Ko te rere whakamatautau "Apollo-Soyuz". Ngā rererangi rererangi rererangi: hītori

tūhura Space - taua moe, i noho te whakaaro o te iwi maha mō ngā rau o nga tau. I aua ra i tawhiti-tawhiti ina taea te kite te iwi nga whetu me ngā aorangi, falala anake i runga i tona kite, ua hinaaro ia ki te mohio te mea whanga hohonu pango torere o te rauata rangi pouri. timata moe ki te haere mai pono tata.

I whakaritea timata tonu ārahi mana wāhi katoa te ahua o "iwi ringa" konei: kua tamata kaipūtaiao ki te tiki i mua o ratou hoa i mua i o ratou whakatau, me te whakamatautau whakaaro rerekē mō te hōpara ātea. Heoi, ko tonu te āputa: te hōtaka "Apollo-Soyuz" ko ki te whakaatu i te aroha i waenganui i te USSR me te USA, me te ratou hiahia ki te mahi tahi ki te apu i te ara no te au tangata ki te whetu.

Overview

ingoa haapotohia o te hōtaka - te ASTP. Rere Kei te mohiotia ano i rite te "rūrū i roto i te wāhi". I roto i te whānui, i te "Apollo-Soyuz" ko he rere maia whakamātau "Soyuz-19" me te American "Apollo". Te mau melo o te ope i ki hinga maha fifi, te nui te nuinga o nei i roto i te teihana hoahoa tāmau tino rerekē. Otiia i runga i te "kaupapa" i tāmau reira!

Mau, Ko reira timata hoapā tino noa i waenganui i te pūtaiao Soviet me Amerika i roto i te wa o te whakarewatanga o te āmiorangi horihori tuatahi. hainatia Whakaaetanga i runga i te noa, te hōpara nonga o te wāhi i waho i roto i 1962. I te wa ano, i taea ki te faaite i te hua o ngā hōtaka, me etahi whakaaro i roto i te ahumahi wāhi kairangahau.

Ko te hui tuatahi o kairangahau

E te Soviet Union me te United States tīmataria ko te mahi tahi: Peresideni o te Academy o Pūtaiao (AN), te rongonui MV Keldysh, me te kaiwhakahaere o te National Aerospace Agency (i roto i te ao e mohiotia ana ko NASA) Dr. Payne.

ka mau hui Tuatahi o te röpü o te United States me te Soviet Union wahi i roto i te mutunga o te ngahuru 1970. misioni American arahina e te Kaiwhakahaere o te Center whakahaere e te Johnson Space Flight Dr. R. Gilruth. I te taha ki Soviet i heamana e te Kaunihera mo te Ako o International Space Whakahaere (hōtaka "Intercosmos") academician B. N. Petrov. I te reira i hanga tonu ngā rōpū mahi tahi, ko tona matua mahi ko ki te matapaki i te taea o hahi mahitahi o waka ātea Soviet me American.

Te tau e whai ake nei, kua i roto i Houston, kua whakaritea he hui hou, i arahina e te mohiotia ki a tatou B. N. Petrov ko R. Gilruth kua. Teams taupokina nga whakaritenga taketake mo te āhuatanga hoahoa o waka ātea topu, me te tino ruruku he maha o ngā take e pā ana ki te Waeine o ngā pūnaha ora-tautoko. Reira ka timata ki te matapaki i te taea o te misioni tahi ki te muri ope tauranga kauhoe.

Ka rite ki a koutou e taea te kite, te hōtaka "Soyuz-Apollo", i ko te tau o te whakamanamana o cosmonautics ao, ka ui te arotake o te nui nui o hangarau, me te tōrangapū ture me ngā ture.

Whakatau e pā ana ki te whaihuanga o flights topu tahi

I roto i te 1972, tū kotahi ano te taha Soviet me American he hui i te whakatakiruatanga o ka systematized te mahi katoa mahia i runga i te wā mua. i pai hoki te hōtaka kua whiriwhiria kē kaipuke waia te whakatau whakamutunga e pā ana ki te ahua paitanga o te rere topu tahi. Ko te kupu i whanau i te kaupapa "Apollo-Soyuz".

Tīmata i te hōtaka

Ko i Haratua 1972. hainatia te whakaaetanga hītori i waenganui i to tatou whenua, me Amerika, whakarato hoki te tūhura rangimarie tahi o te wāhi i waho. I tua atu, kua pae hopea whakaritea e nga rōpū i te taha hangarau o te take o te rere "Apollo-Soyuz". Tenei wa ahu te tira i te taha o te taha Soviet ko academician K. D. Bushuev, Ameliká kanohi Dr. G. Lunney.

