Kōhao Anga: te huapai me ngā huakore

I roto i nga tau tata nei, ko te hanga i roto i o te raruraru auroa, faarahi te maha o ngā whare i hangaia, complexes ahumahi, rori, me te tahi atu whakaurunga hanganga. Aua, Kei te hoko tikanga engineering nui-tech atu rongonui e whakaiti i te wa me te mahi.

Overview

Ko ētahi o ēnei he kōhao arotahi. Kei te mohiotia te reira e reira e pai rite poutū (paerewa) koki ranei. Ano e hiahiatia ana mō tenei ine i te iti, poutū / whakapae: 2 anake nekehanga ki kōhao paerewa, neke atu i te 6 nekehanga mō te hohonu kōhao (puna wai tena i, te hinu hau ranei).

Noatia, e taea te meinga te aroaro o tenei ine kore horihori anake, engari take tino taiao. E wehea ratou ki te maha ngā rōpū (papawhenua, hangarau, hangarau). Ki te matau koutou ki enei āhuatanga katoa ata, ka taea e koe tika te whakahaere i te tūranga o te poka i te wāhi.

Fakatatau ki ai, i raro i te ine horihori tikanga tetahi "warping" wellbore i te tikanga tuatahi. He mea nui ki te mahino e te tikanga kōhao o aronga mana tino o te ahunga o te kaupapa o te drill puta noa te mahi.

Āhuatanga o te hinu, me te hau kōhao poka

Rawa hopoi te rota o fifi taua mahi i roto i te āhuatanga o te hinu, me te hau ahumahi. He kōhao Anga kua ki te kawe i roto i, te whakamahi i ngā pūkete aratohu motuhake. He mea nui hoki ki te mahara e ko te poka o runga tonu (!) He tino poutū, ka tīmata te ine i te taumata o raro, i roto i te Azimuth i āta whakamaheretia.

Tino maha e kore te kōhao Anga whakamahia i roto i te whanaketanga o mara, engari anake ka e haurapa ratou. He nui ngawari te ki tirohia te aroaro o "tohu", hanga he piki poka kaua roa atu i tamata noa ki te wiri te kamaka ki te hohonu rawaka poutū.

Pehea te kawea reira i roto i kōhao aronga? Ko te hangarau āhua ohie: te tuatahi pakaru poka matua, na, me te pūrere āwhina i powhiwhiwhi ki te tauwāhi e hiahiatia ana e tukua'Auká obliquely whakapae ranei hāngai, e te mahi kē he take atu. Hei mau tonu tika te aronga tomu'a o te kaupapa, me te whakamahi koe "faka'ilonga", ko ratou ramaroa hoki. I roto i te nuinga o te wā, te whakamahi i kāmera motuhake e tukua ki a koe sioloto te tukanga kōhao.

Pānui nui

Me kï reira e i roto i ētahi wā takoha ki te hanga poka taua āhuatanga arowhenua o toka. Na, i ētahi wā he reira iti ki te noho poka mo te wahi o te takanga o etahi toka ngiha mārō atu i ki Kilisimasi ia.

mōhio hoki e titau te ahunga kōhao me te pakaru o te boreholes tino whakapae. Kua wehea poka katoa, i whiwhi ai e tenei tikanga ki kotahi, me te maha-branched. I roto i te take whakamutunga, te kātua matua o neke atu i te torutoru haea. he tikanga pērā o ngā wiri whenua i roto i te hinu, me te hau ahumahi e whakamahia whānuitia i roto i te wā e whai ake nei:

• A, no te whakatuwhera i te whenei hinu- hau-whanau ranei, e takoto i waenganui i nga hara whakarara.
• Ki te huri i te reira i roto i taua i te hanganga te whakaputa koimutu taui aronga.
• I roto i te take i reira takoto te hinu-whanau hau-te whanau ranei Horizons raro domes tote (e tika ana ki fifi kōhao i roto i te whakamutunga).
• A, no te hiahia koe ki te hipa i te rohe horo i roto i te maina.
• Pinakitanga (whakapae, i roto i ngā) kōhao he mahuinga ki te takoto te awa ki raro i te tahi mau tinana o te wai i runga i te moana i raro i te wahi noho whare motuhake ranei ranei.
• I tüäpapa kōhao me rōnaki, e kua kei tika i runga i te moana, i te 90% o ngā take mā te whakamahi i tenei poka tikanga waea.
• I tua atu, he mahuinga kōhao arotahi ki te hiahiatia ki te pupuri puna multilateral i roto i ngā wāhi ki tino tiketike (pakohu, pukepuke, me te rite. D.).

