Ko te Pūnaha Reserve Federal

Te Federal Reserve (whangai), whakapumautia i roto i 1913, kei roto i te tikanga i te rōpū rerekē o te kāwanatanga, me te motuhake pūtahi pēke.

Ka rite ki te pūnaha pēke pokapū i roto i te mana o te mahi pēke i roto i te United States, i hanga reira matua rite te whakautu ki te raupapa o panics pareparenga i te tīmatanga o te rau tau 20, rawa i roto i te raruraru nui i roto i te 1907. Neke atu i te wa, whakawhānui reira tūranga me ngā kawenga, kua tipu te hanganga. Ētahi ngā, rawa te Topatariraa Rahi, ko nga āhuatanga i arahina ki te huringa i roto ia.

Whangai i mua he takenga i roto i te pūtahi pūtea, me te nama, whakaritea mai te mutunga te rau tau 18, me te mahi i mahi pēke pokapū. Tenei paerewa koura ture, te tuatahi me te Tuarua US Bank ahakoa o te Treasury, te National Banking Pūnaha, Association o Clearing whare, te National Reserve Association. Banking i roto i te Hau Amui no Marite i kore ngāwari, kaua, hārakiraki ranei. Ko te tahatika tuatahi, me te tuarua, ko te māngai mōhiohio o te US Treasury, manufactures me pupuritia e moni mōhiohio. atu hanganga katoa i raro i te mana o tetahi kāwanatanga, e ngā rōpū tuatoru ranei. tukuna ia pēke ona ake monipuka. whakataetae pūtahi Public me tūmataiti ki ia atu. Iwi e haere huri noa i te whenua, kihai i mohio rite ki te nui o te moni i taea e ratou te tiki atu i tetahi peeke, kei roto i te wāhi ngā. Ki te taupori tipu, nui mahi ohaoha o pareparenga, me nga momo o te moni ka atu hepohepo e whakawehi ana te katoa pūnaha pūtea.

I roto i te 1863, i haere Congress te ture tuatahi i runga i te National Bank, National Banks whakarato i te pūnaha whakahaeretia, i paerewa teitei mō rāhui me ngā mahi pakihi atu i roto i ngā tahataha kāwanatanga-fatuhia. whakau ana te ture paerewa mahi, kia rite ki a ratou i takoto e pehea e taea pareparenga whakapaipai nui te tuku, me pehea e whakahaere i ratou i te pūtea taurewa. I tua atu, tuhipoka te kāwanatanga utaina te ture he pupirikana tekau ōrau, te kupu tōtika whakakore i te moni kore-hānga i te tohanga.

Ko te Rahui Pūnaha Federal, rite whakaturia mai i roto i te Ture Rahui Federal, i haere mai ki te kaha i roto i Hakihea 1913, ka i he whakaaro atu atu i rite ki te whakautu ki te aitua pēke. I roto i te kī: ki te whakarite i te moni eu, me te wā roa-āhua päpätanga huamoni, ki te whakatū i te mana whai hua i runga i te mahi pēke i roto i te United States. tikanga te wā "hānga" e tono te te ture puta noa i te whenua, "Rahui" fakamamafa'i te tūranga o te whare hou rite te taata tei mau rāhui. Ko te US pareparenga pokapū, te Reserve Federal rave mahi rite ki te ture whakaaetia e te peresideni Woodrow Wilson, ko te tinana mana ki te puta monipuka whangai me te Federal Reserve Bank rite ngawari ture. Tetahi pēke, e whakamahi te wā "motu" kia waiho he mema o te Reserve Federal.

hanganga o whangai ngā Poari o Kawana ki te matenga, me tona tuarua, ko wai pōtitia ko US peresideni me whakau e te kaumatua, te Federal Open Market Komiti, te pareparenga Federal Reserve rohe 12, maha pareparenga tūmataiti, he momo o papa tohutohu. Nä, ko te US Federal Reserve Kei roto te reira i rua wāhanga tūmataiti me te tūmatanui. I hangaia te reira ki te mahi ki nga ngākau nuitanga o ngā rōpū tūmatanui, me te tūmataiti. whakaaro te pūnaha o tahatika pokapū te ki te waiho i te hanganga ahurei.

aroturuki te Kaunihera aratai nga mahi o te 12 Federal Reserve Bank, e rave rahi pūtea-nama me komiti kiritaki tohutohu me mano o tahatika (whangai i rangatira). te kaiwhakau ia te reira i te rohe itinga o rahui mo pareparenga katoa, i roto i te kupu atu, whakatau reira te nui o te whakapaipai e whai i te "ringa i runga i" te pēke. whakaaro te Reserve Federal te he motuhake hanganga pēke pokapū mai i te kore e kia whakaaetia tona kaupapa i te peresideni ranei tetahi atu whakahaere ranei peka hanganga ture. Ahakoa e whakarato ana te kāwanatanga etahi mana ki runga i te whangai, ara na roto i te whakatū me te te whakatakoto utu mō te kaimahi taumata-teitei i roto i te pūnaha.