I te Soviet Union te tuatahi ki te whakatuwhera i te arā raro? History o te lēlué

Kei te ngā whakaaro Metro te puka tino pono o te waka tūmatanui. Tereina "raro" e kore e tu i roto i jams waka, hohoro neke, taea ki te kawe i te maha nui o ngā pāhihi. Nā ki te tere me te predictability o te arā raro he rongonui i roto i noho o nga pa nui.

hītori take

Ia metropolis mai te waenganui o te rau tau XIX, rite te mea o te honore ki te tiki i te whatunga whānui o huna raro e ka whakaiti whenua rere waka. Te pionie i roto i tenei mea uaua, ka anga Londoners: i roto i te pane Ingarihi puta raro i roto i te o te ao tuatahi, a tupu i te reira te ara hoki i roto i te 1862.

Motuhake auaha whakamarie taea whakamanamana: kāpehu, he kaata runga tuwhera oho i paowa, me huna ngarahu-hipoki (te locomotives whakamahia Ingarangi), hanga tino wawau i te roa ara o tenei ra o 3.6 km - engari tonu ko reira he pakaruhanga nui.

jams Traffic - e kore te raruraru hou

Moscow i te tahuri o te iwa me te rua tekau tenetere, e kore ai e rawa rite te hakari, engari i nui ano hoki te puru i roto i reira. O te akoranga, ki te kahore i tangohia e ratou tetahi wahi o te rino, me nga hoiho tino noa, engari te haaputuputuraa o te utanga, me te pāhihi kauhoe ētahi wā mutu waka i runga i te ara tino.

Ko te raruraru mārama pakari me, faauruhia e te Ingarangi, ki mana Russian Czarist whakaaro e pā ana ki te hanga o te arā raro hoki i roto i te 1890 - i mua i te roa o te wa, ka ko te Soviet Union te tuatahi ki te whakatuwhera i te arā raro. He aha te tau e tū tenei hui, ki te tangohia te kaupapa i roto i 1901 (me te mea āhua e hoko i te teihana), e kore matou e mohio. Heoi, e kore e hītori aro ki te huru subjunctive.

Ko te kaupapa tuatahi o te Moscow Metro

I roto i te tīmatanga o te rau tau rua tekau, i te inapō e toru: P. Balinskii, E. Knorre ko N. Karazin haumi i roto i te whakatau hukihuki o te raruraru Moscow waka o te poka torere ratou wa, taranata, me te karere o. i te pakanga ki te tomo i nga hikoinga. Owners o "Wilkes i" whakataetae wehi. i te wenewene City Kāwanatanga me ratou painga pūtea. Ua whai wāhi Ahakoa nga pǔpǔ ekalesiatiko, kahore nei e kore whakatapua: e ka kino ia i te towahiwahi ana etahi o te hanahana o hahi Moscow. He ko te ara whakaaro e he kino te Metro (!) Hoki te kainga.

Ki te kahore hoki te tūpuku me te apo o rangatira, te pātai o mehemea, ka ko te Soviet Union te tuatahi ki te whakatuwhera i te arā raro, i roto i nei kihai i pai te pa, me te tau hanga tikanga, no te mea te kaiaka o te whare e no ki te whenua katoa rerekē. Otiia tupu te reira rerekē. i paopao Balinsky kaupapa anaana, me te whakatinanatanga o te Knorre whakawhanakehia hou i roto i te tau 1912, i haukotia e te pakarutanga o te Pakanga o te Ao Tuatahi, me nga ngā hou rongonui. i hiki arā raro hanga mo te wā tuatau: i roto i nga wa o te arepurepuraa nui e kore ki mahi tāone.

Ko te mahi o te kāwanatanga hou

Te whakaoti i te raruraru o te waka i roto i te pane o te taitama Soviet Union i ki te mana hou. I te tīmatanga, mea ra te faatereraa whanga tonu etahi kākaá e waho te arā raro e taea e koe te mahi: kaha te whakanui ake i te maha o Ruxmaniben, pahi me trolleybuses. Otiia i te tīmatanga o nga 30raa ka reira mārama e ki te transportation whenua whakaoti rawa i te raruraru o te kore e taea ki te.

Ka rite ki i roto i te maha atu kaha, ko te take tefito te pai ai tōrangapū: te whakatau o te Plenum o te Komiti Central i Hōngongoi 1931 whakahau ki te tīmata tonu te hanga o te arararo - me i tona whakatau faufaa tae noa ki te kau, ka ko te Soviet Union te tuatahi ki te whakatuwhera i te arā raro, ka mau te reira tau e wha anake.

hanga Hammer

I roto i te Mahuru, 31 th whakaritea Metrostroy, te ara iahiko o te rārangi 10 (80 km tapeke) whakaaetia i roto i Maehe 33raa, a i roto i te waenganui o te ngahuru 1934 i "Komsomolskaya" ki "Sokolniki" Kua cruised tamataraa, "whatiia-i roto i" tereina arā, o rua hariata .