Ko te tukanga rite mahuinga ia, ki te hoki etahi take (tūtukitanga, toka nekeneke neke) kua neke take ki, engari no te mea i reira i tetahi hiahia ki te tiki i a tawhio noa te wāhi raruraru. Ka rite ki te mea i meatia ai ki te hiahia koe ki te tango i tauira matua i te kātua matua, mai te kore e kore e taea tenei.

Hoki, whakamahia kōhao Anga te ina e hiahia ana koe ki te hohoro te hoatu i roto i te ahi ki runga ki mo etahi take, pai, kia rite ki te pai rite i roto i te wā i reira e hiahiatia te wahi o raro o te poka ko ki te whakawhānui hoki take whakahaere. I roto i te tikanga rite ki te whakapiki ake i te rohe pana i roto i te poka tawhito, ka te hiahiatia reira ki te whakaara i te pukapuka production.

he mahi taua, ka tuatahi mohiotia e kore e te mara no ki te kāwai o te tangata taonga, engari kua hiahiatia reira ki hohoro "miraka". Na ka whakamahi kōhao "rakau", me maha, me te maha-tap i te taha poka matua. Ki te i roto i tenei take whakamahi i te tikanga paerewa i te putanga mara ka kia iti, me te pai hohoro pau.

Mā te kōhao Anga weropepahia poka tuatahi whakapae i roto i whakapiri waro, pera i roto i tenei āhuatanga, e hiahia ana ratou ki te mua-tuku i te whitiki hau taea. Ki te koe e kore te mahi, tūponotanga o mumura me tae noa pahūtanga noa i roto i te mahi o te poka.

Hoki whawhati te rua i roto i te wā katoa e whakamahia ana motors downhole (Turbodrills, wā - ngā akoako hiko, taringa, nekeneke). tikanga o te kōhao - hurihuri.

tikanga taketake

Ko te tikanga taketake (rite mahi matou, a ki waho) ko te whakamahi o ngā āhuatanga hihiri o te whenua. Ko te mārama tenei, kia rite ki kahore e wahi katoa nga mania maitai maeneene me te steppes.

Tikanga, tangohia he tauira kei hoki te ara paerewa (pūkete), e kua hangaia i roto i te mua, me te whakamahia hoki tenei tikanga whakatauira pāngarau. He mea nui ki te mōhio e taea anake te whakamahi i te "paerewa" tikanga (!) I runga i nga mara kua whakawhanakehia, nga āhuatanga katoa e kua roa kua mohiotia. Ko te taa o tenei tikanga - te curvature o te rohe e kore e tamata ki te whakahaere me te whakarite i ki reira. Aue, engari puta te reira mai te faana'oraa o o te ara i tohua i roto i te utu o te kōhao.

He whakahauanga te kōtaha kaupapa ki te tohu wahi he i te tohu mōrahi o curvature, rite kahore enei raraunga riro te kaupapa oti koretake. Hoki te hoahoa, i roto i tenei take whakangungua paerewa kaipūkaha arotahi kōhao.

Te huri i te tahora o te Rig kōhao mō te huri i te tauhia o te poka

Ko te ara tino noa, ina tae mai te reira ki te whakahaere tika i te piko rua i roto i tona kătahi. tikanga pai no te mea e kore e whai i te reira ki te whakamahi i ngā taputapu motuhake. Ko tōna ngoikoretanga Ko te herenga kaha o te tikanga kōhao whakatere.

Ko te whakamahi o diverters horihori

Hoki nga mahi o tenei ahua e whakamahia Rōpūroto niao ki nipples momo rereke, wēti, te tahi atu deflectors. Kua tīpakohia ngā pūrere katoa takitahi, i runga i te āhuatanga motuhake me te momo o te whenua rānei.

momo ngahere

He tikanga nui o te kōhao Anga ko te rua ngahere kătahi. I roto i tenei take, te timatanga o poka katoa kei i te wāhi kotahi, me nga wāhanga mutunga - i roto i nga wahi i reira ngā papa o putunga mohiotia haere.

He pai te tikanga no te mea e āhei te reira ki a koutou tino whakaiti i te nui o te mahi tāutanga i runga i te pae, tino whakaiti i te maha e hiahiatia o ngā rārangi kōrero, tae atu ki ngā huarahi ki te wāhi i reira te whakaiti i te mahi me te hiahia mō te wai me te mana supply rārangi. I whakamatauria tenei momo o te kōhao tuatahi i roto i te USSR, atu ïa, i roto i Azerbaijan i roto i te mahi te hanga i runga i te moutere o Artem.

