Ko te tikanga o te takanga o urutaunga ki te kaiao o kararehe me ngā otaota

Ko te tukanga whanaketanga whai wāhi whakahōunga tamau, te takanga o ngā āhuatanga whai hua, me o ratou whakatōpū i roto i te tinana o mea ora. A e kore e tika tupu enei huringa i te taumata ira. idioadaptation Tino nui - urutaunga o kararehe, otaota me moroiti mō ngā āhuatanga motuhake taiao, āhuatanga taiao, me te āhuatanga tinana o te rohe.

Ko te tikanga o te takanga o ngā pūrere - he tukanga whanaketanga hohonu, hanga i te āhuatanga e hiahiatia ana ki te wahi o te wa, āta. Whakatika i te āhuatanga e tika ana i roto i te genome o mea ora ki te faaite mai i roto i nga whakatupuranga heke mai.

Urutaunga, urutaunga o kaiao ranei

Tino maha taea kitea e koe i te tinana o te huawhenua kararehe ranei takenga, e kua etahi āhuatanga rerekē i roto i te hanganga, te whanonga ahua ranei. Hei tauira, piri ngārara, i waho e kore rerekē i te manga o te rakau. rere-hoverfly ranei, e kua rite te tae taua, rite te wāpu. I roto i te otaota e tolstostebelnye tiotio kikokiko, pakiaka stilted me irirangi, pakiaka-tauhaa tauira.

I roto i tetahi take, katoa o tenei - ki te urutaunga ki kaiao, tikanga taiao ranei tiaki ratou i te tahi atu mea. He tino nui no te mea he ratou wāhanga nui i roto i te tukanga whanaketanga taua ari. Ko te tikanga o te takanga o ngā pūrere tonu he tona tūāpapa i roto i te tauira iranga, me te ko reira ira putanga nui, me te tika whakawaehere faaiteraa o te huru. Hei tauira, kei te hoatu tonu i te ira kawenga mo te huringa o te korokotaera tae, i hanga i roto i te genome o enei kararehe mano o nga tau ki muri, me te ki raro, ki te katoa whakatupuranga heke mai.

whakato urutaunga: he tirohanga whānui

Urutaunga o ngā tipu he he wāhi o to ratou oraraa. Katoa o ratou e taea te wehea ki te maha ngā rōpū matua.

1. E nga tikanga pāmahana o te taiao.
2. haumākū.
3. Ko te tikanga o te ruingahae.
4. Na roto i te kohi o te kai.

Ko te tikanga o ngā pūrere tupu tutuki te taua taketake katoa - huringa te kunenga ki clamping me whakawhiti riro tika i raro i motuhake tikanga āhuatanga. Na reira, ki te urutau te whakato te ki te rohe, tikanga taiao, te pāmahana, ona whakatupuranga katoa heke mai, ka hoatu a reira āhuatanga katoa e tika ana mo te oraraa whakamarie.

Plants i roto i ngā āhuatanga maroke

I te pāmahana, te wā nei e uara teitei rawa me ra taimau paki, nga whakaaro otaota i korerotia e hāngai ana ki te whakaiti makuku whakaetonga. Ano, te tiaki taimaha me ngā matūkai tahi ki te te wai here i roto i te kakau.

Hoki tenei pururu e heke paraharaha ki te iti rawa ranei whakarerekē. Ko te tauira tino angamaheni ko te tipu koraha - cacti. tikanga nanakia o oraraa i raro i te ra wera mura hanga nga rau o enei otaota tahuri ki ngira koikoi me te kakau - i roto i te kakau kikokiko matotoru, ki tonu i te pūtau parenchymal (kakahu turanga) ki te maha nui o here, me te kore utu wai.

rawa mārama whakaatu te tikanga o te takanga o urutaunga tiotio pehea mohio taea whakato i roto i o ratou urutaunga. e kore e Nā tataramoa tipu whakaeto te wai i te mata rau, a konei, whakaora reira he nui nui. Haunga, i roto i te kakau, i raro i te kakau kikokiko matotoru whakarerekētia, i reira ko te haaputuputuraa o te maha o ngā matū, te pupuri wai. Hei tauira, whiwhi:

• rāpoi ngota pūmua hydrophilic;
• proline (waikawa amino, te pupuri wai);
• monosaccharides me ngā waikawa organic.

Ano, ko te huarahi o ngā pūrere tupu tiotio ngā hanga āhua hormonal o pūhui e koretake i te mahi o te taiki (gibberellins, auxins). taea tenei te otaota ki te tupu hohoro ki te mutu i runga i te takanga o ngā āhuatanga kino, he wa roa tonu.

Urutaunga ki ngā momo rerekē o te ruinga

Ko tētahi atu tauira a Tūrongo o urutaunga i roto i ngā tipu, ko to ratou kaha ki te urutau ki te pollinators. Hei tauira, he maroke, me te marama, e noa e ore oioi nekehanga rangi noa e kore e kaha te hau-pollinated purapura o puka.

Ki te te whakato Entomophilous, hua reira puawai o tetahi tae me te hanganga:

• kotingotingo;
• nui kohia i roto i inflorescences nui ranei;
• ki te kakara kaha ahuareka.

taea hoki te whakanoho iho te hanganga o te puawai i raro i te kaiwhakahahae. He tipu pollinated tino etahi momo o manu ngārara ranei.

