Kāhua Scientific: āhuatanga. āhuatanga reo o te kāhua pūtaiao

āhuatanga kāhua Scientific o e ko te kaupapa o te ako mō ngā wetereo, ko te huinga o ngā rautaki reo motuhake, whakamahia te nuinga i roto i te mara pūtaiao, hangarau, pūtaiao, me te rongonui mo te faaiteraa me te mahi o te momo o te ihirangi me te ūnga whakaaro, whakapae, ngā whakatutukitanga.

āhuatanga General o ngā tuhinga pūtaiao

kuputuhi Scientific - ko te hua, te hua o te pūrongo i runga i ngā mahi rangahau, e hanga nei mo te rōpū o tangata ki te tohungatanga e hāngai ana ki tona perception me te aro mātai ranei tenei. I roto i te tikanga ki te hanga i te reira kia rite ki kōrero rite taea, kua ki te huihui ki te whakamahi o te reo ōkawa, tikanga motuhake me ngā tikanga o te whakaaturanga i te kaituhi. Nuinga maha kuputuhi pūtaiao - kua whakaputaina reira tikanga mo te mahi tā ranei. Ki te kuputuhi o te mahere pūtaiao, me te e rawa rite rauemi mō te whakaaturanga ā-waha, hei tauira, te pūrongo i runga i te hui kauwhau mātauranga ranei.

Ko te āhuatanga āhuatanga o te kāhua pūtaiao - reo kūpapa, huarahi whāinga, me te kōrero, hanganga kuputuhi, te wātea o te kupu, me te wetereo rauemi motuhake, tangohia i roto i kaipūtaiao mo te whakaaturanga arorau, me te tika.

Ngā momo o kāhua pūtaiao

Ko te nuinga o te puka i tuhituhia o te oraraa o mahi o kāhua pūtaiao whakatau te mana, toenga, mārama o ratou ihirangi me te hoahoa.

Kei te faataa wehenga o ngā tuhinga pūtaiao i runga i te momo, me ngā momo, te tuatahi, i te rerekētanga o ngā whakaahuatia e maha pekanga, pūtaiao rangahau ihirangi, te tūmanako whakarongo pea. He he he whakatakotoranga taketake o te tuhinga pūtaiao, e tuwhaina e te tuhinga ki pūtaiao, me te hangarau, pūtaiao, fakaetangatá, pūtaiao, me te taiao. Ka taea te tāutuhia me sublanguage motuhake atu e te tīariari i roto i ia o nga pūtaiao - taurangi, huaota, pūtaiao tōrangapū, me ētahi atu

M. P. Senkevich hanganga momo o kāhua pūtaiao i roto i te tohu o "pūtaiao" o te hua whakamutunga, me te kua tāutuhia te momo e whai ake nei:

1. kāhua te tikanga pūtaiao (aka - Academic) angamaheni mō te mahi nui whakatapua ki te porohita kuiti o ngā tohunga, me te kei roto rangahau ariā kaituhi - monograph, tuhinga, ngā pūrongo pūtaiao.

2. Tauākī o whakatau tuku iho pūtaiao ranei i roto i ngā rauemi Tuarua mōhiohio (rāpopoto, tuhipoka) - e hanga e ratou i roto i te kāhua refereed pūtaiao pūtaiao ranei kōrero.

Kei te whakaatu 3. He pūtaiao me te ahumahi pānuitanga rohe pānuitanga motuhake hua me hua o ngā hua motuhake - mua hou i roto i te hangarau, hikohiko, matū, Pūtaiao, me ētahi atu mara o pūtaiao tono.

4. Rangahau me tohutoro pukapuka (whaiaronga, ngā kohinga, papakupu, whaiaronga) tikanga te ki te whakarato i te tino poto, tika, kahore kōrero, tika ki te whakaatu i te kaipānui te meka.

5. He wāhi motuhake o te tono mo te tuhinga mātauranga, me te pūtaiao, e whakatakotoria atu te mau parau tumu o te pūtaiao, me te tāpiri wāhanga Makiri mō huānga maitai me ngā rauemi mō te tāruarua (tānga mātauranga mō ngā whare mātauranga).

6. pukapuka pūtaiao Popular he haurongo o te iwi rongonui, hītori o te takenga mai o ngā tītohunga, he pukapuka o ngā me ngā āhuatanga, me he wātea mo te whānui o ngā rōpū whai pānga whānui, whakawhetai ki te whakaahua, tauira, whakamārama.

Āhuatanga kuputuhi pūtaiao

Kuputuhi hanga i roto i te kāhua pūtaiao, ko te pūnaha kati paerewa.

