Ko te memehatanga o te parahi i roto i te wai me ngā waikawa

Ko te pūtake o te ngā āhuatanga matū o te nuinga o ngā āhuatanga ko to ratou kaha ki te tareka i roto i te reo wai me ngā waikawa. Ako o ngā āhuatanga e pā ana ki te iti pānga parahi kaha i raro i ngā āhuatanga noa. He āhuatanga o ona tukanga matū ko te hanganga o ngā pūhui ki te haukini, mēkuri, hauota me te waikawa pungatara. e kore e taea ki te meinga tukanga waikura iti memehatanga parahi i roto i te wai. S tūturu āhuatanga matū motuhake, tuku ki te whakamahi i te pūhui i roto i ngā ahumahi.

Whakaahuatanga huānga

whakaaro konukura te te matamua o te konganuku, i ako pehea ki te hanga iwi atu BC. rite tēnei rauemi i ngā mātāpuna taiao i roto i te puka o te ore. Parahi-ka karanga tepu huānga matū ki te cuprum ingoa Latin, tona raupapa tau he rite ki te 29. I roto i te pūnaha wā, kua tū te reira i roto i te wha o nga wā me no ki te rōpū tuatahi.

taonga Natural Ko te whakarewa taimaha māwhero-whero ki te hanganga ngohengohe me te ngohengohe. Ko te pāmahana o ona ngā koropupu me te rewa - 1000 ° C. Ko reira he pēne pai.

Ko te hanganga matū me ngā āhuatanga

Ki te tirohia e koe i te tātai hiko o te ngota parahi, he mea ka taea ki te kitea e te mea 4 taumata. I runga i te honohono, 4s-orbital he kotahi anake irahiko. I roto i kia kia piri tauhohe matū i te ngota o te 1 ki te 3 matūriki tōraro i ako, ka te pūhui parahi whiwhi i roto i te piti hāora kāwanatanga +3, +2, +1. He rahi ona pärönaki pūmautanga divalent.

I roto i te tauhohe matū, mahi reira rite te whakarewa iti-mahi. I raro i ngā āhuatanga noa o te memehatanga parahi i roto i te wai kei te ngaro. I roto i te hau te waikura maroke kore e kitea, engari na te para i te mata whakarewa pani ki te urukehu mangu o te waikura ferrous. whakakitea ātete matū o te parahi e te mahi o anhydrous maha hau waro o ngā pūhui matū waro, resins phenol, me waiwaihā. Kei te āhuatanga i te reira e te tauhohe o complexation ki te tuku o pūhui tae. Konukura he hunaonga iti ki te rōpū whakarewa alkali herea ki te hanga i te maha o pärönaki o monovalent.

He aha te mea memehatanga?

Tenei tukanga o te hanganga o te pūnaha ōrite i roto i te puka o rongoā mā te tauhohe i kotahi pūhui ki ētahi atu matū. Ratou wae he rāpoi takitahi, ngota, katote, me te tahi atu matūriki. whakaritea te tohu o te memehatanga e te kukū o te taonga, i i rewa i roto i te faaineineraa o te otinga kukū.

tino maha ōrau te wae o te ine, rōrahi taimaha ranei hautau. Ko te memehatanga o te parahi i roto i te wai, i te tahi atu pūhui rite ahua totoka, ngohengohe anake ki huringa i roto i ngā āhuatanga pāmahana. Ua faaite tēnei hononga e te ānau. Ki te he iti rawa te ahua, whakaaro te taonga kei te ki kia rewa.

Ko te memehatanga o te parahi i roto i te reo wai

Metal whakaaturia waikura ātete i raro i te mahi o te vairaa pape. haapapu tenei tona inertness i roto i ngā āhuatanga noa. Ko te memehatanga o te parahi i roto i te wai (hou) e kore e whakaritea e kitea. Otiia i roto i te taiao mākū me te i raro i te pānga o te hauhā i runga i te mata whakarewa e hanga e rïpene matomato i te mea he pākawa waro taketake:

Cu + cu + e ₂ + H ₂ E + CO ₂ → Cu (OH) ₂ · Cuco _2.

Ki te whakaaro tatou tona pūhui monovalent rite te tote, kua kitea reira ratou whakakorenga iti. E ngohengohe ana ki te hāora tere taua rauemi. Ko te hua ko te pūhui parahi divalent. Ēnei tai i memehatanga pai i roto i te pāpāho waiwai. Ko ratou dissociation oti ki katote.

waikawa memehatanga

Tikanga tikanga tauhohe percolation parahi ki waikawa ngoikore diluted ranei e kore e whai wāhi ki ō rātou taunekeneke. Kua kahore tukanga matū whakarewa ki kawakore. Ko te memehatanga o te parahi i roto i te waikawa e taea, ki te he ratou āpiha oxidizing kaha. Anake i roto i tenei take, e te pāhekoheko wahi.

