Geology - te pūtaiao o te aha? He aha te mahi i nga tohunga pūtaiao? raruraru Modern o te arowhenua

"Geology - he ara o te ora" - he pea ki te korero ki te kaitātai, urupare ki te pātai e pā ana ki tona tikanga, i mua i neke i runga i ki maroke me te puhoi nga kupu, whakamārama e tātai - he pūtaiao e pā ana ki te hanganga me te hanganga o te whenua, te hītori o tona whanau, hanganga me nga ture o te whanaketanga o kotahi te tini, a inaianei, aue, "tata" nga taonga o ona whekau. E hoki Ētahi atu aorangi o te pūnaha solar te ahanoa o rangahau arowhenua.

timata Whakaahuatanga o te pūtaiao maha ki te hītori o tona take, me te hanganga, ite ore ki te meka i he tonu o ngā mārama, me ngā whakamāramatanga te kōrero, na ko reira te tuatahi i runga i te mana.

Ngā wāhanga o te rangahau arowhenua

Ko te kaupapa tino noa o te raupapa rangahau, i roto i nei e taea e koe "kaá '" mahi arowhenua katoa e hāngai ana ki te tāutu i putunga kohuke (te ISA), tino e whai ake: rangahau arowhenua (mahere o outcrops o toka me ngā arowhenua), te mahi rapu , te ite, tātaitanga o rāhui, pūrongo arowhenua. Pihinga, haurapa me te tūhura, i tahuri, o te akoranga, wehea ki ngā wāhanga, i runga i te whānuitanga o te mahi, me te ki te whakaaro ki o ratou tika rānei.

Hei kawe i te taua mahi matatini whai wāhi te ope o ngaio me riro nui atu atu i te taumata o te whānuitanga whānui o tino arowhenua, e he konei kaitātai "he iti o nga mea katoa," no te mea kei te fehangahangai ia ki te mahi ki te whakahiato i tēnei mōhiohio whānui katoa me te mutunga mai ki te kitea o te moni tāpui ( hanga reira ranei) rite tātai - he pūtaiao e tuatapapa i te ngakau aroha o te whenua i roto i te wahi tuatahi mo te whanaketanga o ngā rauemi kohuke.

Ko te hapu o Geological Sciences

Ka rite ki ētahi atu pūtaiao (ahupūngao, koiora, te matū, geography, a na i runga i. D.), Geology tohu te huinga o te kōtuitui me te whakakapititia ki ia atu pekanga pūtaiao.

Hāngai ki te kaupapa arowhenua ngā tātai whānui, me te rohe, mineralogy, nekeneke, geomorphology, geochemistry, lithology, paleontology, petrology, petrography, gemology, stratigraphy, tātai hītori, mātauranga tioata, hydrogeology, tātai moana, volcanology me sedimentology.

Na roto i te tono, ngā huarahi, hangarau, ohaoha, me te tahi atu pūtaiao papawhenua e pā ana engineering tātai, seismology, petrophysics, glaciology, geography, tātai, kohuke, Geophysics, pūtaiao oneone, geodesy, Oceanography, oceanology, geostatistics, geotechnology, geoinformatics, geotechnology, rārangi, me te aroturuki whenua, whakahaere whenua, climatology, cartography, huarere, me pūtaiao kōhauhau raupapa.

tonu "Pure", mara tātai nuinga whakamārama, E uta ki runga ki te toi he fatongia morare, me te matatika etahi, reira, tātai, kua whakawhanakehia ratou ake reo, rite tahi atu pūtaiao e kore te mea kahore philology, arorau me matatika,.

Mai te haurapa me te tūhura ara, rawa i roto i ngā wāhi mamao - he tata mahi anake, kitea he kaitātai tonu ki te whakamatautauranga o tuakiri, engari tika me te nehenehe aroaro ki whakaritenga whakataunga ranei, a pera, kāore, tupu. Kinokore "hapa" e taea arahi ki hopearaa rawa nui mo e rua rangahau me te production, me te ngā logistical me ohaoha, reira, te kaitātai e noa e kore e tika ki te tinihanga, distortion me te hapa rite te sapper taote ranei.

hanga Geoscience tapahanga ake i roto i te raupapa aroākapa (geochemistry, mineralogy, mātauranga tioata, petrology, lithology, te tātai me te mau paleontology tae atu wāhanga nekeneke, stratigraphy me te arowhenua hītori), e whakaata ana i te raupapatanga o ä te whakanui ake whīwhiwhi o ngā i te ako o ngota me ngā rāpoi ngota ki te whenua kia rite ki te katoa.

