Ketones: ngā āhuatanga matū me te faaotiraa

matū waro - ko te tino uaua, engari ngā te pūtaiao. No te mea pūhui o te taua āhuatanga i roto i te tau raupapa rerekē, me te whakatairanga i te hanganga o ngā tūmomo āhuatanga matū. Kia whakaaro tatou te pūhui he rōpū carbonyl i huaina "ketones" (ngā āhuatanga matū, āhuatanga tinana, tikanga o ratou kōtuitanga). A ki te whakarite ia ratou ki ētahi atu matū o te ahua kotahi - aldehydes.

ketones

Tenei kupu Ko te ingoa noa mō te piha haapiiraa o te āhua waro o matū, rāpoi o nei hono te rōpū carbonyl (C = e) Kei te ki Radicals waro rua.

E ai ki tona hanganga rite ki aldehydes ketones me ngā waikawa. Heoi, he ratou hakari i kotahi rua ngota C (waro waro ranei) hono ki C = O.

tātai

Ko te tātai whānui mō tenei piha haapiiraa o pūhui ko e whai ake: R ₁ -CO-R _2.

Ki te hanga te reira mahinongofua atu, rite ki te tikanga, te reira te pera i tuhituhia.

Te reira i C = e - ko te rōpū carbonyl. He _{1 me te} R R ₂ - he Radicals waro. I roto i to ratou wahi kia pūhui rerekē, engari me waiho ratou hanganga waro.

Aldehydes me ketones

E tino rite ki tetahi ki tetahi āhuatanga tinana, me te matū o enei rōpū o matū. Hoki tenei take, kei te maha ratou whakaaro tahi.

Ko te meka e roto i hoki nga aldehydes he rōpū carbonyl i roto i o ratou rāpoi ngota. Ratou ara ki ketones o te tātai tino rite. Heoi, ki te te matū C = e piri ki te rua Radicals na te hāparo-tahi, ko te kotahi anake, hei utu o te tuarua - o Hauwai ngota: R-CO-H.

Ka rite ki te tauira, te tātai o tenei piha o matū - formaldehyde, katoa te atu fakaofo rite rokiroki.

I runga i te tātai CH ₂ E, kua kite te reira e kore te tona rōpū carbonyl e pā ana ki kotahi engari ki e rua ngota N.

ngā āhuatanga ōkiko

I mua i tatou mahi ki nga āhuatanga matū o aldehydes me ketones, kia whakaaro ratou āhuatanga tinana.

• Ketones - he totoka iti-rewa wai ki pähekeheke ranei. Ko nga mema o raro o tenei piha tino rewa i roto i te H ₂ E a tali pai ki whakarewa organic.
  māngai takitahi (hei tauira CH ₃ COCH ₃₎ noatia wairewa i roto i te wai, a tino i roto i tetahi ōwehenga.
  I roto i te rerekē ki te waipiro me ngā waikawa, ketones i te pähekeheke nui ki te taimaha rāpoi taua. whai wāhi ana tēnei ki te ngoikore o enei pūhui ki te waihanga i tētahi hononga ki H, rite kia H-CO-R.
• momo rerekē o aldehydes taea e i roto i ngā āhua o te whakawhāititanga. Mai teitei R-CO-H - ko reira totoka rewakore. Raro - he wai, wahi o nei i konatunatua te ki H pai ₂ E, engari anake e wairewa i roto i te wai etahi o ratou, engari e kore ake.
  Ko te māmā o tenei momo o matū - hāparo-tahi formic - he hau e te mea moku, kakara titohea. Ko te pai wairewa i roto i H ₂ O. tēnei rauemi

Ko te ketones tino pai-mohiotia

He maha matū R ₁ -CO-R _2, Heoi, pai-mohiotia o ratou e kore e pera nui. Ko te matua tenei dimethyl ketone, e mohio ana tatou katoa rite hauwaiwaro. Ano e whakarewa tona hoa - butanone ranei kia rite ki te tika kiia ai - methylethylketone.

I roto i te tahi atu ketones, āhuatanga matū e whānui i whakamahia i roto i te ahumahi - acetophenone (metilfenilketon). Haunga te hauwaiwaro me butanone, ko tino ahuareka te haunga, i te mea te mea whakamahia aha i roto i te mea kakara.