I roto i te hui, i tāutuhia e ratou ki te whāinga, te paetae o e ka kia whakatapua ki te mahi atu katoa:

• pūnaha whakahaere whakamātautau hototahi o te whakatinanatanga o kaipuke pūtahitanga i wāhi.
• Taki i roto i "mara" tikanga o te tauranga aunoa me ā.
• Testing me te kita hangarau, hangaia ki te hanga i te astronauts whakawhiti i kaipuke ki te kaipuke.
• I te pae hopea, te haaputuputuraa o te wheako tino taonga i roto i te mara o te tahi rere wāhi topu. A, no te mea kua riro "Soyuz-19" waka ātea tāmau ki te "Apollo", tohunga he maha o ngā mōhiohio nui, kei te whakamahia ratou whānuitia puta noa i te hōtaka kaupeka US.

Ētahi atu wāhanga o te mahi

Tohunga, i roto i era atu mea, hiahia ki te whakamātau i te taea o te takotoranga i roto i te wāhi ko te kaipuke kua tāmau, me te ki te whakahaere i te pūmautanga whakamātautau o ngā pūnaha whakawhiti kōrero i runga i ngā mīhini rerekē. I te pae hopea, e mea faufaa ki te mahi i te mahitahi whakamātautau i waenganui i ngā pūnaha whakahaere misioni Soviet me American.

Here te pehea, ki te whakawhanake i te ngā matua i te wa:

• I te mutunga o Mei 1975 i tū ai te hui whakamutunga ki te matapaki i te tahi mau take whakahaere. Kua te tuhinga whakamutunga o te hihiko oti hoki te rere kua hainatia. I haina te reira e: academician VA Kotelnikov i te taha Soviet, nga Ameliká whai te tuhinga whakamanatia e J. Nana .. I whakatakotoria te rā whakarewanga mo Hōngongoi 15, 1975.
• I rite 15 haora me te 20 meneti i te cosmodrome Baikonur i pai whakarewahia Soviet "Soyuz-19".
• "Apollo" ka tīmata ki te awhina o te tākirirangi kawe "Saturn-1B". Time - 22 haora, me te 50 meneti. Ko te tīmatanga - Cape Canaveral.
• Na roto i rua ra i muri i te otinga o te mahi faaineine katoa, 19 haora, me te 12 meneti o "Soyuz-19" tāmau. I te tau 1975 ka whakatuwheratia e te reira i te wā hou o te hōpara ātea.
• Rite e rua hohoko o "Union" o ohuraa o te whenua, kawea te tauranga hou "Soyuz-Apollo" i roto i, i muri i rere ratou i roto i te tūranga e rua atu hohoko. I muri i te tahi mau wa, kei te tino marara te pūrere, oti te hōtaka ako.

I roto i te whānui, ko te wa rere e whai ake:

• Soviet "Soyuz 19" tū i roto i te ohuraa 5 ra, 22 haora, me te 31 meneti.
• "Apollo" tū i roto i te rere 9 ra, 1 haora, me te 28 meneti.
• I roto i te huru i honoa e o kaipuke whakahaere rite 46 haora, me te 36 meneti.

kauhoe

Na inaianei ko te wa ki te haamana'o i te ingoa o te mau melo kauhoe o kaipuke American, me te Soviet, i patua te rota o fifi, i taea ki te tino whakatinana nga wāhanga katoa o tenei hōtaka nui wāhi.

ko waka American:

• Thomas Stafford. rangatira kaumoana American. He kaipōkai mātanga, te wha o nga rere.
• Vens Brand. ētehi ia te kōwae whakahau, te rere tuatahi.
• Donald Slayton. Ko ia te tangata e he kawenga mō te mahi tāmau haepapa, ko reira ano hoki tona rere tuatahi.

Ko te hanganga o te waka Soviet ngā te astronauts e whai ake nei:

• Alexei Leonov ko te rangatira.
• ko Valery Kubasov onboard kaipūkaha.

Kua kua kua rua cosmonauts Soviet i roto i ohuraa kotahi, a ko te rere "Soyuz-Apollo" te tuarua mo ratou.

He aha ngā Kua kawea atu i roto i te akoranga o te whati tahi?