Ko te memehatanga o te parahi i roto i te waikawa hauota

Ko te taea tenei tauhohenga e tika ana ki te meka i reira ko te kaiwhakahohe whakarewa pitihāoratanga kaha. waikawa hauota diluted i roto i te puka kukū, me te whakaaturia ngā āhuatanga ki te whakakāhoretanga oxidative o parahi.

I roto i te whakatinanatanga tuatahi whiwhi te i roto i te tauhohe o te konukura pākawa me ōkai hauota bivalent i te ōwehenga o 75% ki te 25%. Tukanga ki te waikawa memeha hauota e taea te whakaahuatia e te whārite e whai ake:

8HNO ₃ + 3Cu → 3Cu (KORE _{3) 2} + KORE + KORE + 4H ₂ O.

I roto i te take tuarua, he pākawa parahi, me te hauota waikura divalent me tetravalent nei ōwehenga o te 1 ki te 1. tenei tukanga, ka uru 1 kamiriona o whakarewa me te 3 kiore o te waikawa hauota takiwa. Ki runga ki te whakakāhoretanga o te parahi, ko te whakawera kaha o te otinga, hua i roto i te whāwehe waiariki o te piti puta me te ora rōrahi atu o waikura hauota:

4HNO ₃ + Cu → Cu (KORE _{3) 2} + KORE ₂ + KORE ₂ + 2H ₂ O.

Te tauhohenga e whakamahia ana i roto i te production-tauine iti, e pā ana ki te tukatuka o mau tango paninga ururua ranei. Heoi, he tikanga taua o memeha parahi he maha o huakore e pā ana ki te tuku o nui o te waikura hauota kua. Hei hopu e haamou i ratou ranei titau taputapu motuhake. He tino utu enei tukanga.

whakaaro parahi whakakorenga te oti, ka reira te mea he ngata tino o te hanga o te waikura hauota ahua. pae te pāmahana tauhohenga i 60 ki te 70 ° C. Ko te mahi i muri mai ko te tukupu o te otinga o te piere matū. I te raro i reira he wahi iti o te whakarewa e kore i nei tali. Ki te wai hua i honoa mai te wai, me te kawea filtration i roto.

Memehatanga i roto i te waikawa pungatara

Te tikanga e kore e tenei tauhohenga puta. Tokoingoa whakakorenga parahi i roto i te waikawa pungatara, ko reira he kukū kaha. e kore e taea e reo diluted oxidize whakarewa. Tuhinga o parahi i roto i te waikawa pungatara kukū puta ki te tuku o te ngāwhā.

Ko te tukanga whakahuatia e te whārite e whai ake:

Cu + H ₂ SO ₄ + H ₂ SO ₄ → CuSO ₄ + 2H ₂ E + SO _2.

Ko te āhuatanga o te konukura pākawa ngāwhā

ka karanga hoki te tote dibasic pūkawa, tautapa reira rite: CuSO _4. Ko te taonga, kahore tetahi kakara āhuatanga, faaite kahore pähekeheke. Ko te ahua anhydrous o te tote e kore te tae, he reira puatakore, he hygroscopicity tiketike. I roto i te parahi (pūkawa ngāwha) memehatanga pai. rāpoi Water, kia hanga i hono tai pūhui hydrate, tioata. He tauira ko te pūkawa o parahi, i te mea puru topotecan. Ko tōna tātai: CuSO ₄ · 5H ₂ O.

Tioata hydrate tūturu kauruku he kikorangi hanganga mārama, whakaatu ratou te kawa, reka konganuku. Rāpoi ngota e taea ngaro ratou wai ngā wā. I roto i te natura, i kitea i roto i te puka o kohuke, e ngā chalcanthite me butit.

Kitea pūkawa parahi. Memehatanga Ko te tauhohenga putawera. hangaia he nui nui o te wera i roto i te tukanga o Mariao hydration.

Ko te memehatanga o te parahi i roto i te rino

Ka rite ki te hua o tenei tukanga pseudoalloys i hanga o Fe ko Cu. Ki te rino konganuku me te parahi taea te iti memehatanga tahi. E kitea Mōrahi o ona uara i roto i te tohu pāmahana 1099,85 ° C. He rite ki te 8.5% te rino te tohu o te parahi memehatanga i roto i te puka mārō. He tohu iti enei. Tuhinga o rino konganuku i roto i te puka totoka o te parahi, ko te pā ana ki 4.2%.

E tukupu ana te pāmahana ki uara rūma hanga tukanga tahi iti. A, no te rewa parahi whakarewa, he reira e taea ki te maku pai te rino i roto i te puka mārō. I roto i te faaineineraa o Fe ko Cu pseudoalloys whakamahi preform motuhake. E hanga ana ratou mā te pēhi tunu rino paura hakari i roto i te puka parakore koranu ranei ranei. moe taua preform te ki parahi wai, hanga pseudoalloys.

Tuhinga i roto i te haukini

Ko te tukanga maha puta i haere te NH ₃ i roto i te puka haurehu waihā runga i whakarewa whero-wera. Ko te hua ko te whakakorenga o te parahi i roto i te haukini, taratahi Cu ₃ N. e tuku tenei pūhui ki nitride rite monovalent.