Hei tauira, pā cyclohexanone ki māngai angamaheni R ₁ -CO-R _2, me te tino maha e whakamahia ana i roto i te hanga o ngā whakarewa.

E kore e ki te whakahua i te diketones. he taitara taua ko R ₁ -CO-R _2, i roto i nei kore tetahi engari e rua ngā rōpū carbonyl i roto i te hanganga. Ko te kupu, ratou tātai ko: R ₁ -CO-CO-R _2. Ko tētahi o te kuware tino, engari nuitia whakamahia i roto i te ahumahi kai, ko te māngai diketones, diacetyl (2.3-butanedione).

Ēnei matū - ko reira he rārangi iti noa o pūtaiao synthesized ketones (e kōrero te āhuatanga matū i raro). I roto i te meka, i reira e ake, engari i kitea e kore tono katoa. Ko te atu ko reira utu whakaaro e tokomaha o ratou e paitini.

Ko te āhuatanga matū o ketones

E taea e ki te tauhohe ki ngā matū matū o tenei kāwai. Ko tenei he aha te mea o ratou āhuatanga matū motuhake.

• E taea e ki te tāpiri ratou ki H (hydrogenation tauhohenga) Ketones. Heoi, hoki te hua o tenei tauhohenga titau te aroaro o kaiwhakakökï i te puka o ngā ngota whakarewa o nika, konukurahina, Cuprum, konukawata, palladium, me ētahi atu. Tauhohenga R ₁ -CO-R ₂ whanake ki waiwaihā tuarua.
  Hoki, mā te tauhohe i roto i te aroaro o te amalgam whakarewa alkali hydrogenous ranei glycols Mg e whiwhi i ketones.
• Ketones he i te iti rawa kia kotahi ngota alpha-hydrogenic ahu ki hinga ki raro i te mana o keto-enol tautomerization. Kei te catalyzed reira e kore anake e tikanga o te waikawa, engari ano hoki nga taketake. Tikanga, te puka keto ko te āhuatanga ake kainga ratou i te enol. hanga ana tēnei taurite reira taea ki te synthesize te ketones mā te hydrating alkynes. Pātahi puka stabilization enol-keto o te conjugation arata'i ki te R kawatanga kaua kaha ₁ -CO-R ₂ (ka rite ki waiwaro tahi).
• Ka taea e ēnei matū tomo ki te tauhohenga ki te haukini. Heoi, puta ratou rawa āta.
• tauhohe Ketones ki te waikawa hydrocyanic. Nā tēnei, i roto i te α-oksinitrily, saponification e whakatairanga takanga α-hydroxyacids.
• Tāurunga ki te tauhohe ki halides alkylmagnesium arata'i ki te hanganga o waiwaihā tuarua.
• Hono NaHSO ₃ whai wāhi ki te gidrosulfitnyh (bisulfite) pärönaki. Ko reira utu te haamana'oraa e i roto i te tauhohenga i roto i te raupapa fatty e taea anake ki te tomo ketones methyl.
  I tua atu ki ketones, rite ariu ki te konutai hydrosulphite me kia aldehydes.
  A, no te tahu ki te otinga o te NaHCO ₃ (tunu houra) he waikawa kohuke ranei, pärönaki o NaHSO ₃ kia hanehane tahi e te tuku o te ketone free.
• I roto i te tauhohe, R ₁ -CO-R ₂ ki NH ₂ OH (hydroxylamine) me ketoximes i hanga rite te byproduct - H ₂ O.
• I roto i te tauhohe e pā ana hydrazine i hanga hydrazones (ōwehenga o te taonga ngā - 1: 1) azines ranei (1: 2).
  Ki te te riro e tika ana ki te hua tauhohe (hydrazone) i raro i te mana o e ariu ki te konurehu waihā pāmahana, me N tu saturates. huaina ana tēnei tukanga ko Kishner tauhohenga.
• Ka rite ki kua whakahuatia i runga ake, aldehydes me ketones me ngā āhuatanga matū, me te whai tukanga tangohanga rite. Ko te kupu acetals R ₁ -CO-R ₂ puka atu matatini atu acetals R-CO-H. puta ratou rite ki te hua o ketones ki hākawa me te waikawa orthosilicic orthoformic.
• I roto i te taiao ki te nohanga teitei o kawakore (hei tauira, mā te whakawera ki H₂SO₄ takiwa) R ₁ -CO-R ₂ e waiho i raro ki te maroketanga intermolecular ki te hanga i ketones hamanga.
• Ki te kei te tauhohenga ki te R ₁ -CO-R ₂ alkali, mamae ketones aldol tōhau. Nō reira, ko te waiwaihā β-keto i hanga e taea ngaro ngāwari te rāpoi ngota o te H ₂ O.
• Tino faaite mai āhuatanga matū nui ratou i roto i tauira ketones hauwaiwaro ähua ki mesityl waikura. I roto i te take i taua, he rauemi hou i huaina "phorone".
• Hoki ngā āhuatanga matū o te taonga waro ngā Leuckart-Wallach tauhohenga, e whai wāhi ana ki te whakaiti o ketones.

