Kaituhi American Dzhon Steynbek: A Biography

Dzhon Steynbek (USA) - tetahi o te tino rongonui kaituhi American o to tatou wa. Tona mahi, wahi o te ropi e novelists pera-ka karanga nui American o te rau tau 20, hoatu i runga i te par ki Hemingway me Faulkner. He momo o fakatupu tuhituhi Dzhona Steynbeka ngā 28 pūrākau me 45 ngā pukapuka, arā, o tuhinga, whakaari, kōrero poto, rātaka, nūpepa, me hōtuhi kiriata.

Dzhon Steynbek. tau o te ora

Ko te tupuna o te kaituhi i pakiaka Hurai, me te Tiamana, engari ko ia te putanga American o te ingoa o te ingoa taketake i roto i te German - Grossteynbek. I whanau Dzhon Steynbek i runga i February 27, 1902, i roto i te pa porowini iti o Salinas, California i roto i te United States. i runga i 20 mate ia i roto i 66 tau i roto i te 1968 Hakihea.

whānau

noho Future kaituhi American Dzhon Steynbek me tona hapu i roto i waenganui-moni me te i te whare e rua-papa ki te wahi i roto i te taonga, i roto i nei ako tamariki ki te mahi. John Ernst Steinbeck, Sr., tona papa, i mahi rite kaitiaki o te mahi tūmatanui, me tona whaea, ko Olivia Kirikiriroa i roto i te mua i te haapii. e toru tuahine a Hoani.

Dzhon Steynbek. Haurongo: he whakarāpopoto

I roto i te kōhungahunga i hanga e ia he pūāhua kaua uaua - motuhake me te whaiaro mea tohe ki. Mai i te kuao tau, ko te tino kaikaha i tuhituhinga te kaituhi heke mai Dzhon Steynbek, ahakoa tona mahi kura tika kāre. A i te wa o tona otinga i roto i te 1919, kua pae hopea ua faaoti ia ki te horo'ai tona ora, me te o te tuhituhi te whakarau. I roto i tenei riro ia te tautoko tonu o tona whaea, ko wai tautoko me ngā weriweri mo te tama a te pānui me te tuhituhi.

Ki etahi pōrearea, i roto i te wā i 1919 ki te 1925, i kuraina Dzhon Steynbek i University Stanford.

Ko te timatanga o te ara auaha

tamata Dzhon Steynbek, tona haurongo rite te kaituhi timata i roto i te waenganui 20-doma o te rau tau whakamutunga, i maha ngaio, a mahi me hēramana, a rite te taraiwa, me te kāmura, a tae noa rite te kaitiaki me te kaititiro. Here i awhina ia te kura mahi matua, traversed i tona tamarikitanga, i nui te awe tona outlook.

I te tuatahi mahi ia i roto i te mara o te rīpoata, a timata hohoro ana kōrero poto tuatahi ki te puta i roto i tā. tuatahi tuatahi o Steinbeck rite te kaituhi ka mau wahi i roto i 1929, i muri i neke ki San Francisco, i reira whakaputaina e ia tona mahi nui tuatahi - te pūrākau "Te Golden Bowl".

A iti i muri mai, te hua o "Tortilla Quarter Flat" - he whakaahuatanga arearea o te ora o kaimahi mau e noho i roto i nga maunga o County Monterey, tukua i roto i te tau 1935, ka kawea ia tona angitu tuatahi. Hoki te taua kōrero naturalistic kua reira kua whakaaetia e te fakaangá tuhituhi.

enei tau katoa, Dzhon Steynbek hua, me te tata tonu kua whai wāhi i roto i te hanga mahi hou. Kua i te tau 1937 ka kite ia i te whakaputanga o tona pūrākau hou "Mō kiore me te iwi", i muri i tīmata te fakaangá me te hapori tuhituhi korero e pā ana ki a ia rite te kaituhi nui.

Tona taitara a te tino mahi - "Ko te karepe o te riri" - he pukapuka e parau mai te aamu e pā ana ki te wā e taui te hopea o te whenua i roto i te 30raa. meinga e ia he pororaru nui i roto i ngā porowhita pāpori, haere tawhiti tua atu i te ao tuhituhi. kihai World faaino i noho tau'a ore a kowaowaotia urupare pai e pā ana ki te pūrākau, i ko tau kotahi i runga i te rārangi bestseller mō te rua tau. riro Dzhon Steynbek pukapuka i te katoa i runga i te ao, i roto i nei te maha ngā tautohe "nga karepe o te riri." utua Hollywood ano whakarongo ki te taua mahi nui-kōtaha, ka hanga kaiwhakahaere Dzhon Ford tona urutaunga i roto i te tau 1940. Te kiriata, tukua i runga i te pūrākau e Dzhona Steynbeka, ko waihoki rongonui, kua maiohatia e fakaangá kiriata me riro te "Oscar" i roto i te rua kōharinga. Me kï hoki, kihai i reira te paetae taua whakamutunga. Kiriata whakaturia i roto i te pukapuka o te kaituhi, a muri mai i te angitu nui.