Tai o tona otinga haukini kitea. Ko te tua o te kaiwhakahohe ki te pūhaumāota parahi arata'i ki rerenga i roto i te puka o te waihā:

CuCl ₂ + NH ₃ + NH ₃ + 2H ₂ E → 2NH ₄ Cl + Cu (OH) ₂ ↓.

whakatairanga haukini i te taikaha te hanganga o te momo pūhui matatini he Whaitae pouri-puru:

Cu (OH) ₂ ↓ + 4NH ₃ → [Cu (NH _{3) 4]} (OH) _2.

whakamahia ana tēnei tukanga ki te whakatau i te katote cupric.

Ko te te memehatanga o te rino

I roto i te pearlitic ngohengohe hanganga maka rino haunga nga wāhanga taketake o te huānga atu he reira i roto i te puka o te parahi tikanga. Ara faarahi te reira e faarahi graphitization o ngā ngota waro te fluidity, kaha me te pakeke o te alloys. Te whakarewa he pānga pai i runga i te taumata o Onemata i roto i te hua whakamutunga. Kei te whakamahia te memehatanga o te parahi i roto i te rino mo te doping o te hanganga tuatahi. Ko te whakaaro matua o tenei tukanga ko ki te whiwhi i te koranu ngohengohe. Ka kua pai ake ia āhuatanga pūkaha me te waikura, engari heke embrittlement.

Ki te te ihirangi parahi o te rino, ko te pā ana ki te 1%, he rite ki te 40% te auau o te kaha i roto i totoro, me nga piki tukua ki te 50%. Tenei tino taui te āhuatanga o te koranu. Te whakanui ake i te nui o dopant whakarewa ki te 2%, arata'i te reira ki te huringa i roto i te kaha ki te uara 65%, me te riro rite ki 70% i te auau rere. I tirotiro teitei o parahi i roto i te hanganga rino o spheroidal graphite i hanga uaua. e kore e Whakataki ki te hanganga o te huānga alloying huri te hangarau o hanga te koranu Kaore, me te ngohengohe. Ko te wa e wātea ana mō te kōpeke ana ki hāngai ki te roanga o te tauhohenga i te hanga o te rino , kahore poke parahi. Ko reira e pā ana ki 10 haora.

e kore e taea ki te whakakore rawa i te ranunga ferrugination pera-ka karanga i roto i kōpeke ana Whakamahia o parahi mo te hanga o te maka rino ki te kukū tiketike o te takawai. Ka rite ki te hua, he hua he loto vilitakí iti.

Memehatanga i roto i te konuoi

A, no te i konatunatua ki te whakarewa mēkuri atu āhuatanga whiwhi amalgam. kia tango i tēnei tukanga wahi i te pāmahana rūma, no te mea i raro i taua tikanga ko te wai Pb. Ko te memehatanga o te parahi i roto i te mēkuri e wahi i roto i whakawera anake. Metal me te tuatahi tapatapahia rawatia. Ki runga ki mākū mēkuri wai parahi totoka ko te kătahi tahi o tetahi taonga ki tetahi tukanga te tūringiringi ranei. Ua faaite te uara o te memehatanga te rite te ōrau me te he 7.4 * 10 ^-3. I roto i te tauhohenga whiwhi totoka te he amalgam ohie rite ki te rata. Ki te mea te reira te wera iti, tamaru reira. Ka rite ki te hua, kei te whakamahia he ranunga taua mo te hanga o te porcelain. He he ano hoki te amalgam matatini ki te ihirangi tino pai o te whakarewa i roto i reira. Hei tauira, i roto i te koranu niho kua nga mea timatanga hiriwa, he tine, parahi, me te konutea. Ratou nui i roto i te ōrau e pā ana ki e rua 65: 27: 6: 2. Amalgams ki te taua hiriwa hanganga i huaina. Ia wähanga koranu mahi he mahi motuhake, e taea ana ki te whiwhi hiri kounga teitei.

Ko tētahi atu tauira ko te koranu amalgam i roto i nei i reira ko te ihirangi parahi tiketike. Kei te karanga a hoki reira parahi koranu. Ko te hanganga o te amalgam he hakari i te 10 ki te 30% Cu. nohanga High o parahi ārai te tine ähua ki mēkuri, e kore nei e hanga wāhanga koranu rawa ngoikore, me te ha'iriiri. Ano, te whakaiti i te nui o hiriwa i roto i te hua hiri i roto i te whakaiti i roto i te utu. No te faaineine i te amalgam he minaminatia ki te whakamahi i tētahi huru e mangere he wai paruru e hanga he kiriata ranei. Konganuku e hanga ake te koranu e taea o tere oxidized e rangi. Ko te tukanga whakawera Cuprum amalgam i te aroaro o te hauwai arata'i ki te Māturu mēkuri e wehe te parahi mea timatanga. Ka rite ki a koutou e taea te kite, he kuware ki te ako i tēnei take. Na e matau ana koutou rite parahi pāhekoheko ki te wai e kore e anake, engari ano ki te waikawa me te tahi atu huānga.