Nā ki te hoatu R1-CO-R2

Ka familiarized ki te āhuatanga o te matū i roto i te pātai, he mea e tika ana ki te mohio te tikanga tino noa mō ratou te kōtuitanga.

• Ko tētahi o nga tauhohe tino pai-mohiotia hoki te faaineineraa o ketones ko te alkylation me acylation o pūhui kakara i roto i te aroaro o kaiwhakakökï waikawa (AlCl _3, FeCI _3, waikawa kohuke, waikura, resins utu te māraa, me te rite). mohiotia tenei tikanga te rite te tauhohe Friedel-Crafts.
• E synthesized e ketimines paparetanga me Vic-diol Ketones. I roto i te take o te muri titau te aroaro o te waikawa kohuke rite te whakakōkī.
• Kei te whakamahia hoki te reira ki te whakaputa i ketones homolog o Hydration acetylene rite huaina ai ko ranei - te tauhohenga Kucherov.
• Tauhohenga Guben-Gesha.
• Cyclization Ruzicka e tika ana mō te kōtuitanga tsikloketonov.
• Ano, te raraunga rawa keri i peroksoefirov wānanga mā te whakamahi i Kriege whakatikatika.
• He maha ngā tikanga mo te kōtuitui o ketones i roto i ngā tauhohenga piti hāora o waiwaihā tuarua. Tei runga i te pūhui hohe e 4 tauhohe: Swern Kornblum, Corey-Kim me Parikh-Doering.

Scope

Ka mahi ki nga āhuatanga matū me hua kia mohio ketones te wahi e whakamahia hoki enei matū.

Ka rite ki whakahuatia i runga ake, whakamahia te nuinga o ratou e i roto i te ahumahi matū rite whakarewa mo lacquers, enamels, me rite i roto i te hanga o waerau.

I roto i te tua, etahi R ₁ -CO-R ₂ pai kï rite flavorings. Ka rite ki taua, ketones (benzophenone, acetophenone, me ētahi atu) e whakamahia i roto i te mea kakara, me te tunu kai.

Hoki acetophenone whakamahia rite te wāhanga mo te hanga o te moe pire.

Benzophenone, e tika ana ki tona kaha ki te takanga mai radiation kino - ko te whakauru noa i roto i poke, me te antizagarnoy wā kotahi rokiroki.

Pānga R1-CO-R2 ki te tinana

Ako e hoki pūhui huaina ketones (ngā āhuatanga matū, tono, ariā, me ētahi atu raraunga e pā ana ki a ratou), he mea e tika ana ki te kia maheni ki nga āhuatanga koiora o ēnei matū. I roto i te mau parau te tahi atu, ki te mohio pehea te mahi ratou i runga i kaiao ora.

Ahakoa te whakamahi tika auau o R ₁ -CO-R ₂ i roto i te ahumahi, he mea e tika ana i nga wa katoa ki te mahara e he tino paitini taua pūhui. He tokomaha o ratou e carcinogenic me mutagenic.

E taea e ki te meinga ritenga ki te kiriuhi mucous, tae noa weranga māngai Motuhake. Alicyclic R ₁ -CO-R ₂ Ka taea e pā te tinana rite taero.

Heoi, e kore e kino matū katoa o tenei momo. Ko te take i etahi o ratou e whai wāhi i roto i te pākia o kaiao koiora.

Ketones - he tohu disorders waro pākia me taiāki hē ahurei. I roto i te tātari o te mimi me te toto aroaro o R ₁ -CO-R ₂ tohu ngā disorders pūkoro, tae atu Hyperglycemia me ketoacidosis.