Huamo rongo e kore e aukati i te mahi hua atu o te kaituhi American. Kua i roto i 1947 lau te ao katoa te pukapuka "Russian Diary", arā, o tuhinga haere me parau te aamu o te haerenga Steinbeck ki te USSR, me ki photojournalist Robert Capa. Ahakoa te meka e kua puta te hua i roto i te timatanga o te Pakanga Cold i waenganui i te United States me te Soviet Union me te aroraa tipu i waenganui i nga whenua e rua, puta noa i ua te pukapuka faatura tūmatanui mō te Soviet Union, engari ano hoki i roto i ona kōrero koi me te hōhonu e pā ana ki te tukanga e rere Na i roto i te āhua totalitarian .

John Steinbeck haurongo (poto), whakaahuatia nei i roto i tenei tuhinga, i roto i te tua ki te mahi i roto i te mara o te tuhinga he tonu mātātoa te whai wāhi me ngā mahi pāpori. tautoko ia tona hoa Democrat Ararai Stevenson, e puritia antikonservativnyh mana'oo, tango wahi i roto i te pōtitanga peresideniraa o 1952 me 1956.

Muri ona pokohiwi, me te whai wāhitanga tika i roto i te mau ohipa i roto i Vietnam, haere wahi ia ki te uru raau no te ono wiki rite te kaituhi whawhai.

Takahi ana hopearaa hauora e āhuatanga mahi nui, me te matatini whakahaere e te kaituhi i roto i te tau 1967. I muri, i muri i te maha o whakaeke ngakau, ka mate-tau 66-tau Dzhon Steynbek i 1968.

Tona ingoa ngā te i roto i te California Hall o Rongonui i roto i te tau 2007 i roto i te mau tautooraa o Gov. Arnolda Shvartseneggera.

Journey ki te Soviet Union

Ko te haere ki te kaituhi Soviet Union haere a Dzhon Steynbek i 1947, tahi e tona Robert Capa - photographer matau me te ariki o te whakaahua. i whiriwhiria Time ki te haere femo'uekina, engari i te wa ano fakaafe'i te kaituhi e tika ana ki papā rongo e pā ana ki te USSR me i te USSR.

Kua haere 2 anake tau mai taua momeniti ka mutu II 'a Māmaní, ka roa hoki te tau Cold War ki te United States - he rite ki te waiho hoariri kawa tenei ra hoa o inanahi.

Whenua āta mai ki te ora, i nga rauemi hōia o te kaha hou riro, e haere ana tonu te korero e pā ana ki tona hōtaka karihi, me te whanaketanga o nga superpowers me te Stalin nui me katoa te titiro tahuti ore. Matapae e pā ana ki te aha e mutu tenei "kēmu", kahore i.

Hiahia ki te haere ki te Soviet Union whai wāhi ki te whakaaro o te pukapuka i mua nei, i haere mai ki te kaituhi me tana hoa, te kaitango whakaahua Robert Capa i New York no te te aparauraa o te mahi tahi tauira hou i roto i te pae, "Bedford" hotel i roto i 1947.

ka mea a Steinbeck Capa te Soviet Union e tuhituhi tonu pinepine o niupepa, e mau ia ra tata katoa hoki te maha tuhinga. Ko te take i whakaarahia i roto i nga tuhinga, whakatangi rite tenei: "He aha whakaaro Stalin aha e nga mahere o te General kaimahi o Russia, me te wahi o ratou ropu i te mea wāhanga o te whanaketanga whakamātautau o te poma ngota me te missiles irirangi-te mana ???". I roto i tenei Steinbeck katoa kino ia e kua oti te tuhituhi enei rauemi katoa e te tangata e kore i roto i te Soviet Union, a ko reira pea i reira tonu ka e. A e pā ana ki o ratou puna o ngā mōhiohio, e kore e kupu e haere.

Na i aku hoa te whakaaro e tino kua i te Union he rota o te mea te whānui ta kahore, a kahore noa hiahia. A i konei ko ratou kua hiahia i roto i te wahi tuatahi,, i reira nga pātai: "He aha e te iwi i roto i Lūsia ki ta ratou kai, ka pehea ki te tunu E whai ratou he rōpū, kanikani ratou, tākaro Me pēhea te ki te aroha me te mate Russian aha ta ratou kōrero ki ia ???? atu? i reira he ranei nga tamariki Russian ki te kura? ".

faaoti ratou e e te mea pai ki te kitea i roto i tenei katoa ka tuhituhi e pā ana ki reira. lelei pahono kaiwhakaputa ki te mahere hou o hoa, me i te raumati o 1947, he haerenga ki te USSR, te wahi i te ara e whai ake: Moscow, na Stalingrad, Ukraine ko Georgia.