• I whakahaeretia tētahi whakamātau, ngā reira te ako o te Eclipse solar: "Apollo" tutakina te marama, i i te "Union" ako, me te whakaahua i te pānga i puta ake i tenei.
• ako UV absorption i roto i nei hariata ihirangi whanganga ano o te hāora ngota me te hauota i roto i te ohuraa o te ao.
• I tua atu, i reira kua rave rahi ngā i roto i i takina nga kairangahau pehea weightlessness, ngaro o te papa autō, me te tahi atu tikanga wāhi pā te rere o ungeri koiora.
• Hoki microbiologists nui moni ko te ako o te whakawhitinga hōtaka me te whakawhitiwhitinga o microorganisms i raro i ngā āhuatanga weightless i waenganui i nga waka e rua (mā te teihana tāmau).
• I te pae hopea, kua whakaaetia te rere o "Soyuz-Apollo" ki ako i te tukanga e puta ana i roto i te konganuku me te Semiconductor rauemi i roto i taua tikanga motuhake. Me kï reira e te "papa" o tenei ahua o te ako, kua meinga pai-mohiotia i roto i metallurgists K. P. Gurov, e whakaarohia ana ki te mau i ēnei mahi.

Ētahi kōrero hangarau

Me kï reira e te kaipuke US rite te hau manawa, hāora parakore, i roto i te kaipuke motu ko te huru, he ōrite ki taua o te whenua tona hanganga. Ko te kupu, ko te whakawhitinga tika i tetahi waka i taea. Tüturu ki te whakaoti i tenei raruraru whakarewahia he wehenga whakawhitinga motuhake i roto i te taha ki te kaipuke American.

Me kï reira e muri ka mau nga Ameliká painga o tenei wa whakahaere ina hanga ratou kōwae kaupeka. A, no te huri i te pēhanga i roto i te "Apollo" paku ara, a i roto i te "uniana", i roto i te rerekē, kua tuku iho i te whakatairanga i te ihirangi hāora o te ranunga romahā ki 40%. Ka rite ki te hua, iwi i te whai wāhi ki te waiho i roto i te kōwae tauwhirowhiro (i mua i tomo i te kaipuke manene) kore e waru haora, a 30 anake meneti.

E te ara, ki te he hiahia i roto i tenei kōrero koe, te haere ki te Museum o Cosmonautics i Moscow. He te tenei kaupapa e whakatapua ki te tu nui.

History General o kau takitahi te Space Flight

e kore e tūpono pa tenei tuhinga i runga i te hītori o te rere wāhi topu. e kua te hōtaka katoa whakaahuatia ana i runga i taea i roto i te parau tumu, ki te kore mua-te whanaketanga i roto i tenei mara, i whakaemi te wheako o nei mo tekau tau. Wai "whariki te ara", whakawhetai ki hanga nei e taea spaceflight topu?

Ka rite ki matau koutou, April 12, 1961, puta he hui i te auraa tino ao. I taua ra, kawea ia Yuri Gagarin rere topu runga te "Vostok" Ko te tuatahi i roto i te aamu o te ao nei.

Ko te whenua tuarua kua kawea e i roto i rite, ko te United States. I whakarewahia ratou waka ātea "Mercury-Redstone 3", whakamätauria hoki e Alan Shepard, ki te ohuraa te marama i muri mai, Mei 5, 1961. I roto i te Hui-tanguru, whakarewahia ia i Cape Canaveral kē "Mercury-Atlas 6", e mau ana i te Dzhon Glenn.

Ko te pūkete tuatahi me ngā whakatutukitanga

E rua tau i muri i Gagarin tuatahi rere ki te wahine wāhi. Ko Valenitina Vladimirovna Tereshkova. rere ia anake i runga i te kaipuke "Vostok-6". hanga te whakarewatanga i Pipiri 16, 1963. I roto i Amerika, i te māngai tuatahi o te sex ataahua, e tae mai i roto i te ohuraa, ka Salli Rayd. ko ia he mema o te kaumoana whakauru, i rere i roto i te 1983.

Kua Maehe 18, 1965 i pakaru tetahi record: i roto i te wāhi i mahue Alexei Leonov. Ko te wahine tuatahi, ko wai i roto i te wāhi tuwhera, kua meinga Svetlana Savitskaya, e whakatinana reira i roto i 1984. Note e tēnei wā wahine e ngā i roto i te katoa, kahore okotahi o nga maatua e ISS, rite te mōhiohio e tika ana katoa i runga i te whaiaroaro o te tinana wahine i kohia i roto i te wāhi me te astronauts no te mea e kore e whakatuma hauora.

