Mikhail Speransky: biography o tona ora, mahi, whakaahua

mohiotia te rite i te kaituhi o te maha ngā hōtaka i runga i te huri ture Russian i te timatanga o te rau tau XIX: He mōhiohio pai-mohiotia me reforomatio Mikhail Speransky (1772-1839 tau o te ora). ora e ia te tihi me te heke o tona mahi, kihai i whakatinana katoa o tona whakaaro, engari he reira tona ingoa e he longo ki aronga ohaoha, e taea te whakawhanake i to tatou ahua i raro i Alexander ahau me Nicholas I.

tamarikitanga

whanau te hau heke mai Mikhail Speransky i January 1, 1772 i roto i Vladimir Province. Ko ia o takenga haehaa - mahi tona papa i roto i te hahi, me te tamahine o te diakono tona whaea ko. Ko te reira i te mau metua tino awe te huru me ngā ngākau nuitanga o te tamaiti. Ia hohoro ako ki te pānui i me te pānui i te rota. mana nui i runga i te Misha i te papa ruau e tokomaha haere ana ki te hahi, a whakaurua tona mokopuna ki taua pukapuka nui rite "Tohi o Haora" me "Te Aposetolo."

Ahakoa i muri i tona tairanga kihai i Mikhail Speransky wareware e pā ana ki o ratou takenga. Ka rite ki Hekeretari o State, horoia e ia tona ruma me te tikanga taa ê tāú i roto i te ora ia rā, me te mau peu.

timata Michael tona whakangungu pūnahanaha i roto i 1780 i roto i te taiepa o te haapiiraa evanelia te pīhopatanga Vladimir. Ko reira i reira no te mea o te aravihi faahiahia o te tamaiti mo te wa tuatahi tuhia i raro i te ingoa o Speransky e ko he kape waro o te kupu āhua Latin, te tikanga o 'whangai mua'. Ko te papa o te tamaiti, ko Vasiliev. tu tonu Mikhail Speransky i roto i te mano o te ara ana akonga, hiahia ki te ako, te aroha o te pānui, me te he pūāhua ataahua engari kaha. whakaaetia te seminelí ki a ia te ako reo Roma me reo Kariki.

Te neke ki St. Petersburg

Michael taea noho i roto i Vladimir ka tīmata te mahi hahi. Ia ka ara te herehere i o te Abbot rohe. Otiia kua i roto i te 1788 rite tetahi o nga ākonga kānapanapa me tino pūmanawa ka Speransky he faingamālie ki te haere ki St Petersburg, a haere tonu ana akoranga i te haapiiraa evanelia Alexander Nevsky. Ko tenei whare i raro i te mana tika o te Hinota. Hea e whakawhanakehia, ka whakaako e nga kaiako pai hōtaka hou.

Ko te tauwāhi hōu Speranskiy Mihail Mihaylovich ako teolosia e kore anake engari kaupapa fakamāmaní, tae atu ki ngā pāngarau teitei, ahupūngao, rapunga whakaaro me te Wīwī, ko wai i te wa ko te ao. kingi te ako tino seminelí, i roto i nei ngā ākonga te whakawhanake i te pūkenga maha haora o te mahi hinengaro kaha. I muri ako Speranski ki te pānui i roto i French, i mīharo ia e nga mahi o te karaipi o tenei whenua. Access ki te pukapuka pai, a hou hanga seminarian kuao tetahi o te iwi tino mātauranga i roto i te whenua.

I roto i te 1792 puta Speranskiy Mihail Mihaylovich i ratou akoranga. noho ia i roto i te haapiiraa evanelia, i reira i te tau torutoru i ia he kaiwhakaako o te pāngarau, kaupapa me te aravihi. I roto i tona wa e manawapa pai ia pakimaero, ka tuhituhi rotarota. i whakaputaina etahi o ratou i roto i te buka aamu St Petersburg. i hoatu faiako semineli i nga mahi katoa i roto i reira te tangata multilateral ki te outlook whanui.

Ko te timatanga o te mahi tūmatanui

I roto i te 1795, he taitamariki Speransky i runga i te kupu tohutohu o Metropolitan Kapariera utua i Aleksandrom Kurakinym. Ko reira rongonui he rangatira tāone me diplomats. Ki te rironga ki te torona o Paora ahau, i whakaritea e ia Attorney General. hiahiatia Kurakin te hekeretari e taea akakoromaki i te mahi taimaha. Ko te tangata taua Speranskiy Mihail Mihaylovich. I roto i te poto, whiriwhiria ana e ia he mahi mahi fakamāmani i roto i te Ekalesia. I roto i te haapiiraa evanelia kihai i hiahia ki te wehewehea ki te kaiako pūmanawa. karangatia Metropolitan ia ki te tango i taurangi Monastic, i muri nei i taea e Speransky tatau i runga i te taitara o episekopo. A ka whakakahore ia, ka i roto i 1797 riro te ana'iraa o te tauturu pekanga i roto i te tari o te rōia hāmene-whānui.