Ki te hiahiatia te iteraa o te whakaaro i roto i te whānui, tata mahere-tau e rima, mo te hanga, mai te whakaaetanga kaupapa me te aroaro o te ra, ka ko te Soviet Union te tuatahi ki te whakatuwhera i te arā raro - he tau, me te hawhe. Ko mārama e i neke mahi tere whakatere te reira i: i roto i te Soviet Union, tata katoa i ki te whai i te feat tuatahi whakamarumaru. Ko nga kaihanga o te nama - he te whakakorekore, a kia waiho Muscovites mauruuru e amuri noa'tu mo tenei fakahoko.

whakataurite pai te teihana Metro tuatahi ki te ataahua hou me te whakamahine, whakaaro nei te kaihoahoa hou hira. arotahi to tatou tau kiko i runga i taumahinga me te tōtika. A ka mea, ka whakatika mua te rau te maha o ngā teihana, kahore e mau ana ratou he ahanoa taua o moni rerehua, i roto i te hui e reira e rua tekau anake. I roto i te 30raa ko reira hou katoa, a ko rerekē huru ki nga ngā.

Ataahua me taumahinga

Architects 'Metrostroi "haamana'o e te tika tau i mua i te wa ka i te Soviet Union whakatuwheratia te arā raro tuatahi, ka karanga ratou, ka mea e hiahia nga teihana ki te mahi i ngā kaupapa mō te 25 ra. Ko te whakaritenga anake e tono ki te hua - i ratou ki te hei "ataahua".

Ki tona nama, te kaihoahoa i ki te mea e te mahi e whawha ratou i runga i te wā, me te "pai", haere ki ia otinga takitahi, pakiwaitara, me te aroha. E te wa ko te Soviet Union te arā raro tuatahi whakatuwheratia i roto i te pane i rite ki teihana 13. E mea rerekē e ui Kaganovich ki te whakakapi leatherette i runga i te tūru hiako pono, e tu ana ki runga hoki i tona pikinga. e wehi noa economists hou i te whakatau taua.

Ko te mea homai pai hoki Muscovites

February 4, 1934 Metro tereina haere tonu te rārangi i tīmatanga ki te mutu, me te 6, ka tangohia e waru tereina o te arā raro Moscow nga pāhihi tuatahi - Kaitautapa o te VII Congress.

I te tuatahi, i runga i te arā raro taea haere 11.5 anake km - i "Sokolniki" ki "Park o Culture", me te manga ki "Smolenskaya" (i muri mai - Arbatskaya raina). Ki ngā ratonga o pāhihi i reira nga 13 teihana me 14 tereina. O te akoranga, e noho a te whakapaipai, kihai i tenei ra i tenei "raro" maere, engari i te wa ka i te Soviet Union whakatuwheratia te arā raro tuatahi, ka mohio reira i roto i Moscow rite te merekara tūturu. I te ra whakatuwheratanga, Mei 15, 1935, ki te wheako i te puka a mohoa noa unknown o waka hiahia 370 mano. Tangata.

O te akoranga, e kore kahore te utu hoa Stalin. I aua ra, kahore ia wahi horoa - kahore okotahi me te ra, ka ko te Soviet Union te tuatahi ki te whakatuwhera i te arā raro. whakapaipai te tereina i ki whakaahua o te rangatira, me te mārama o te te ihirangi hāngai :. "Ngā mihi ki te Stalin nui mo te tiaki te taha o nga kaimahi o Moscow"

Inanahi me te i ēnei rā

Me mea e ahau e i roto i te tikanga, tino "te papa o nga iwi katoa" ora tenei whare faahiahia, ka whakaritea e kore ki te waiho Moscow i 1941, ka haere mai nga Tiamana ki te pa i runga i te tawhiti tino. Nuku 15 - anake te ra i roto i te aamu, no te kahore e whakatuwheratia raro nga tatau mo ona pāhihi. keri ngā taumata rautaki katoa (me te arā raro rite pai) i, me te rite mō te whakangaromanga. Aua'e, e kore tenei i tupu: i whakakorea te tikanga. I roto i te whawhai, i mahi i te reira rite te raro poma whakaruru, te tiaki, me te ara hoatu ora: i roto i te 1941 i reira i whanau 217 ngā pēpi.

Taata tei mau o te tīkiti tuatahi kua riro he kaimahi auau, he ariki o te wheketere "Whero Proletarian" P.Latyshev. Ko reira pea taua ra kotahi i roto i Mei, ka ko te Soviet Union te arā raro tuatahi e tuwhera ana, te tangata i taea whakaaro he aha e hua tenei kaupapa he kaupapa rahi. I teie mahana, te roa raina o 327,5 km 196 hono nga teihana, a ki runga ki te waka pāhihi rā Moscow Metro ko te toa ao.