He aha te mea here hauwai? Ko nga momo o te pānga

He aha te mea here hauwai? Katoa tauira o tenei hononga mohiotia he wai noa (H2O). Nā ki te meka e te ngota hāora (e) ko atu electronegative atu i te rua ngota hauwai (H), faaho'i te reira te rite o nga ngota hauwai honohono irahiko. Ko te whakatūnga o taua te here neke kotuari dipole i hanga. e kore hāora ngota riro tiaki tōraro rawa nui me nga ngota hauwai - he tiaki iti pai, ngā nei ki te irahiko (te rua ana'e o ratou) i runga i te hāora ngota rāpoi H2O pātata (i.e., te wai). Ko te kupu, Ka taea e tatou te mea e te here hauwai - he ara o te ope o te attraction i waenganui i te ngota hauwai me te ngota electronegative. He āhuatanga nui o te ngota hauwai, ko e tona here ki te attraction o te irahiko riro te reira whanau matua (i.e., iraoho, paruruhia kahore atu irahiko). Ahakoa he ngoikore atu kotuari te here hauwai, e faatupu te reira i te raupapa katoa o ngā āhuatanga anomalous o H2O (wai).

Nuinga o ngā wā, i hanga tenei here e ki te ngota o te huānga e whai ake nei: te hāora (e), te hauota (N), me te hau köwhai (F). Puta tenei mo te take e te hunga iti i roto i te rahi i te ngota o enei āhuatanga, me te whai i te electronegativity tiketike. ngota C rahi nui (S whanariki māota ranei Cl) hanga he ngoikore te here hauwai, ahakoa te meka e na ratou electronegativity enei tūemi e rite ki a N (i.e. hauota).

E rua ngā momo o here hauwai:

1. Hauwai here intermolecular - puta i waenganui i rāpoi ngota e rua, hei tauira: methanol, haukini, hauwai pūkōwhai.
2. here hauwai intramolecular - puta i roto i te rāpoi ngota kotahi, pērā i te 2-nitrophenol.

Hoki inaianei kua whakapono reira e te hauwai here matū he ngoikore, me te kaha. rerekē ratou i ia atu i roto i te pūngao me te roa here (tawhiti i waenganui i ngā ngota):

He ngoikore 1. here hauwai. Energy - 10-30 kJ / mol, te roa here - 30. te matū katoa whakarārangitia i runga ake he tauira o here hauwai noa ranei ngoikore.
He kaha 2. here hauwai. Energy - 400 kJ / mol, roa - 23-24. Raraunga whiwhi i te tamataraa, tohu e kua hanga e kaha here i roto i te katote e whai ake nei: he katote-vodoroddiftorid [FHF] -, katote-hydrated waihā [HO-H-OH] -, katote oxonium hydrated [H2O-H-OH2] + me te ngā atu matū, me te inorganic.

Mana o te hauwai-hono

uara Anomalous o kohua ngā , me te rewa enthalpies o vaporization me te mānukanuka mata e taea te pēnei o etahi o nga ngā pūhui ki te aroaro o here hauwai. He uara anomalous o enei āhuatanga katoa, hauwai pūkōwhai me te haukini te wai - kohua ira me te rewa. E whakaaro Water me te hauwai pūkōwhai i roto i te āhua mārō, me te wai e tika ana ki te aroaro i roto i a ratou o te hauwai here intermolecular ki kia polymerized. E whakamārama ana tēnei hononga e kore anake pāmahana rewa tiketike rawa o enei rauemi, engari ano hoki o ratou kiato iti. Ai ki runga ki rewa here hauwai wāhanga hinga, e tika ana ki nei e Kikī te rāpoi ngota wai (H2O) atu Inia.

Ko te dimerization o etahi matū (waikawa, taea hoki te faataa hei tauira, mangeo me te waikawameha ahetiki) i te aroaro o te hauwai hononga. Dimer - e rua ngā rāpoi ngota e kua hono tahi. Hoki tenei take, kohua ngā waikawa wāhi teitei ake i taua o pūhui he āhua i te taua taimaha rāpoi. Hei tauira, te waikawa winika (CH3COOH) te pāmahana e koropupu ko 391 K, i te hauwaiwaro (CH3COCH3), ko reira 329 K.

Mana o te hauwai here intramolecular

pā hoki tēnei hononga te hanganga me ngā āhuatanga o ngā pūhui, pērā i 2- me 4-nitrophenol. Ko te tauira tino rongonui, me te nui o te here hauwai - he waikawa deoxyribonucleic (abbr: DNA.). Tenei rāpoi ngota waikawa takai ki te helix rua, e toaati e here hauwai te whenu rua o nei.