Cross-pollinated ranei tipu whaiaro-pollinated i roto i te puawai hanganga i pūtawa roa, me te pistil hohonu whakatokia ki hae tae te taupae. Ia o enei taputapu e whai wāhi nui i roto i te uri me te whakapapa noaa ano i roto i te genome.

tikanga makuku nui mō te tipu

I roto i te kaiao pārūrū, me te pārū ko maha te āhuatanga o te haumākū nui. Kei te mohiotia te reira i e i roto i te tahi mau wāhi ka taea e te ûa rahi pārūrū atu haere atu i te marama. O te akoranga, ko te tino kino ki te tipu i te taikaha taua o te wai. Na reira, kua hanga e etahi momo he tetahi urutaunga ki te whakaiti i te pānga o taua āhua. gidatody reira - wahapū wai, te whakanui ake i te nui o te wai excreted e te tipu. rau ia pata tonu. huaina ana tēnei āhuatanga ko Guttation.

Hoki ngā pūrere ki te haumākū te taikaha nga otaota he pereti nui pururu ki te maha nui o stomata. Fakatatau ki ai, whakarei hoki tukuwai.

Ko te tikanga o te tupu o ngā pūrere i roto i nga kararehe

takoha Fauna kore anake ki te urutau ki te tikanga taiao, engari ano ki te tiaki ia ratou i nga whakaeke o takitahi kaha, mo e ratou - te kai. arahina tenei ki te hanganga o te maha momo o urutaunga i roto i te kararehe:

• huringa i roto i te āhua tinana me te alangá, huruhuru (kiri, pene) hipokina;
• Whaitae paruru;
• mimesis (te fakaakoako atu o te tiaki me te mōrearea he kararehe);
• tae cautionary;
• whanonga atiati.

He tauira a Tūrongo, o ngā pūrere i te huri i te āhua o te tinana, nga wahi me nga rakau he manu (huruhuru, takere, marama kōhiwi kaunuku āhua tinana). Ano, whāngote moana, me te ika e whai tara me waero, mata maheni, te kore o te koti kaha. Ko e ratou mirumiru hakari rangi, te rārangi lateral (i roto i te ika), waewae huirapa (Waterfowl), pakihau (whāngote).

Whaitae tiaki kite i roto i nga kararehe maha, e rua teretetiera, me te rōwai. Hei tauira, he mawhitiwhiti matomato, huna i roto i te tarutaru, ngira te moana piri ratou i roto i te pükohu. purehurehu kamiriona (tokotoko anuhe) Calim (pūrerehua whaihanga rau), korangorango partridges, ma , me te hina manu tae me te maha atu tauira o whakaata pūrere i roto i nga kararehe.

Tāwhai, he mea he ia peehia i roto i te tikanga ki te tiaki ia ratou i te kai, me te patua huru o, mo te tauira, rere, hoverflies (rite te wāpu), etahi momo o nakahi, nakahi tāruatanga me te pera i runga i.

hāngai pepeke tae cautionary me kararehe i te momo whakatūpato inedibility ataahua, tona virulence. Tauira he nakahi, patia, pi, pi Bumble, ladybugs me ētahi atu māngai. Ko te pūrere rawa noa i roto i nga kararehe tenei.

whanonga atiati - he whakahianga, hamama, otprygivanie peka, deflation o fluids koiora (wheke waituhi me wheke, skunks). Reira kia ngā ano etahi āhuatanga e te hunga i roto i te kahui matao puka wa ki te whakahaere whiwhi kai.

Katoa o enei whakaaro e hanga e o tikanga evolutionarily me ira-whakapumautia hoki mātauranga.

Urutaunga o pea neke

Ko te tikanga o te takanga o urutaunga pea poara i hanga i roto i te nohonga tino makariri. whakahaua tona urutaunga i i tiaki i te mahana me te kai production. Ko ētahi o ēnei:

• tae ma hokonga i (Masking);
• he paparanga mātotoru o ngako subcutaneous, e whai wāhi rua: mātao me te manawa taimaha tinana i roto i te kaukau me te ruku;
• huruhuru mātotoru me te mahana matotoru uhi i te mata katoa o te tinana.

Nā ki o ratou urutaunga pea poara kore e taea e wehi o ara te rangi maeke tino kino. He tae ma taea ki ata aere ia ki runga ki te puna mana - hiri.

Urutaunga o kararehe raro

Ko te māngai tino nui ko, o te akoranga, kamiriona me ana teina katoa (zokor, kiore kamiriona, me ētahi atu). Na reira, i roto i tona tauira, whakaaro urutaunga. Ko te tikanga o ngā pūrere tupu kamiriona hono ki wāhi noho raro kowaiwai o etahi nui āhuatanga abiotic: marama rawaka makuku, wera. Na reira urutaunga o te kararehe e whai ake:

• peke kaha keri;
• kore o te kite;
• paparanga mātotoru o te ngako subcutaneous;
• huruhuru pango maeneene me te raru;
• āhua tinana kaunuku.

Urutaunga o kararehe koraha nui

Ki te hunga matua ngā kamera, ratou ngā momo. Ko te tikanga o te takanga o ngā pūrere kamera i hanga i roto i te kore o te makuku me pāmahana teitei. Urutaunga o te natura e whai ake nei:

• Ko te aroaro o te kairīwhi rino o tai te taikaha i roto i te tinana;
• potootvedenie iti;
• te kaha mo te wa roa matekai, ngaro taimaha i tetahi tuatoru;
• āhuatanga motuhake o te nakunaku me te pākia e;
• te aroaro o koropuku, ki tonu i te wai here ngako-te pupuri;
• waiwai tere o te wai ki te faaî i te rāhui ā-.

enei urutaunga katoa meatia hoki ngā āhuatanga kamera koraha, he reira whakamarie, me te pai mo te ora.