Biocoenosis - tauira. biocenoses Natural me horihori

I roto i te akoranga o te ora rā e whakaaro kore katoa o ratou taunekeneke ki te whānuitanga o ngā complexes tūturu. Hohoro ki te mahi, whakauaua te tangata, ki te kahore e te ecologist ngaio kaikoiora ranei, e whakarongo ngā ki te meka i i whiti ia te tapawha park ranei. Well pupuri ahau, ka haere, na te aha? Ko ko te biocenosis tenei. Tauira o taua tumu, engari te pāhekoheko tamau ki te hauropi, ia o tatou e nehenehe e mahara, ki te anake ki feruri. Ka tamata tatou ki te whakaaro i roto i te taipitopito atu te mea rite ko biocenoses, he aha e ratou, me te aha, tei.

He aha te mea biocenose?

Te nuinga pea, torutoru iwi mahara i ako ia i roto i te kura o biocenoses. Grade 7, ka i roto i te koiora kei i tawhiti i roto i te mua te kaupapa, ka haamana'o te ngā rawa rerekē. A haamana'o na e rite te biocenosis. i hanga te kupu e te hanumi, o rua kupu Latin, "BIOS" - te ora, me te "cenosis" - he noa. Tenei wā tohu te huinga o noho i roto i te rohe taua, tūhonohono, me te pāhekoheko microorganisms, harore, ngā tipu me ngā kararehe.

Tetahi hapori koiora ngā wāhanga taua biocenosis:

• microorganisms (microbiocenosis);
• otaota (phytocoenosis);
• kararehe (zoocenoses).

Ia o enei wāhanga e whai wāhi nui a taea te māngai e takitahi o ngā momo rerekē. Heoi, kia tuhia te reira e phytocoenosis ko te wāhanga ārahi o te whakatau microbiocenosis me zoocenoses.

A, no te i tenei ariā?

Ko te ariā o "biocoenosis" i whakaarohia e te Tiamana hydrobiologist Mobius i te rau tau mutunga o XIX, ka i ako ia i roto i te wāhi Moana Te Tai Tokerau tio e wāhi noho. I roto i te ako, ka kitea ia e taea enei kararehe ora anake i roto i te mau huru tino tautuhia, āhuatanga e hohonu, auau rere, pāmahana wai me te salinity. I tua atu, tohu Mobius i e me te tio i runga i te rohe taua nohoia e te momo pai-tautuhi o ngā tipu me ngā kararehe moana. I runga i nga raraunga, i roto i te tau 1937, whakaurua te pūtaiao te ariā i raro i whakaaro, ko te ki te kōrero ki ngā rōpū o ngā rōpū o ngā kaiao ora, noho me te noho tahi i roto i te rohe taua, e tika ana ki te whanaketanga o mua o nga momo me te roa kōwhiringa tūturu. tikanga te ariā hou o "biocoenosis" koiora me te mātauranga rauropi te ahua rerekē.

whakarōpū

I teie mahana, i reira e rave rahi tohu e ai ki te whakarōpū i te biocenosis. Tauira o te whakarōpū i runga i ngā āhuatanga:

• makrobiotsenoz (moana, maunga, moana);
• mezobiotsenoz (ngahere repo, mara);
• microbiocenosis (puawai, he tumu tawhito, rau).

taea hoki te whakarōpūtia biocenoses rite ki te nohonga. mohio te tumuaki nga momo e toru e whai ake nei:

• moana;
• wai māori;
• whenua.

Ia o ratou kia wehea ki te superordinate, iti rōpū rohe. Ko te kupu, e taea te wehea biocenosis moana ki pelagic nöhanga me ētahi atu whata. Wai māori hapori koiora e awa, repo me te roto. ngā biocenoses whenua takutai me te uta, maunga me momoroto mania.

Ko te whakarōpū māmā o ngā hapori koiora ko to ratou wehenga ki biocenoses māori, me te horihori. I roto i te tuatahi ki te wehewehe i te tuatahi i hanga, kahore mana tangata, me te tuarua, e kua oti te huringa tika ki te pānga o fakatamaki fakanatulá ranei mahi o te ao tangata. A feruri i roto i te taipitopito nui ratou āhuatanga.

hapori koiora Natural

biocenoses Natural tohu te rōpū o mea ora, hanga e te natura iho. Enei hapori Ko nga pūnaha tūturu e Te whakawhanake, te whakawhanake me te mahi kia rite ki ona ake, ona ake ture. tāutuhia ecologist German B. Tischler nga āhuatanga e whai ake nei e tohu i taua ngā:

1. He hapori o ngā āhuatanga motumotu, e taea te mahi kia rite ki māngai o momo takitahi me complexes katoa.

2. Kia whakakapia ētahi wāhanga o te hapori. Hei tauira, kia takoha kia kotahi momo i roto i, me te tino whakakapi e tetahi he rite ngā whakaritenga ki te tikanga o te oraraa, me kahore nunu'a kino mo te pūnaha katoa.