Tino hohoro kake rangatira te arawhata umanga. kotahi noa, ka ia runanga o kāwanatanga o tau he tokorua. Haurongo Speranskogo Mihaila Mihaylovicha - ko te kōrero o te ara tere o te mahi e tika ana ki te mahi ahurei, me te taranata. tukua enei huru maitatai ia e kore ki te kuao, ki te aroaro o nga mana, i arahina ki tona mana mârohia i roto i te heke mai. Ko e mo'oni, mahi Speransky matua mo te painga o te kāwanatanga, me anake ka whakaaro e pā ana ki ō rātou ake ngākau nuitanga.

Whakatika o te reforomatio

I roto i 1801, te Hiha Alexander I. Russian hou ka ia ripeneta rerekē i tona papa faatītī Paora, nei i mohiotia ki nga ritenga hōia me ngā tirohanga momo. Ko te ariki hou te ohaoha, me te hiahia ki te hanga i to ratou whenua i te whakahounga katoa i nga tika mo te whanaketanga tonu o te kāwanatanga. I roto i te whānui, e ratou ki te whakarei ake i te rangatiratanga tūmatanui.

He rerekē a Mikhail Speransky te taua whakaaro. Ko te haurongo o tenei ahua tino pākiki: tutaki ia ki a Alexander ahau, ka i ano karaunatia ia rangatira, engari whai wāhi he e pā ana i roto i te whakanohonoho o St. Petersburg, he runanga kāwanatanga. kitea iwi Young tonu te reo noa, a kihai te kingi i mua nei i wareware ki te hanga i te tangata whenua kanapa o te kawanatanga o Vladimir. Ki te rironga ki te torona, Alexander whakaritea e ahau Speransky Hekeretari o State Dmitry Troshchinsky. Ko tenei tangata he toofa me tetahi o kaitiaki hou o te Hiha.

Aita i maoro te mahi kumea ana Mihaila Speranskogo te aro o te mau melo o te komiti ngaro. Ko te tata ki a Alexander statesmen piri i roto i te kotahi porohita mo-whakatau kaupapa i runga i whakahounga akiaki. ka Speransky he kaiāwhina ki te rongonui Victor Kochubey.

Ko te komiti ngaro

Kua i te 1802, e tika ana ki te komiti ngaro, Alexander whakapumautia e ahau te mahi minita. whakakapi ratou te wā Petrine tawhito me kareti hua. ka Kochubei te Minita tuatahi o te Interior, ko Speransky - tona Hekeretari o State. Ko ia te kaimahi tari tino: te mahi ki te pepa mō pinepine o haora i te ra. I maoro tīmata Mikhail ki te tuhituhi i to ratou ake ngā kōrero rōpū teitei, te whakatakoto i roto i ona whakaaro i runga i te tauira o etahi whakahounga.

Ehara i te mea kino ki te whakahua kotahi ano e nga whakaaro o Speransky i hanga e te tai'oraa i te mau philosopho French o te rau tau XVIII: na'u .. Voltaire, me ētahi atu whakaaro Rīpera State Hekeretari ki te mana. I maoro, i whakaritea e ia upoko o te tari i roto i te tiaki o te whanaketanga o te kaupapa whakahou.

Ko reira i raro i te ārahitanga o Mikhail Mikhailovich whakatakoto nga tikanga taketake o te rongonui "ta o cultivators free." Ko te taahiraa wehi tuatahi o nga mana Russian i te ara o te whakakāhoretanga o te serfdom. E ai ki te ture, i teie nei i taea e nga rangatira kia te peasants ki te whenua. Ahakoa te meka e kua tenei kaupapa kua iti rawa whakautu i te piha haapiiraa monū, ko pai ki te mahi mahi Alexander. whakaakona e ia ki te timata whakamahere talifaki hanganga tuwhena i roto i te whenua. hoatu Speranskiy Mihail Mihaylovich i roto i tiaki o tenei tukanga. He mīharo haurongo poto o te Statesman: ia, ngā hononga e kore e he, engari i roto i to ratou ake āheinga, me te pakeke mahi i taea e te tiki ki te tihi o te Russian Olympus tōrangapū.

I roto i te wā i 1803 ki te tau 1806. Speransky ko te kaituhi o te maha nui o ngā tuhipoka tukua ki te kingi. I roto i te pepa tātarihia Hekeretari o State te reira āhua o te rāngai ture me te whakahaere. Ko te tono matua o Mikhail Mikhailovich ko ki te huri i te pūnaha tōrangapū. E ai ki ana ngā kōrero, kia meinga Russia he ture arikitanga, te wahi i tangohia o te mana tino te kingi. kihai i enei kaupapa mohio, engari Alexander whakapai ana maha otinga Speransky. Nā ki to ratou mahi nui rawa ke ano hoki tenei e pā ana te reo o te kōrero tari i roto i ngā tari kāwanatanga. hoatu ana e ia ki runga maha archaisms o te rau tau XIX, me ana whakaaro i runga i te pepa, kowaiwai o tikanga, i hōu, me te mārama rite taea.