Ko te āhuatanga matua o te kāhua pūtaiao - tautukunga o te reo tuhituhi, te whakamahi o hohoko paerewa me ngā kīanga, te whakamahi o taea o "whakairoiro" tohu me tātai o te reo, te whakamahi o tohutoro me kīwae. Hei tauira, whänui ana te whakaaetia i roto i te hapori pūtaiao he clichés: ka arotahi tatou i runga i te raruraru ... kia tuhia te reira e ... whiwhi i roto i enei akoranga arahina ki nga whakatau e whai ake nei ..., puta ki te tātari o ..., etc.

Hei tuku tūemi mōhiohio pūtaiao reo nuitia whakamahia 'horihori' - Graphic: 1) whakairoiro, hoahoa, poraka, whika, drawings; 2) Ko e tātai me ngā tohu; 3) Ko ngā motuhake me ngā āhuatanga wetereo o te stilya- pūtaiao mō te tauira, te ingoa o inenga ā, tohu pāngarau, me ētahi atu

taputapu Referential (futinouti, tohutoro, kīwae) hanga he kanohi tika atu o te kaupapa, me te ko te kupu te whakatinanatanga o te tuhituhi pūtaiao kounga, te tika o faahitiraa me puna verifiable.

Na, kāhua pūtaiao, rawa e nei āhuatanga e te hāngai tikanga o te reo tuhituhi, ko te tika, te mārama me te papû i roto i ngā o whakaaro rangahau. Hoki te tauākī pūtaiao he puka whaikupu āhuatanga, te arorau kōrero whäkina wā, whakatau hangaia rite oti, me te whānui i roto i te tikanga o te kīanga.

hanganga pū o te kuputuhi pūtaiao

He ona ake kāhua pūtaiao o te hanganga o te arorau, etahi puka oti, ture hanganga e tika ana katoa kuputuhi. Tikanga, piri te kairangahau ki te kaupapa e whai ake nei:

• he whakataki ki te raruraru, tika o tona hāngaitanga, taketake;
• te tohatoha o ngā kaupapa ako (i roto i ētahi wā, te ahanoa);
• whāinga-tautuhinga, whakatau i roto i te akoranga o te whakatutuki etahi whāinga;
• arotake o te tuhinga pūtaiao, i roto i tetahi ara pā te kaupapa o te ako, he whakaahuatanga o te anga ariā, me te huarahi mo te mahi; kupu o te tika;
• faufaa ariā me te mahi o nga mahi pūtaiao;
• ihirangi o te mahi rangahau;
• whakaahuatanga o te whakamātau, ki te te puritia ai;
• hua o te rangahau, hanganga whakatau i runga i ona hua.

āhuatanga Reo: Vocabulary

reo raruraru me te puka whānui nga āhuatanga wetereo o te kāhua pūtaiao:

1. Ko te whakamahi o kupu motuhake i roto i to ratou uara, kupu nuinga uara waitara (rōrahi, uruhanga, ātete, pakanga stagnation te takenga, rārangi pukapuka, me ētahi atu).

2. tango nga kupu o ngā rā i runga i roto i te horopaki o te terminological mahi pūtaiao uara whānui ranei. E pā ana tēnei, hei tauira, ngā hangarau: pōkai mamau, etc. ngongo.

3. Ko te tikanga taketake i roto i te kuputuhi pūtaiao mau nga ngā, engari e kore ko te taua i roto i ngā momo rerekē o ngā hua ratou rahi. Ko te ngā E whakaurua ki tohanga etahi ariā, whakamāramatanga tika, me te arorau o nei - he tu'unga tika mo te kuputuhi tuhituhi ngaio (ethnogenesis, ira poipoi sine).

4. No te mahi o te kāhua pūtaiao āhuatanga e whakapotonga me kupu slozhnosokraschennye: whakaputa whare, GOST, Gosplan, miriona, whare rangahau.

āhuatanga reo o te kāhua pūtaiao, ngā i roto i te rohe o te kupu, takotoranga mahi he: natula whānui waitara o te rauemi, whakaaro whāinga me whakatau o te kaituhi, te tika o tetahi mōhiohio aroaro.

āhuatanga Reo: Morphology

āhuatanga morphological o kāhua pūtaiao:

1. I runga i te taumata wetereo mā te whakamahi i etahi momo o kupu me ngā kīanga, me te hanganga o te tono ki te hanga i tētahi oti'a o kuputuhi pūtaiao: tuhipoka e ... te mea te reira e ..., etc.