Ko te ngoikoretanga matua ko te faufaa o te aperaa whiti nga mangai o maina. I tua atu, kua takoha e matou ki te tiaki kua mahi i te wa o te poka kōhao tuarua, rite hiahiatia e te ture haumaru ahi. Hei whakamutunga, he drawback nui poka motu ko te whīwhiwhi o ratou tiaki muri, me te hanga, me he tino uaua i roto i te taiao moana ki te whakakore breakouts.

I raro i te mea ngā āhuatanga whakamahia tautau kōhao?

Na i roto i te mea wā obliquely whakahaua he rakau kōhao whakapae? Kua wehea nga take mo tona tono ki te rōpū e whai ake nei:

• Hangaia - ngā wiri whenua i raro i ngā whare, tae atu noho, te tahi atu whakaurunga hangarau.
• Hangarau - kei hea he reira pea e ka hono fakahohaasi te whanaketanga o te puna paerewa mahi o poka ngā. e kore te mea taua he "pāmamae" tikanga motu i roto i tenei whakaaro.
• Geologic - ka takoto kohuke papa pāhiwihiwi, i ngā taumata rerekē. I roto i tenei take, tāuta kōhao Anga he anake te kōwhiringa i te mea e tika ana, no te taea ki te whakatū i hanga, kahore te haamau'araa i te nui phenomenal o moni.
• Orographic - te rōpū tino noa o ngā take, tae atu ki te hiahia mō te whakatuwheratanga kei raro i te moana, te roto te mara, i roto i te take o te whenua uaua, me te te tuuraa o te poka turanga o tüäpapa tai me rōnaki.
• Climate. I roto i nga tau tata nei, i roto i nga wahi tokomaha o te Far Te Tai Tokerau ki reira he he au on ki te hukapapa, permafrost, i te mea he aha te whai noa tohunga ki te huihui i tikanga kōhao mawhatu. He mahi wehe, ki te parariraa o te lumen o te puna Ētahi atu tikanga.

Kia mahara e te pānga mōrahi i te mahi o te puna tautau kitea i roto i te reporepo, wāhi pinepine waipuke. He mea nui ki te mōhio e ka ko te tino nui kōhao Anga raro i te mata o te awa ki ki te whai i te kaimahi mātanga taea ki te whakamahi i tika te taputapu whakatere, kahore te whati i roto i te poka i roto i taua tikanga motuhake riro taea.

Ko te kupu, me ngā te mahi o kōhao Anga te rapu mo te, kaimahi hangarau-matika mātauranga.

āhuatanga nui o te tikanga

rakau Volume rite te koeko ranei te mahuetanga, te uara o e, rite taea te mohio ki, i runga i te rahi kei me te "blurring" o te putunga whakawhanakehia. Nä, ko te maha o poka weropepahia tautuhi kaha hangarau. He mea nui ki te mahino e ki te whakamāramatanga o te rahi o te ngahere kia tukinotia kawenga, rite o tenei taupū tei runga i te rohe o te rohe expropriated.

O te faufaa ngā ko te whanaketanga o te rua whakamātautau i roto i nga rohe o te kainga. tūranga nui i roto i puna ratonga oti tākaro wellheads wāhi. Ehara i maere e, kua meinga kōhao Anga paipa te tikanga matua i roto i te 15-20 tau whakamutunga, Kei te whānui whakamahia te reira i roto i te mahi.

Ko te pānga pai o te kāhui kōhao

I roto i te whānui, i tenei tikanga tino whakaiti i te utu o te whakahaere o te keri hanga o ngā wāhi ahumahi ranei, whai wāhi ki te aunoatanga rōrahi o ngā mahi katoa i hangaia e me tukanga. nui atu, āwhina tenei huarahi tiaki i te taiao mā te whakaiti i te pānga taiao.

Ko te meka e riro tino taea te whakatinanatanga o te tautau kōhao ki te kohikohi rawa te ururua kōhao, e kore tuku ki a ratou tae te wai whenua, me te whakaiti i te tūponotanga o te whakaiti i te taumata o te mua. Kei te maha tenei kite ki te kōhao paerewa, pera i roto i tenei take i reira ko te whakangaromanga o nga aquifers.

kei Kotahi taenga poka i te iti rawa e rua. Tikanga, te hinu i roto i to tatou whenua whai wāhi whakarōpū rua o 18-24 mongamonga, engari i roto i ētahi wā i te maha o whitinga mo 30. Heoi, e kore te mea he record tenei, mai i reira he take i roto i te mahi ao, ka taea haere tetahi o nga maina i 60 " ngā tukanga. " I roto i ngā, tāne te ingoa BP i runga i te iti horihori motu 60 × m 60 ... 68 poka tonu. Ko taea ki te whakapiki ake i koi te rōrahi o te hinu whakaputaina i tetahi mara.