Ko te whakaaro o te haerenga ko ki te tuhituhi me te korero i nga Ameliká e pā ana ki te iwi Soviet tūturu me aha ratou tino e.

I roto i aua tau i reira i roto i te Soviet Union i whakaaro ai he merekara, engari Steinbeck ko Capa, e kore anake kia i Russia, engari kua ara riro ratou whakaaetanga ki te tirotiro i Ukraine ko Georgia. A, no te mahue i te rīpene e kore e tata e pa, i he ano hoki maere mo te wa. Ka mau anake rautaki nui i roto i ngā o ratonga motuhake, whakaaro, koperea atu o te waka rererangi, heoi kihai i pa ki te mea tino nui mo te kaituhi - whakaahua o iwi.

I waenganui i hoa, i reira ko te kawenata e kore ratou e ui mo taua mea i roto i te whenua ke, me te pakeke, ka ngana ki te kia whāinga - e kore e ki te anganga ake, engari i te wa ano, me te kore ki te whai wāhi i roto i te faaino Russian, a kore e whakarongo ki te taero Soviet me kore ki te ariu tini katoa mau fifi. Ua hinaaro ratou ki te tuhituhi i te rauemi faitotonu, i roto i nei i reira e kia kore kōrero whakatau ranei a i rite mo te meka e fehangahangai ratou ki te tahi mea e kore e ratou matau kino ranei a taea meinga he rota o te raruraru. Ki te rite taea te kitea i roto i tetahi atu whenua i roto i te ao.

whakaputaina te hua o te haerenga ki te Soviet Union i roto i tau 1948 i te pukapuka o tuhinga roa "Russian Diary" parau te aamu o ngā kitenga o te kaituhi o te ora o te iwi o te Soviet Union o taua wa: me pehea ki te mahi, me pehea ratou i ora ai, kia rite ki te era atu, a he aha i roto i te Union pera wehi taonga.

Na e kore e te puoru te pukapuka ranei i roto i Amerika, e kore i roto i Russia. whakaaro Ameliká reira pai rawa, a kihai i te Russian rite whakaahuatanga kino rawa o te ora o ratou whenua, me ona tangata. Ko mo te hunga e hiahia ana ki te mohio e pā ana ki te Soviet Union me te ora i roto i reira, ka hanga i te pukapuka ahuareka pānui me te wāhi tuhituhi, me te taketake o te tirohanga.

rārangi pukapuka

no Peru ki mahi faahiahia maha John Steinbeck o e kua meinga Talafungani o te ao tuhituhi me te bestsellers mohio i roto i ngā momo.

Ko te pai mōhiotia ko:

pukapuka:

• "Ko e Bowl Golden";

• "Tortilla Flat";

• "Ngaro te pahi";

• "Te Tai Rāwhiti o Erene";

• "Karepe o te riri";

• "Cannery Haupae";

• "Ko te hotoke o to tatou riri."

kōrero:

• "O kiore me nga tangata";

• "Pearl".

Prose Nonfiction:

• "Haere ki Charley";

• "Russian Diary".

Collections o kōrero poto:

• "Valley roa";

• "Wahi kai Pararaiha";

• "Chrysanthemums".

I tua atu ki tuhi mahi i tuhituhia e John Steinbeck 2 screenplay:

• "Viva Zapata";

• "Whakarere Village".

Ko te korukī tino rongonui

Mai e tino paingia ana Steinbeck mahi katoa i runga i te ao, e kore te mea te reira faka'ohovale e etahi o nga kīanga o ana pukapuka ka korukī rongonui, te rongonui tino o e e rārangi ana i raro, a tino ka mea mōhio.

Mai i te pūrākau "Te Tai Rāwhiti o Erene":

• "Here i te wahine, ko te tata mutu."

• "A, no te ta te tangata e kore ia e hiahia ana te tahi mea ki te mahara, te reira te tikanga tikanga e ko te reira anake e pā ana ki tetahi, me te whakaaro."

• "Me mahara tatou tonu te mate, me te ngana ki te ora na e kore matou e mate ki te tangata whakaora pai."

• "Ētahi wā ai te pono tika he mamae koi, engari haere atu te mamae, i te motu whakapangia e te teka, festers me e kore e whakaora."

Mai i te pūrākau "te hotoke o to tatou te riri":

• "Ahau ki te mana'o faingata'a e i ahau he whewhe o te wairua ara ake."