2. Verbs i roto i te horopaki o ngā tuhinga pūtaiao whiwhi tikanga mure ore, te whakatakiruatanga o. Ano whakamahia pai io momo o te wa hakari, me te mua. e kore e ratou whakarerekētanga tāpiri i tetahi "pikitia" te akiaki o te kōrero ranei, i runga i te anga ke - tohu ratou ki te tauira tītohunga whakaahuatia: te tuhipoka kaituhi, ngā ...; whai wāhi te reira ki te whāinga o whakaoti rapanga, me ētahi atu

3. Ko te matua tūmahi tia ore puka (tata ki 80%) kei te piri hoki ki te kuputuhi pūtaiao uara te whakatakiruatanga o. I roto i te tere pūmau whakamahia tūmahi perfective: titiro ki ...; tauira whakaatu etc. Whakamahia rite ngā puka o ta'engata-whaiaro, me te ihotaata ore ki te pa o te herenga tikanga ranei: ko te āhuatanga tuku ki ...; Me e taea ki te ...; e kore e ti'a ia tatou e wareware e pā ana ki ...

4. I roto i te uara whakamahi hāngū o ngā kupu mahi whakaata: ki te kia whakamatauria ...; ... faataa i roto i te taipitopito; raruraru āta whakaaro me etahi atu. hanga puka kupumahi taua reira taea ki te arotahi ki runga i te whakaahuatanga o te tukanga, te hanganga o te huarahi. Ko te taua uara i nga participles hāngū poto: EFINITIONS D hoatu ...; Ka taea te mau auau etc.

5. whakamahia hoki te kupu pūtaiao tūāhua poto pērā i: huru he angamaheni.

6. He āhuatanga angamaheni o te kupu pūtaiao ko te tūpou tatou, kua whakamahia hei utu o ahau. Tenei tikanga hua taua huru rite te kaituhi tāú, objectivity, Whānui: I roto i te akoranga o te rangahau, ka haere matou ki te mutunga ... (hei utu o: kua tae mai ahau ki te mutunga ...).

āhuatanga Reo: wetereo

kitea āhuatanga reo o te kāhua pūtaiao i roto i ngā o te hononga wetereo kupu ki te ara motuhake o whakaaro o te pūtaiao: hoahoa, whakamahia nei, he kūpapa me te ratou reo e. Te nuinga angamaheni ko te fariiraa kōpeketanga syntactic, kawea kōpeketanga i roto, no te te nui o kuputuhi i te whakanui ake i tona ihirangi mōhiohio me te tikanga o te tini. meatia tenei e te whakamahi i te hanga motuhake o ngā kīanga me ngā rerenga kōrero.

āhuatanga Syntactic o kāhua pūtaiao:

1. Ko te whakamahi o ngā kīanga attributive "noun + noun i roto i te take pūriro": te pākia e, te tere o te kōwae moni mo te tuuraki, me ētahi atu

2. whakamārama whakahuatia kupu āhua, whakamahia i roto i te tikanga o te wā: pūpū unconditioned, te tohu mārō, etc. arotake hītori.

3. Ko te kāhua pūtaiao (whakamāramatanga, tohenga, whakatau) te āhuatanga e te papaingoa hiato ki te kupu ingoa, te nuinga o ki nape kupumahi tuku iho: Tirohanga - ko te tukanga hinengaro taketake ...; Ine i implementations paerewa o te reo - tetahi o nga āhuatanga tino Tūrongo o kupu o te tamaiti. Tetahi noa "paparangi tātai" Ko te pūhui ki te participle papaingoa poto: Ka taea te whakamahi.

4. Adverbs rite tūkunga mahi ki ngā āhuatanga kounga āhuatanga o te tītohunga tūhuratia ranei: nui, ngā, fakalotoi, i roto i te ara hou; E āta tuhia enei katoa me ētahi atu ngā i roto i te pukapuka hītori ....

5. Ko te hanganga syntactic o rerenga faaite ihirangi ariā, na te paerewa mō te tuhituhi mātauranga he tuku complets he momo kōrero ki te hononga uniana i waenganui i ona wahi, kūpapa i roto i ngā o te kāhua ihirangi wetereo, me te tikanga normative o kupu: me mea ahau e zoopsychologists roa, pakeke, me te whakamātau ki te whakaako te tino matatau humanoid (makimaki mōhio) reo tangi. I roto i te hanganga rerenga matatini nuinga e te kotahi kaimahi: i waenganui i te feruriraa, me te reo, ko te pūnaha tuatahi takawaenga kōrerorero, i huaina nei ko te pūtake mahi o te kupu.

6. Ko te tūranga o ngā rerenga tūpātai - ki te utu whakarongo ki te rauemi i kīia, faaite whakapae me whakapae: Pea ko ahei o te reo tohu i te makimaki?

7. Ki tawhiti, Kei te whānui whakamahia rere āta ta'efakaetangata o ngā mōhiohio mō te ngā momo o rerenga ta'efakaetangata: ki te tūnga rite momo ngā auhoaraa (korero tupu, nga korero, etc.) ... ko te kupu fakamamafa'i te hiahia ki te hei fiefanongo whāinga, mahi i runga i mo o te hapori pūtaiao whānui .