3. Nā ki te meka e, i roto i nga ngākau nuitanga o te momo rerekē o te biocoenosis ritenga, ka hāngai te pūnaha katoa te supraorganismal me vai whakataurite i whakahaua ope oppositely.

4. Ia hapori tūturu hāngai te i runga i te ture ine o tetahi ahua o tetahi.

5. Te rahi o tetahi pūnaha supraorganismal whakawhirinaki i runga i ngā āhuatanga o waho.

pūnaha koiora Artificial

āwenewene hanga Biocenosis, te tiaki me te whakahaere i te tangata. Ahorangi B. G. Ioganzen whakaurua te ariā o te mātauranga rauropi antropotsenoza, arā, te hanga āwenewene i te iwi o te pūnaha tūturu, hei tauira, tapawha, terrarium aquarium ranei. I roto i te biocenosis taratahi agrobiocenoses horihori (agrocnosises) - hapori hanga e te tangata ki te whakaputa i tetahi hua. Ko ētahi o ēnei:

• awa;
• takere;
• roto;
• waimaori heke;
• karaihe;
• mara hoki te whakatipu o ngā hua;
• whitiki whakaruru;
• māra āwenewene whakahou.

Agrocenoses āhuatanga āhuatanga e:

Ēnei pūnaha horihori kaiao rawa iu, a ka tīariari hoki e pā ana ki te tau, agrobiocenoses ka mau pātītī te koiora e pā ana ki toru nga tau, kahore agrocnosises wawaotanga tangata huawhenua me te witi hua. biocenoses nuinga eu horihori hua hua, rite kahore mana tangata, ka taea ki te tīariari i te tahi tau ahuru matahiti ratou.

• agrophytocenosis rite te pūtake o te ora;
• kore o ngā pūnaha whaiaro ture-;
• kanorau iti;
• te mana o te kararehe tara ā-whare te uwhi ranei;
• riro atu te tautoko i te tangata (te mana tarutaru me te riha, te kikiritanga, me ētahi atu);
• ngoikore ki te oraraa roa kahore wawaotanga tangata.

Heoi, kia tuhia te reira e ara te rawakore i roto i agrocnosises kanorau momo e tito o pinepine o ngā momo o kaiao no ki rerekē rōpū hauropi, me te taxonomic. Tetahi mara whakatokia e te tangata kai ranei hua, - he taupori o rerekē kaiao ora biocenosis. Tauira - tenei mara o rai witi ranei, te wahi haunga te ahurea matua "ora" me ngā tarutaru; me ngā pepeke (e rua pests, me o ratou te raveraa ra); me te plurality o microorganisms me hātaretare.

Nga wae hanganga o te biosystems

Ka rite ki whakahuatia, ngā biocenosis tūturu me tāwhaiwhai o te maha wāhanga hanganga pūmau pērā i phytocoenosis, me zoocenoses microbiocenosis. Ko te kotahi ārahi he phytocoenosis, i te mea he hapori tipu pūmau. Nā ki tona tuturu me immobility, e ko te reira i te pūtake ngā tonu mo te hanganga koiora o te pūnaha. Microorganisms, pērā tipu, e kore e piri ki tetahi wahi o te mata, me te taea te kawea e te hau, te wai ranei i runga i te tawhiti tika roa. Ngatahi o wāhanga whakaaturia biocenosis rānei kararehe i tipu, mai taea te otaota anake tahuri matū pararopi ki organic.

He wāhi nui i roto i te ora o tetahi hapori kaiao tākaro i te momo o microorganisms e whai wāhi ki te huringa o te mea waro mate ki kohuke.