• "A he aha e inoino koutou e, mea, iwi whakaaro kino o koutou? Ae, e kore e whakaaro ratou o koutou ".

• "Ko te ara pai ki te huna ratou mana'o turai tūturu - te korero i te pono."

• "Hei ora - e te tikanga whakamahau ki pokapoka."

Mai i "Te karepe o riri" o te pūrākau:

• "Ki te whai koe i te raruraru, ki te he koe i roto i te hiahia, ki te e hara koe - haere ki te hunga rawakore. ratou anake e taea te āwhina, tangata atu. "

Mai i te pūrākau "pahi ngaro":

• "He kore reira ke e whakataetae wahine mo te tangata, e kore e ara hiahia ratou?".

Mai i te pūrākau "Tortilla Flat":

• "Ko te wairua, ahei o te pai rahi, pakari me te kino nui."

• "Kei te tata rite nga◊i ia te ahiahi rite tata koroheketanga te tangata fiefia."

He urutaunga mata o te pukapuka

He maha ngā mahi tuhi o Steinbeck i te taua angitu nui i ngā te aro o te ahumahi kiriata, me te Hollywood kua kiriata. i kiriata wāhanga o te kiriata, ka anō tukatuka-mo te whare tapere.

• "O kiore me tangata" - te urutaunga tuatahi kiriata i roto i 1939, me te ano i roto i te tau 1992;

• "Karepe o riri" - i roto i te 1940;

• "Quarter Flat Tortilla" - i roto i te 1942;

• "Pearl" - i roto i te 1947;

• "Te Tai Rāwhiti o Erene" - i roto i te 1955;

• "Ngaro Bus" - i roto i te 1957;

• "Cannery Haupae" - te mata i roto i te tau 1982, he hanga tapere - i roto i te 1995.

taonga

Kua Steinbeck mo tona mahi tuhituhi kua tohua e rave rahi taime mo nga tohu tino nui i roto i te mara o te tuhituhi auaha.

I roto i te 1940, mo tona pūrākau tino rongonui "te karepe o te riri", e te parau e pā ana ki te ora o kaimahi, kaimahi wā, riro te kaituhi te Pulitzer paraihe.

I te tau 1962 ka whakawhiwhia ia ki te komiti Nobel, a riro te tohu o te taua ingoa ki te kōrero e whai ake: ". Hoki he mea homai kiko, me te whiti mo te huinga pai o te arearea, me te tirohanga pāpori nui o te ao"

te ora Whaiaro me tamariki

Dzhon Steynbek, nei whaiaro ora kei te puta rawa kaha, i marenatia etahi wa mo te ora.

Kua i timata ki te kia whakaputaina, te tuatahi marenatia ia i te tau o 28 tau Kerol Henning, te mōhio ki i orua ki te wā o tona mahi rite te kaitutei i te wheketere ika. 11 nga tau roa te faaipoiporaa, a ahakoa te meka e kua tautoko tonu Carol, a haere tahi tana tane i roto i to'na mau tere, āta timata ratou hononga ki te ma'ihia, a whakarerea ana e ratou i roto i 1941. He nga hau e ko te take mo te whakakorenga o ratou faaipoiporaa te kore o ngā tamariki.

wahine tuarua a Steinbeck ko te kaitapere wahine me te kaiwaiata Gwendolyn Conger, i hanga e ia he tuku i te 5 o nga ra o to tatou mohio i roto i te 1943. roa te faaipoiporaa i te iti roa, tika 5 tau, engari i tenei uniana a ratou tokorua nga tama - Tomas Mayls, i whanau i roto i te 1944, ko Hoani i roto i 1946.

Whakaminenga ki te kaitapere me te whakaari kaiwhakahaere Eleyn Skott i waenganui-1949, i runga i te faaipoiporaa tuatoru Steinbeck i Hakihea 1950. Ahakoa te meka e i roto i te faaipoiporaa e kore ratou e puta tamariki noa, noho Elaine wahine o te kaituhi ki tona mate i te 1968. mate ia ia i roto i te tau 2003. Elaine a Dzhon Steynbek (whakaahua whānau aroaro nei i raro nei) e tanumia tahi i roto i tona whenua, i roto i Salinas.

Tama a Tōmasí Mayls Steinbeck aru i nga tapuwae o te papa rongonui a meinga ana ia hei kairīpoata, screenwriter me te kaituhi. Tae noa 2008, i tangohia e ia ko tana tamahine Blake Smile, Dzhona Steynbeka mokopuna, o mana ture ki nga mahi o tona papa, me te papa ruau. ora inaianei ia i roto i California ki tana wahine.

E te tama John IV (tuawha) iti mohiotia te. mahi Dzhon Steynbek i te Army US i Vietnam. mate ia i roto i te 1991.