Kei te whānui Ia o enei pūtaiao branched i roto i ngā tohutohu rerekē, me te te tātai tūturu ngā wāhanga nekeneke, stratigraphy me te arowhenua hītori.

geochemistry

I roto i te tirohanga o tenei pūtaiao he raruraru o te tohatoha o ngā āhuatanga i roto i te huru, ōnuku, me te lithosphere.

geochemistry Modern Ko te matatini o pekanga pūtaiao, tae atu geochemistry rohe, biogeochemistry me tikanga geochemical o tūhura o putunga kohuke. Ko te kaupapa o te ako mo enei pekanga katoa ko nga ture o te hekenga o ngā huānga, ratou tikanga o kukū, wehenga me te re-waipara, me te te tukanga o te kukuwhatanga o te aratau o takanga o ia huānga ranei hononga o te maha āhuatanga tino rite.

Geochemistry i runga i nga āhuatanga me hanganga ngota, me te taonga, tioata i roto i te raraunga i runga i te tawhā thermodynamic characterizing wahi o te kirinuku anga ranei takitahi, me te tauira whānui hangaia e te tukanga thermodynamic.

rangahau raruraru geochemical Direct i roto i te tātai - MPO rapunga, na te mahi tūhura i runga i te kohuke ore tika mua, ka haere tahi i te rangahau geochemical, kua tohaina nga hua o nei awhe o marara te wāhanga whai hua.

mineralogy

Ko tētahi o nga wāhanga matua, me te matamua o te pūtaiao arowhenua, te tūhura i te ao nui, ataahua, tino ngā me te ngaro o ngā kohuke. rangahau Mineralogical, whāinga, ngā whāinga, me ngā tikanga e whakawhirinaki i runga i nga mahi motuhake kawea atu i ngā wāhanga katoa o te haurapa me te tūhura, me te whakauru i te whānuitanga o ngā tikanga o te aromatawai ataata o te hanganga kohuke ngā ki irahiko Microscopy me X-ray tātaritanga.

I te pihinga wāhanga, haurapa me e whakahaere tūhura o rangahau MPO ki te whakatau i te paearu rapu mineralogical me te aromatawai tuatahi o te hiranga mahi o putunga pea.

I roto i te wā tūhura, me te mahi arowhenua i roto i te aro mātai o rāhui ore me ngā kohuke kore-konganuku whakapumautia ona oti hanganga kohuke kounga, me te ine o te tautuhi o poke painga, me te kino e kua riro raraunga ki pūkete ka kōwhiri i te hangarau maimoatanga mutunga ranei e pā ana ki te kounga o ngā rauemi mata.

I roto i te tua ki te ako whānui o te hanganga o ngā toka, te whāinga matua ko te ako o ngā tauira kohuke mineralogy huinga i roto i te mau amuiraa tūturu me te whakapai ake i te mau parau tumu o systematics o momo kohuke.

mātauranga tioata

Kia whakaaro wahi o mātauranga tioata mineralogy, me te hono tata i waenganui i te taiao, me te mārama, engari i tenei ra ko te reira i te pūtaiao motuhake me ona ake kaupapa, me te rangahau tikanga. He Tūmahi i roto i te mātauranga tioata ako whānui o te hanganga, ngā āhuatanga ōkiko me te optical o nga tioata i roto i to ratou hanganga me ngā āhuatanga o ngā taunekeneke ki te taiao, me te huringa tupu i raro i te mana o pānga o ngā āhua.

Ko te wehewehe i te mātauranga tioata physicochemical e Akoranga tauira o te hanganga me te tipu o tioata, ratou whanonga i raro i ngā āhuatanga rerekē i runga i te āhua me te hanganga, me te mātauranga tioata āhuahanga rānei, e riro nei ki raro ki ture āhuahanga whakahaere i te āhua me te hangarite o te karaihe Pūtaiao o tioata.

tectonics

Tectonics Ko tetahi o nga kaupapa matua o te arowhenua e tuatapapa i te hanganga o te kirinuku i ngā hanganga, te āhuatanga o tona hanganga me te whanaketanga ki te puipuitua o hihiritanga multiscale, deformations, hape me dislocations meinga e te tukanga hohonu.

wehea Tektonika ki-rohe, hanganga (Morphology), o mua, me te tono manga.

mahi aronga rohe hanganga pērā i tüäpapa, papa paraharaha, papa, takai depressions rohe moana me ngā moana, taui hape, rohe amahamaharaa me te t. D.