Ko te hanganga o ngā pūnaha koiora

Ia biocoenosis tautuhia hanganga āhuatanga e:

• Mokowā, poutū ranei whakapae, rite te putanga o te whanaketanga o te momo koiora o te hapori wāhi me te whanaunga puta i te whakataetae mo te pūngao.
• Momo tautuhi hanganga, momonatanga me te kanorau o koiora pūnaha wāhanga, me te te ōwehenga o te maha o ngā taupori ngā roto reira. momo hapori kaiao, he te kanohi tau rahi, ka karanga tino.
• Arataukai kai ranei, whakaritea nei e te iahiko supply o te rauropi.

He tata kōtuitui o katoa o te ngā āhuatanga hanganga o biocenoses. Ka rite ki te tikanga, kua whakaritea te hanganga mokowā matatini ake, te kanohi taonga io me atu rere o ona momo. Neke atu i te wā rerekē biocenosis hanganga i roto i te whānuitanga iti. he āhua pērā o te ātete whanaunga e puta i roto i te pāhekoheko o te huānga Pākēha, ka karanga homeostasis.

whakaaro tatou i roto i te taipitopito atu te taketake biocenosis hanganga characterizing.

Ko te hanganga mokowā

He he hanganga i roto i te wāhi, e kia e rua poutū me te whakapae Biocoenosis.

Ko te hanganga poutū i hanga kia rite ki te hua o te tohatoha o rerekē momo o te tipu me te kararehe hoki ngā taumata teitei o te bio-pūnaha, e arata'i ki te hōhonu hanganga. Kei te nuinga o whakaritea he pūnaha pērā i te aho roa tipu hapori, ara te wāhi o te Horizons o nga wahi tino hua o te tipu pērā i te pūnaha pakiaka, me te photosynthesizing rau. Hoki phytocenosis āhuatanga e rua hōhonu aboveground me raro. Te pānui ano i roto i te taea o te tuatahi tahi-tipu maha ngā momo o ngā tipu e whai hiahia rerekē i roto i te rā. Kei te tino mārama whakahuatia tenei i roto i nga ngahere o te rohe e pehi ana āhuarangi, te wahi i reira he rakau me te rakau riki rarangi o runga, kei paku raro nga rakau iti, me te tarutaru, a te takiwā tonu o te mata o te whenua - te taumata irirangi, te tikanga arā o Kiwa me Aropi.

hōhonu raro i roto i ngā pūnaha koiora taea phytocenoses whakamahi pai o te houku oneone, e tika ana ki te hohonu rerekē o te pūnaha pakiaka o te tipu. ngā wāhi steppe āhuatanga e te tohatoha taumata-toru: te tino hohonu moe ki te pūnaha tap, aru e te pakiaka o ngā pata, me te tata rawa ki te mata - kōpura, topuku me ngā pūnaha pakiaka o te tipu ā-tau.

hanganga whakaata he synusia biocenosis whakapae - phytocenosis wahi arā, o tetahi atu ranei tipu o ngā momo e pā ana, taiao mokowā ranei wehea i ia atu. Ka taea e waiho ratou rangitahi tūturu, tāiriiri, moenga aa ranei ranei.

Ko te hanganga motuhake o ngā hapori koiora

He āhuatanga motuhake o tetahi biocenosis ko tona hanganga motuhake. Kei te nuinga o whakaritea te whīwhiwhi me te momo o te hanganga momo i te kaiao me te tohu o te whīwhiwhi o te tikanga i roto i nei i reira biocenosis. Tauira o te kanorau momo rawakore - altitudes tiketike, Tundra, koraha. Biosystem ki te huinga taonga o ngā momo - toka kaoa me ngahere pārūrū.

Momo, matua i roto i te maha, he he momo o te karihi, me e huaina dominants. Ko te kupu, i roto i te ngahere birch ka waiho hei birch, he mara o te witi - witi. I roto i tetahi biocenosis i reira he momo e tīariari anake te mea o te tino, pera-ka karanga predominanty, hei tauira, hata i roto i te tihi ngahere pūmua ranei i roto i te paina me te puruhi ngahere.

I tua atu, i te hapori koiora i edificators, arā, kararehe tipu ranei momo e hanga nga tikanga e tika ana mō te ora ki ētahi atu mau taata. Ko te kupu, hei tauira, i roto i edificator kaha te koraha biocenosis he huruhuru.

I roto i te tikanga ki te arotake i te tūranga o te momo i roto i te hanganga o te hapori koiora, whakamahia tohu e hāngai ana i runga i te pūkete ine, pēnei i tona nui, auau o tupu, te Shannon taupū kanorau, me te momo momonatanga.