Na e tino e kōhao arotahi me puna whakapae i roto i te ōhanga hou i roto i te tono mea ïa no te mea o te tiaki o ngā rauemi rawa, me te pūtea.

momo Maha-rārātini o kōhao

I tēnei wā, e tika ana ki te kēkeno o tokomaha o te mara tawhito, te ara pono anake ki te whiwhi kohuke ko te whakamahi o ngā tikanga production matatau, e ngā kōhao multihole. I te wa ano i te rua matua i te hohonu etahi ahu hou e rave rahi "tukanga". No te mea o tenei tino nui haere ki te rohe o te poka i te pae hua, te whakanui ake i ngā pukapuka o te maina. I tua atu, i te wa ano e taea e koe te whakaiti i te nui o kōhao i roto i te runga, Horizons kore-hua.

I roto i to tatou whenua tāne te puna tuatahi o tenei momo i roto i 1953 i roto i Bashkiria. Ko te poka, haere tika ki te matotoru awa, i taea te mahi anake i te mutunga o nga 50s. ¶ Na i roto i te rohe o Samara. Tonu i kitea ai e te putanga rā o puna taua ko e pā ana ki 40% ki runga ake i taua o nga otaota i hanga e tikanga, tikanga poutū.

Ko reira ka e i roto i to tatou whenua timata ki te whakawhanake i kōhao arotahi. Kei te whakatinana Mātauranga i roto i tenei makehe i roto i nga whare hangarau katoa o te whenua.

Ki te whakamahia tikanga pūritua, te roa tapeke o te rua i roto i nga piki hanganga tino whakanuia ana pana wai me te filtration rohe. whai wāhi ana tēnei ki te whakapiki ake i te pānga o te borehole kore anake, engari faarahi ano hoki te kounga o te mahi i roto i tona hua. E wehewehea tenei ahua o ngā rua ki nga momo e whai ake nei:

• I tahuri momo branched.
• Whakapae branched.
• Poka te aronga toropā.

I roto i te take whakamutunga, whakamahia te kōhao Anga (whakapae kōhao arotahi) Kei roto i te whenua uaua me nohanga nonuniform whakatupuranga o Horizons. taea tēnei aratuka (te faaiti i utu) ki te whakanui i te tangohanga o ngā kohuke.

Āhuatanga pūritua rua

Fifili rua obliquely pekapeka ngā o te kakau matua whakawhānui i te kātua me ratou tukanga āpiti, e kua kei roto i rererangi rerekē. momo Mau whakapae-whakahaua ko te rerekētanga o te momo tika whakaahuatia. Ko te rerekētanga anake - i te "wana" wellbore matua whakawhānui tino i roto i te manureva whakapae i te koki o 90 nekehanga.

Nä, ko ano hoki nga poka toropā kātua matua poutū, a atu - circumferentially, i.e. i te aronga toropā. I roto i nga tau tata nei, kua whakaaro poka rārātini aronga rawa whaihua o kōhao, rite ratou whakamahinga i runga i te tauine ahumahi taea tatou ki te whakaoti maha ngā take e ara ake i roto i te āhuatanga o te whanaketanga o ngā rauemi aa:

• whanaketanga Maximally whai hua o ngā āpure hinu ki whakaritenga kōhikohiko o Horizons. I roto i tenei take ko ōhanga koretake te kōhao Anga poutū, mai whiwhi te rōrahi whakamutunga te utu faufaa ore nui.
• Kōhao aronga matahao taea tino whakaiti i te maha o poka whakamahia. arata'i tenei ki te hekenga i roto i utu mo mahi, me te ki te whakaiti i te pānga i runga i te taiao.
• Ko te tangohanga o hinu faufau tino Kaore, mäminga nei i rire tino nui.
• whakamahia ana te taua tikanga te i te mea e tika ana ki te hanga i te teihana puia whakamahi pūngao wai wera raro.

Ko te kupu, ko te kōhao o puna Anga - he tikanga e whakamahia ana whānui i roto i te hou hinu, me te hau ahumahi me te ahumahi hanga.