Ka rite ki te tauira, te mahere hanganga, me te nekeneke rohe, āhuatanga nei i te te arowhenua o Russia. Kei te wahi Pākehā o te whenua i runga i te tūāpapa Te Tai Rāwhiti-Pākehā, tito o te ngiha Precambrian me toka kāhuarau. kei te rohe i waenganui i nga Urals me te Yenisey e i roto i te tūāpapa Siberian Te Hau-ā-uru. Mai i te Yenisei ki te Lena atu Siberian Pūhara (Central Siberian Plateau). Ural-Mongolian, Kiwa me whitiki wāhanga Alpide te rohe takai aroaro.

tectonics morphological whakaritea ki te rangahau rohe hanganga o te tikanga o raro.

History o te take mai me te hanganga o nga momo taketake o ngā momo hanganga o nga moana, me fenua i roto i te Geotectonics hītori.

rohe Taupānga o tectonics e pā ana ki te tāutu o regularities o ngā momo rerekē o ISA i te hononga ki etahi momo o ngā hanganga morphological me ngā āhuatanga o ratou whanaketanga.

E i titiro te "koloa" he tikanga arowhenua i roto i te kirinuku o te whenua kia rite ki takere rudopodvodyaschie me āhuatanga ore-whakahaere.

paleontology

Te tikanga mooni "te pūtaiao o te mea onamata ', paleontology rauropi rangahau parawae me o ratou toenga me tohu o te ora, te nuinga hoki wehewehe stratigraphic o nga toka o te kirinuku. Ko te mātau o te paleontology ngā mahi o te whakaora i te peita, e whakaata ana i te tukanga o te kunenga koiora i runga i te pūtake o ngā raraunga whiwhi rite ki te hua o te hangaia anō o te whakapakoko, te āhuatanga koiora, tikanga o te tupuranga me te kai o ngā kaiao onamata.

Hoki tohu kitea o te paleontology e wehea ki paleozoology me paleobotany.

He tairongo ki ngā rerekētanga i roto i te tawhā tinana-matū o te taiao kaiao, na ko ratou tohu pono o te tikanga i roto i nei te kamaka i hanga e. Mai i whai i tenei te hononga tata o te arowhenua me paleontology.

I runga i rangahau matatoka tahi me nga hua o faaotiraa o te tau pū o ngā arowhenua titoa tauine geochronological, i roto i nei e tahuri iho te aamu o te whenua ki wā arowhenua (archaea, Proterozoic, Paleozoic, a Mezozoic Cainozoe). E wehea AD ki wā, me te hunga, i roto i tahuri, wahia ki tau.

Te ora nei tatou i roto i te Pleistocene (20,000 tau ki muri ki te hakari) te wā Quaternary, i timata e pā ana ki 1 miriona tau ki muri.

petrography

Ko te ako o te hanganga kohuke o ngiha, kāhuarau atu, parataiao, whai wāhi o ratou āhuatanga textural me te hanganga i roto i te Genesis me petrography (petrology). whakahaere rangahau e whakamahi i te karu polarizing i roto i nga hihi haere marama kë. Hoki tenei tauira whakaaro o te kamaka tapahia kikokore (0,03-0,02 mm), he pereti (wāhanga kikokore), ka Katahi ki te paraharaha karaihe ki Canada maperi (āhuatanga optical o te teriuma tata ki te hunga o te karaihe).

riro mārama (te nuinga) kohuke, me o ratou āhuatanga optical, te tāututanga o ngā kohuke, me toka o nga ngā. Pokanoa i roto i ngā whakaahua wāhanga angiangi rite tauira i roto i te takawhīwhiwhi.

He wahi motuhake i roto i te huringa o Geological Sciences e petrology o toka parataiao. Tona auraa ariā, me te mahi nui e tika ana ki te meka i te tumu parau o te rangahau e hou, me te tahito (parawae) ua, e noho e pā ana ki 70% o te mata o te whenua.

nuku engineering

Engineering tātai - he pūtaiao i ngā āhuatanga o ngā āhuatanga hanganga, physico-matū o te hanganga, waipara, me akiaki o nga paparanga o runga o kirinuku o te whenua, e pā ana nei ki ōhanga, te nuinga engineering me te hanga mahi o te tangata.

Engineering me rangahau arowhenua e hāngai ana i te whakatinanatanga o te aromatawai matawhānui me integrated o ngā āhuatanga arowhenua meinga e mahi ohaoha tangata i roto i te taha ki te tukanga arowhenua māori.