8. I roto i te tikanga ki te utu causal whanaungatanga i waenganui i ngā tītohunga, i roto i te reo pūtaiao whakamahi rerenga matatini ki hononga coordinative me ngohengohe uniana. E mea pinepine i reira he conjunctions uaua:. E tika ana ki te meka e, ahakoa te meka e, e tika ana ki te meka e, no te mea, te mea, te mea, i, etc. hōrapa rerenga matatini ki izjasnitelnyh adventitious, attributive, ai, tikanga, te wā o te tūhuratanga.

tikanga o te kōrero i roto i te kuputuhi pūtaiao

āhuatanga kāhua Scientific o e te hunga i roto i te whakamahi motuhake o ngā rauemi reo, whakawhirinaki i runga i te anga ture o te reo e kore e anake, engari ano hoki i runga i te ture o arorau.

Na, ko reira arorau ki te whakapuaki i ō rātou whakaaro, te kairangahau me te whakamahi i te āhuatanga morphological o kāhua pūtaiao me taea syntactical ki hono nga wahi takitahi o tona tauākī. mahi tenei whakaaro e te momo o waihanga syntactic, rerenga matatini me te momo ngā o "kupu-topenga", haamaramarama wāhi, kīanga participle waha whakarārangitia me ētahi atu.

Tenei ko nga mea matua:

• rite o tetahi ari (rite ... rite ...);
• te whakamahi o honotanga rerenga kei roto atu mōhiohio e pā ana ki te korerotia i roto i te wahi matua;
• Kei roto hoki ngā kīanga participle-waha atu mōhiohio pūtaiao;
• kupu talateu me ngā kīanga, te hangahanga teka e whakamahia mō te kōrero i waenganui i te wae pū i roto i te rerenga kotahi, me mokowā kōwae;
• "Kupu-topenga" (hei tauira, i roto i te ara taua, na i roto i te wā, i roto i te mutunga, i roto i nga kupu atu, i kite ai matou) e whakamahia ana ki te whakatū i te hononga arorau i waenganui i nga wahi rerekē o te kuputuhi;
• kākahu o te rerenga e tika ana mō te whakawhitinga o ngā ariā arorau rite;
• whakamahi auau o te hanganga-whāiti, ōritetanga me te papû i te hanganga syntactic.

Na, kāhua pūtaiao, rawa kōrero e kua whakaaro matou - rawa he pūnaha pūmau, he uaua ki te huri i. Ahakoa o te whai wāhitanga whānui mō te pūnaha pūtaiao mahi, faaterehia e te ture o tuhinga pūtaiao tauturu i "te pupuri i te āhua."

Ko te reo me te kāhua o te kuputuhi pūtaiao rongonui

Whakaaturanga o te rauemi i roto i te tata tuhinga pūtaiao, me te rongonui ki te kūpapa, obscheliteraturnogo rite kaipānui tuku he meka rawa tīpakohia, āhuatanga ngā, whatiwhatinga o reconstructions hītori. Me kia wātea ki-tohunga kore te puka o te whakaaturanga o taua raraunga, reira, te whiriwhiri o rauemi, te pūnaha o te taunakitanga me te tauira, te tikanga o te whakaaturanga o te mōhiohio, me te te reo me te kāhua o te mahi e pā ana ki te tuhinga pūtaiao, me te rongonui, rerekē ahua i te kuputuhi pūtaiao tūturu.

Hei sioloto nga āhuatanga o te kāhua pūtaiao rongonui i roto i te rite ki te pūtaiao, ka taea e koe te whakamahi i te ripanga:

kāhua pūtaiao	kāhua Scientific-rongonui
Ko te kaituhi me te kaipānui - he rite mātau e pā ana ki te kaupapa o te kupu.	mahi te kaituhi rite te kaipānui tohunga - rite i te "ke".
He maha te nui o ngā kupu pūtaiao whānui, me te kupu formulations matatini me tohu.	faataa wātea ki te reo o te kaipānui, te hua matua, kahore kōrero te ngā.
kāhua kūpapa.	Present faaiteraa-waha.

Ko te tikanga rongonui rongonui he maha nga huarahi e whai ana ki te reo o te motu, engari ko nga ahuatanga o te mea motuhake e hoatu ana ki a ia e nga waahanga mahi o te whakamahinga o enei tikanga, nga waahanga o te whakaritenga o te tuhinga o taua mahi rangahau

Na, ko nga ahuatanga o te taiao hangarau he maatatai me te whakamahinga o te tuhinga, he raupapa whakahuatanga, he mihi ki te mea he "maroke" te kuputuhi me te tika, he maamaa mo te porohita whaiti o nga tohunga. Ko te tikanga rongonui rongonui ko te korero mo te ahua o te hangarau e kitea ana e te tokomaha o nga kaipānui me nga kairongo (he tata noa ki te matatini), na reira ka whakatata ki te tohu o te awe ki nga mahi o te toi me te ahua o te kaituhi.