Te rere roa

Ki tenei ra, whakaaro te spaceflight kotahi roa te noho i roto i te āmionga cosmonaut 437-po Valery Polyakov. noho ia i runga i te poari i te "rangimarie" i January 1994 ki Maehe 1995. Ko te record mo te huinga noa o ra pau i roto i te ohuraa, ano, no ki te cosmonaut motu - Sergei Krikalev.

Ki te kōrero tatou e pā ana ki te rere rōpū, e pā ana ki 364 nga ra o rere cosmonauts me astronauts i Mahuru 1989 ki August 1999. Kua Mai reira kua kï e takahi i taea e te tangata ora, ka rere ki Mars. Na ko āwangawanga atu e pā ana ki te raruraru o te hototahi hinengaro o te waka kairangahau.

Mōhiohio i runga i te hītori o te rakau wāhi rere

Ki te rā, te whenua anake e kua he wheako whakahaere nui atu iti iho angitu ranei o te raupapa waka kōpiko wāhi mati "Space Shuttle" Ko te United States. Ko te whati tuatahi o te waka ātea o tenei raupapa, "Columbia" ka mau wahi rite rua tekau nga tau i muri i rere a Gagarin, Aperira 12, 1981 i muri i. USSR tuatahi a rere wa anake "Buran" i roto i te 1988. Ko ahurei i roto i te meka i tangohia e wahi i roto i te aratau tino aunoa taua rere, ahakoa he reira taea, me te ā-Hekenga.

Ko te whakaaturanga, i whakaatu te kōrero katoa "o te rakau wāhi Soviet", whakaatu ana Space Museum i Moscow. tohutohu matou ia ki te toro rite reira e pera maha nga mea ngā!

Ko te āmionga teitei i tona wāhi teitei rawa tae te wahi o 1374 kiromita, kua reira kua tae waka American i runga i te poari i te "Gemini 11". ¶ Na hoki i roto i te 1966. I tua atu, i te "shuttles" e maha whakamahia mo te hanga me te tiaki o "Hubble" karu, ka mahi ratou misioni topu tika matatini i te teitei o e pā ana ki 600 kiromita. More pinepine, te rere o te āmionga waka ātea ko i te teitei o 200-300 kiromita.

Note e muri tonu i te mahi o "shuttles" Kei te āta ISS āmionga whakaarahia ki te teitei o 400 kiromita. Ko e tika ana ki te meka i taea ki te whakaputa i te nekeneke whai hua i te teitei o 300 anake kiromita te shuttles tenei, engari te teihana ano kihai i tino tika nga wahi tiketike e tika ana ki te kiato nui o te wāhi e karapoti ana (i runga i ngā paerewa wāhi, o te akoranga).

ahakoa kawea rerenga i roto i tua atu ohuraa o te whenua?

I tua atu rere āmionga o te whenua anake Ameliká ka whakamana "Apollo" ngā whāinga hōtaka. Waka ātea i roto i 1968 orbited te marama. Kia mōhio e mai Hōngongoi 16, 1969, kawea Ameliká atu ratou hōtaka kaupeka, i roto i nei i kawea ai i roto i "te taunga marama". I roto i te mutunga o 1972, kua te hōtaka kua poua atu, i meinga riri American kore anake, engari ano hoki pūtaiao Soviet nei empathized ki o ratou hoa.

Kia mahara e roto i te USSR reira i tokomaha hōtaka rite. Ahakoa te otinga tata tonu o tokomaha o enei "pai" mo to ratou whakatinanatanga kihai i riro.

Ētahi atu "wāhi" o te whenua

meinga China toru te mana wāhi. A Oketopa 15, 2003, ka tukua te kaipuke "Shenzhou-5" i runga i te kikorangi o te wāhi. I roto i te whānui, rā hoki ki te 70 o te rau tau whakamutunga hōtaka wāhi Hainamana, engari ka kore i tukua katoa o nga rerenga whakaritea.

I roto i te mutunga o 90-doma o ratou takahanga i roto i tenei aronga i hanga e nga Pakeha me nga Hapanihi. Ko mutu ratou kaupapa ki te whakawhanake i waka ātea topu mati i muri i te tau torutoru o te whanaketanga, kia rite ki te Soviet-Russian "Soyuz" ko māmā, haumaru me te iti, hua i roto i mahi unreasonableness ōhanga.

tāpoi Space me te "wāhi tūmataiti"

Mai 1978, i runga i nga kaipuke me teihana o te USSR / Russian Federation me te United States e rere astronauts i pinepine o whenua. I tua atu, tata whiwhi whakauka pera-ka karanga "tāpoi wāhi" ka noa (rerekē mō taea pūtea) Ka taea e te tangata te haere ki te ISS. I roto i te mua tata kī hoki te timatanga o te whanaketanga o ngā hōtaka rite China.

