui atu ua atu i runga i te mara, engari te nuinga o ratou kihai i tae mata o te whenua, me te evaporates tika i te rau.

rauwiringa kaiao ngahere te hōtoke e rave rahi rau ngā momo o te tipu me te mano o ngā momo o te kararehe.

Plants e tupu i roto i te ngahere, he whakataetae tūturu me te whawhai mō te rā. Ko te raro te taumata, kua noho te atu momo whakamarumaru-kātaki ki reira.

kiritaki Paraimere He hares, kiore, me nga manu, me herbivores nui. te matūkai katoa i roto i nga rau o te tipu i roto i te raumati, i roto i te taka haere ki manga me pakiaka.

He he ano hoki te kiritaki tuatahi ko nga anuhe me pītara. māngai ia taumata e te kai momo maha. Tino nui ko te tūranga o ngā ngārara wätea. He pollinators ratou me mahi rite te puna o kai mo te taumata i muri o te mekameka kai.

Ko te pūnaha rauropi o wai māori awa

Ko te tikanga tino pai mo te ora o kaiao ora hanga i roto i te rohe takutai o te awa ki. Ko reira konei e te wai ko mahana pai me kei te hāora te nuinga. A ko reira konei he maha nui o ngā tipu, pepeke me kararehe iti e roto i.

kai pūnaha whanaunga i roto i te te wai hou ko te tino matatini. whakamahi tipu Higher ika wätea, mātaitai me te torongū ngārara. Te whakamutunga, i roto i te tahuri, ko te puna kai mo waimāori, ika me amphibians. kai ika kaikiko i runga i ngā momo iti. He hoki he kai ma ratou, me whāngote.

Ko nga toenga o te mea waro hinga ki te raro o te hāroto. whakawhanake ratou huakita, e pau te mātaitai māmā me te tātari.