He aha e nga momo o maitai. Whakamārama o ngā tohu

Steel - te rōpū tino maha o nga konganuku whakamahia, me tapa i tei runga i te whakarōpū o te rōpū.

He aha e nga momo rerekē o te parahi

haamata tohu Whakamārama ki te faaotiraa o tona rōpū tuatahi ki te ūnga. Wehewehe i te rōpū steels: hanganga, hanga, taputapu, me ngā āhuatanga motuhake (wera-ātete, wera-ātete , me te tiketike-kaha).

O te maitai hanganga hangaia ngā wāhanga mīhini, whakataka atu, paiherea hanga. Tool, te ingoa titau rite, e whakamahia mo te hanga o te taputapu machining. He momo motuhake o steels taputapu - nui-tere, e ta ratou i hoki tukatuka i kawenga teitei. Construction maitai whakamahia te nuinga hoki ngā hanganga paiherea, i iti (0.25%) ihirangi waro. I roto i ngā o te hanganga rite ki te hanga.

hanganga maitai

I roto i tona hanganga, e wehea ratou ki koranu me te waro, e ko, ki te tāpiritanga motuhake, me te kahore ratou. Ko te parahi koranu e roto i te iti rawa 45% rino. He āhuatanga nui ko te aroaro o rapae poke kore-konganuku i roto i te koranu hua - whanariki, ūkuikui me ētahi atu. Atu i to ratou iti motuhake, te pai te whakarewa whakaaro. I roto i te katoa i reira e 4 ngā rōpū kounga:

I te mutunga o te ti'araa e fokotu'u ai momo deoxidation koranu (deacidification - tango o te hāora i te hanganga maitai): kohua (KP), āhua-patua (PS), ata (SP). "SP" te taupū e kore te nuinga o te wā tohu.

I roto i te whānui, i te steels wetemuna no ki rōpū doped, e taea te māngai e whai ake:

- [ihirangi waro] [huānga alloying] [tikanga deoxidation] [mōhiohio atu], i roto i te haurau o te ōrau te ihirangi waro i tuhituhia ai.

E tohua Alloying huānga rite te huinga o pū me te nui i roto i te ōrau. Ki te te ihirangi o te huānga i roto i te koranu he iti iho i te kotahi ōrau, e kore te te nui i whakaritea. I tēnei wā inclusions e whai ake nei momotuhi whakamahia te: .. N - konukōreko, X - Konqueror, C - takawai, Titanium - T, konupora - T, U - konumohe, etc. Hei tauira, Kei te tito maitai 09G2S o 0,09% waro, 2% o te te konupora me te takawai i roto i te nui o e pā ana ki te 1%. I tua atu, i reira e etahi atu tohu steels, deciphering ratou e whai ake:

1. Ko te "W" i roto i te timatanga - maitai whanau.

2. "L" i te mutunga - te faaiopoiporaa maitai.

3. "A" i te timatanga - automaton maitai.

4. Ko te "E" i roto i te timatanga - hiko maitai.

Motuhake tawhiti waitohu whare steels. Te wetemunatanga ko e whai ake: i te timatanga, te reta "C" aru e te tukua te ahotea. Reta "K" tikanga he putanga o te hanganga matū, "T" - ngāwhā pakeke.

Tohu steels āhuatanga motuhake rite tapa koranu hanganga.

steels taputapu

I mua ti'araa, te reta "Y", aru i te waro hautanga (kia te nui iti o te waro e kore iti iho i te 0.7%). steels Tool me te hanganga, me te wehea ki te waro me te koranu, engari i rua anake ngā rōpū o te kounga - kounga me te kounga teitei. I roto i te take tuarua, i roto i te ingoa, te reta "A" i te mutunga o te ti'araa. Ko te reta "D" tohu te ihirangi tiketike o te konupora. Deciphering steels e pā ana ki a HSS taputapu, he ahua rerekē. I roto i te wahi tuatahi i reira ko te ti'araa o te rōpū katoa - reta "P" (i te wā English "tere" - nohopuku), na te tokomaha tohu te wāhanga alloying matua - Tungsten (mahue tona ti'araa reta te).

Tuhipoka steelmaking oumu

Hoki alloys kounga tiketike i te mutunga o te whakaahuatanga te tikanga o te whakaputa steels, e te aroaro wetemuna tikanga whakangao i raro. E whakanohoia ēnei waehere i te mutunga o te ti'araa: VD - mārua pewa; W - electroslag; EL - irahiko kurupae; VI - mārua arataki.