Ki te mahara tatou e, i runga i te tikanga o te whakahaere i nga tikanga māori rānei e wehea ki whakamārama, me te tika, te arowhenua engineering, o te akoranga, e pā ana ki te muri, i roto i te rerekē ki he tokomaha o tona "hoa i roto i te toa."

tātai Marine

E riro te reira tano ki te tau'a ore i te peka whānui o te arowhenua e tuatapapa i te hanganga arowhenua me ngā āhuatanga o te kirinuku o te whenua, te wāhanga o te raro o te moana, me te moana. Ki te whai koe i te whakamāramatanga poto me te horo, e tohu te arowhenua (te ako o te whenua), te Marine Geology - te pūtaiao o te moana (moana) raro, hipoki manga katoa o te "rakau arowhenua" (wāhanga nekeneke, petrography, lithology, hītori me te arowhenua quaternary, paleogeography , stratigraphy, geomorphology, geochemistry, Geophysics, whakaako e pā ana ki ngā kohuke, etc ..).

Rangahau i roto i nga moana, me ngā moana e whakahaeretia e te kaipuke rawa rite rawa, pūkoro wae kōhao moutere me pontoons (i runga i te papa). Hoki tīpako, i roto i te tua ki te kōhao, te whakamahi i ngä momo, ngä momo peere-momo me te ngongo hāngai-rere. Ki te pūrere motuhake kawea a tōia whakaahua motuhake, me te tonu, pouaka whakaata, rū, me te shooting geolocation magnetometric.

I roto i to tatou wa, he tokomaha o nga raruraru o te pūtaiao hou kua kore ano i whakatau, a ka whakauru nga mea ngaro kāore o te moana, me tona subsoil. whakahonoretia Marine Geology kore anake mo te whakaaro ki o te pūtaiao, "te mea ngaro ki te hanga mārama", engari ano hoki ki te rangatira i te kohuke nui rauemi o te moana.

Ko te mahi matua o te peka ariā hou o te arowhenua moana ko te ako o te hītori o te kirinuku moana, me te tāutu o nga ture matua o tona hanganga arowhenua.

Geology Historical - te pūtaiao o te mau ture faatere i te whanaketanga o te kirinuku, me te ao e rite ana te katoa i roto i te mua raurangi haere mai tona hanganga ki te ra nei. Hono ako i te hītori o te hanganga o te hanganga o te lithosphere he nui no te tupu i runga i nekehanga nekeneke me deformations tohu āhuatanga nui takoha ki te nuinga o nga huringa e tangohia e wahi i runga i te whenua i roto i nga wā arowhenua mua.

Na, i te tirohanga whānui o te tātai, ka taea e koe te tuku ki reira pakiaka.

Ngā ki te hītori o te pūtaiao Earth

He uaua ki te mea pēhea te tawhiti hoki tauatini hutia hītori o te arowhenua, engari i mohio te tangata Neanderthal o te mea hanga te maripi hei toki ranei, te whakamahi i te mata tūhua (karaihe puia) ranei.

Mai te wa o te tangata i tahito ra ki te waenganui o te rau tau XVIII roa te reira atamira i mua-pūtaiao o whakaeminga me te hanganga o te matauranga arowhenua, te nuinga o tokahuke o konganuku, hanga kohatu, tai, me te manawa whenua. I nga toka, kohuke me ngā tukanga arowhenua i roto i te tikanga o te wa korero kē i roto i nga wa onamata.

E te rau tau XIII i roto i te whenua Āhia kua whakawhanake toi maunga, me te mai i te turanga o te keri ore me te matauranga.

I roto i te Renaissance (senituli XV-XVI.) Whakaaetia e te tirohanga Inikisisio o te ao (Hoani. Bruno, Galileo, Nīkara), whanau māngai arowhenua N. Stenon, Leonardo da Vinci me G. Bauer, a whakatakoto ano te ariā o te kauaerunga o P . Descartes ko Leibniz.

I roto i te wā o te arowhenua rite te pūtaiao (XVIII-XIX senituli.) I whakapae cosmogonic o Rāpāra ko Kant me whakaaro arowhenua M. V. Lomonosova, G. Buffon. stratigraphy whanau (I. Lehmann, G. Fyuksel) me paleontology (JB Lamarck, B. Smith), mātauranga tioata tino whakawhanake (RJ Haüy, MV Lomonosov), mineralogy (JJ Berzelius, A. Cronstedt, VM Severgin, K. F. Maata et al.), tīmata whakamahere arowhenua.

sosaieti papawhenua tuatahi me ngā ratonga papawhenua motu hanga i roto i tenei wā.