Otiia meinga te oaoa tūturu hōtaka Ansari X-paraihe, i whakarewahia i te 1996. Na roto i te ona ngā hiahiatia e te kamupene tūmataiti (kahore he tautoko kāwanatanga) i taea ki te whakaara (rua) ki te teitei o te 100 kiromita o te kaipuke ki te waka o te iwi e toru tae noa ki te mutunga o 2004. Ko te utu ko neke atu i raugatira - 10 miriona tāra. timata tonu atu atu i te rua ngā kamupene tatini me takitahi noa tūmataiti ki te whakawhanake i ō rātou kaupapa.

Ko te kupu ka timata i te hītori hou o astronautics, i nei te "Kaikitetuatahi" o te hanganga takahi taea riro tetahi tangata.

Ko te angitu tuatahi o "privateers"

Mai kihai i nga whakaaro whakawhanakehia e ratou i ki te haere tino wāhi, e hiahiatia ana utu rau o nga wa iti. whakarewahia te kaipuke tūmataiti tuatahi SpaceShipOne i roto i te tīmatanga o te raumati 2004. Hanga tona kamupene tauine Composites.

Takotoranga hui "ariā whakatakotoria"

Me kï reira e kaupapa maha (tata katoa i roto i te whānui) e hāngai ana e kore i runga i te tahi mau whanaketanga o tūmataiti "Kowaka", me te mahi i runga i te V-2 me te Soviet "Buran", te tuhinga katoa i runga i nei i muri i 90 " ohorere "ohorere ka wātea ki te iwi whānui ki waho. Ētahi piri maia ariā tautohe e kawea te USSR i (i momoho) te whakarewatanga topu tuatahi rite wawe rite 1957-1959.

He hoki pūrongo i hopukina e whakawhanakehia nga kau Nasí i roto i te 40s kaupapa o missiles fakavaha'akonitinēnití mo te whakaeke American. Rongo kua reira e etahi o nga kaiurungi i runga i te whakamātautau tonu taea ki te tae te teitei o te 100 kiromita, e hanga ratou i (ki te he e ratou) o te cosmonaut tuatahi.

"Ao" era

Mohoa noa nei, te hītori o te wāhi ngā mōhiohio toa tūhura i runga i te Soviet-Russian teihana "Mir", i ko tino he ahanoa ahurei. i tino oti tona hanganga tae noa ki 26 April 1996. Na ka ka piri te teihana he rima, te kōwae whakamutunga e taea whakahaere koutou rangahau matatini o te moana, nga moana, me te ngahere o te whenua.

I te "Mir" orbital ko 14.5 tau, i te mea e rave rahi taime nui atu te ora whakamaheretia. I katoa taua wa taputapu pūtaiao anake i tukua atu i te 11 tana ki a ia, Kua whakahaere pūtaiao o nga mano o ngā ahurei, etahi o nei i këtia te whanaketanga o te pūtaiao ao mo nga tekau tau katoa i aru tekau. I tua atu, astronauts me astronauts kawea i te EVAs teihana 75, te roanga katoa ko te 15 ra.

Ko te hītori o te ISS

I roto i te hanga o te International Space Station whai wāhi i 16 whenua. Ko te takoha nui ki tona hanganga haumi Russia, Europe (Tiamana ko France), me te tohunga American. Kei te hangaia Mā konei e hoki 15 nga tau o te mahi ki te taea o te whakahoutanga.

whakarewahia te misioni tuatahi wā roa-ki te ISS i roto i te mutunga o Oketopa 2000. Kua tae mai kē ngā mema tona poari 42 misioni wā roa-. Me kï reira e i roto i te ope 13 ki te teihana tae kaipōkai Beresiria Marcos Pontes, te tuatahi i roto i te ao. Kua oti pai ia katoa o te mahi tikanga mo ia, a ka hoki ki a Papatūānuku hei wāhanga o te ngā mema o te misioni 12.

Ko te pehea hanga hītori i spaceflight. He ko he rota o ngā āhuatanga me whakaora, kua hoatu etahi o ratou ora mo te tangata ki te ake ake ano i taea e ki te karanga i te wāhi o tona whare. Ka taea e tetahi anake tumanako e ka tonu to tatou ao tona rangahau i roto i tenei rohe, a kotahi tatari tatou mo te Pākehā o aorangi tata.