Mai te hawhe tuarua o te XIX ki te tīmatanga te rau tau XX ko nga ngā tino nui nga kitenga arowhenua o Charles Darwin, ko te whakatūnga o te parau haapiiraa o te tüäpapa, me geosynclines, te putanga o te palaeogeography, petrography whanaketanga taputapu, mineralogy iranga, me te ariā, takanga o ngā ariā me akonaki o putunga ore tokarewa. timata Te hinu ki te puta te arowhenua me Geophysics riro whakauka (magnetometry, gravimetry, seismometry me seismology). I roto i te 1882, ka whakaturia te Komiti Geological o Russia.

timata wā Geology Modern o te whanaketanga i roto i te rau tau XX waenganui, ka kua tangohia te pūtaiao o te whenua hangarau rorohiko me te kua riro taputapu taiwhanga hou, taputapu, me te pūmārō, tuku ki a koutou puta ki rangahau arowhenua me geophysical o nga moana, me nga aorangi tata.

Ko te whakatutukitanga pūtaiao tino tino ko te ariā o te metasomatic taiao i Korzhinsky, te parau haapiiraa o te facies kāhuarautanga ariā Strakhov i runga i te momo Lithogenesis, whakataki o tikanga geochemical o haurapa mō putunga ore me ētahi atu.

I raro i te kaiārahi o AL Yanshina, N. S. Shatskogo me A. A. Bogdanova hanga hōpara mahere nekeneke o Europe ko Ahia, i hanga ake ītonu paleogeographic.

I whakawhanakehia te ariā o te tectonics ao hou (JT Wilson G. Hess, V. E. hain etc ...), Far mua marere ia geodynamics, engineering tātai me te hydrogeology, whakaraupapahia he aronga hou i roto i te tātai - kaiao, kua meinga nei tenei ra te kaupapa matua.

raruraru Modern o te arowhenua

I teie mahana, e rave rahi take taketake o ngā take pūtaiao o nāianei noho kāore anō, ka he kore iti iho i te kotahi rau i enei take. Kei te korero tatou e pā ana ki te pūtake koiora o mahara, nga mea ngaro o te mahara, te āhua o te wā, me te mahara, te takenga o whetu, rua pango me te āhua o ētahi atu taonga rangi. I runga i te tātai i maturuturu iho wahi maha rawa ngā raruraru e whai ano ki te matau. āwangawanga te nuinga tenei te hanganga me te hanganga o te ao, me te te tukanga tupu i roto i te whenua.

piki uara Geology teie mahana e tika ana ki te hiahia mo te mana, me te kaute o te tipu riri o catastrophic nunu'a arowhenua o te mahi ohaoha rōnaki, raruraru taiao whakahōhā.

hanganga arowhenua i roto i Russia

e pā ana te hanganga o te hanganga arowhenua hou i roto i Russia te ki te whakatuwheratanga o te St Petersburg Corps o Mining Engineers (Future o te Mining Institute) me te whakatūnga o te University Moscow, koa tonu timata ka i roto i 1930, i whakaturia i roto i Leningrad, a ka whakawhitia ki te Institute Moscow o Geology (inaianei rore AH CCCP).

I teie mahana, Geological Institute ko te pūtahi rangahau ārahi i roto i te mara o te stratigraphy, lithology, nukupapa me te hītori arowhenua o te huringa o Sciences. Ko te mahi matua e pā ana ki te whanaketanga o ngā raruraru taketake matatini o te hanganga me te hanganga o te kirinuku moana, me te paparahi, te ako o te kukuwhatanga o te kamaka hanganga o fenua me te parataiao i roto i te moana, geochronology, te ine ao o ngā tukanga arowhenua me ngā tītohunga, me ētahi atu.

E te ara, ko te mua o te rore Mineralogical Museum, whakaingoatia i roto i 1898 i roto i te Museum o Geology, a ka i roto i te tau 1912 i roto i te Geological me Mineralogical Museum. Petra Velikogo.

Mai hāngai te tīmatanga o te turanga o te hanganga arowhenua i roto i Russia i runga i te parau tumu toru: pūtaiao - whakaako - mahi. I teie parau tumu, ahakoa te arepurepuraa o perestroika, kia arowhenua mātauranga i teie mahana.

I roto i te 1999, tangohia te whakatau o te Poari o te Tāhuhu o te Mātauranga, me Natural Resources o Russia te ariā o te hanganga arowhenua kua haere nei fariihia i roto i whare mātauranga me ngā rōpū hanga, "tipu" kaimahi arowhenua.

E wātea ana i roto i neke atu i te 30 whare wänanga Russian teie mahana teitei mātauranga arowhenua.

Na kia haere "ki te tūhura i te taiga" ranei waiho "i roto i te koraha sweltering" i roto i to tatou wa - e kore te mea rite whaimana rite kotahi, mahi, kaitātai whiriwhiri ia no te "hari, te tangata mōhio ki te tikanga mamae o te ara" ...