kaiāwhina Emperor

I te tau 1806 Alexander hanga e ahau te seminarian mua rangatira tona tauturu, "te kōwhiri" te reira i roto i Kochubey. I hiahiatia Emperor ko te tangata rite Speranskiy Mihail Mihaylovich. e kore e taea te mahi i haurongo Poto o te pononga ā, kahore te whakaahuatanga o tona hononga ki te ariki. Alexander Speransky wāriutia matua mo tona motuhake i ngā porowhita rangatira, ia o nei apataki ia mo ratou ake ngākau nuitanga. I tenei wa, takaro he ware Michael ki ona ringa. ka anga ia ki te farii i whakahau i te kingi fakatāutaha.

I roto i tenei tūnga mahi Speranski i te mātauranga i roto i te haapiiraa - fakatāutaha tata ki a ia te kaupapa. Ko ia te kaituhi o te tikanga i whakaritea ngā mahi katoa o ēnei pūtahi. E roa humarie ēnei ture tae noa ki 1917. Ko tētahi atu hinonga nui Speransky rite te Kaitätari Kaute o te mātauranga Russian - tuhia he tuhipoka i roto i i tuhia e ia te mau parau tumu o te heke mai o te Tsarskoye selo Lyceum. Kua whakaakona tenei whare mo te maha o ngā whakatupuranga tae o te iwi - te tangata taitama o nga hapu kahurangi tino kaumatua. Ko tōna raukura ko Alexander Pushkin.

ratonga takawaenga

I te wa ano, ko Alexander ahau kaupapa here ke rawa pukumahi. Haere ki Europe, tamau noa'i te ka mau ia Speransky ki a ia. Na ko reira i te tau 1807, ka tū Congress Erfurt Napoleon. Ko reira ka e ako tuatahi Europe nei ko Michael Speransky. hiahiatia haurongo Poto o te rangatira ki te whakahua i tona Return pūkenga. Ko tae noa ki 1807, e kore ia kua noa atu.

Na, whakawhetai ki te matauranga o reo me ratou mātauranga, Speransky taea maere röpü ke katoa i reira i roto i te Erfurt. Napoleon ia ka whakatata whakarongo ki kaiāwhina Alexander me tae noa mahara hauti ui te kingi Russian ki te huri i te Hekeretari pūmanawa o State "ki tetahi rangatiratanga." Otiia ki waho tuhia hoki Speranski me te whakamahi mahi o tona noho i roto i te tira. ka mau ia wahi i roto i te kōrero me te mutunga o te rangimarie i waenganui i France ko Russia. Heoi, ko pāhekeheke te āhuatanga tōrangapū i roto i Ūropi i taua wa, a hohoro kua enei whakaritenga wareware.

kōmata mahi

pau Speranski te rota o te wā e mahi ana i runga i te tuhi ake nga whakaritenga mo te whakauru ki te mahi ā-iwi. Knowledge o rangatira maha kihai i Tuamata ki te taumata o ratou tūranga. Ko te take hoki tenei āhuatanga i mahi noa i te mahi o nga whakawhetai pūrere ki hononga whānau. Na reira e whakaarohia ana Speransky te whakataki o ngā whakamātautau mō ngā iwi e hiahia ana ki te hei rangatira. whakaae Alexander ki tenei whakaaro, a hohoro enei ture hei ture.

Ki te rironga o Finland ki Russia Speransky ka mau ia e tiaki o te hanganga i roto i te kawanatanga hou. He ko he rangatira momo, na ko reira i roto i tenei whenua, i taea ki te ite ratou whakaaro ohaoha roa'ei te Alexander. I roto i te 1810, ka whakapumautia te Kaunihera State. Hoki i reira ko te tūranga o Hekeretari o State, i riro Speranskiy Mihail Mihaylovich. kihai i mahi reforomatio i noa. Na mana ka e ia te tangata tuarua i roto i te āhua.

whakama

Maha hanganga Speransky pāngia ngā ao katoa o te ora motu. i tuwhena huringa wahi, i whakakeke te wahi e mangere o te hapori. kihai i Mikhail rite nga rangatira, no te mea e tika ana ki tona mahi he reira kua tukua ratou ngākau nuitanga i roto i te wahi tuatahi. Na roto i te 1812, i te marae o te emepera i reira ko tetahi rōpū o minita me nunui, e timata ana ki te whakangārahu ki Speransky. horahia e ratou nga hau teka e pā ana ki a ia, pera e ia te whakapae whakahē te kingi. Ki te huarahi o maha filí o te whawhai i timata ki te mahara tona hononga ki Napoleon i Erfurt.

I roto i te Maehe 1812, i tonoa Mikhail Speransky i ona pou katoa. I whakahaua e ia ki te waiho i te pane. I roto i te meka, ko ia i roto i te whakarau, tuatahi i roto i Nizhny Novgorod, a ka i roto i te kawanatanga Novgorod. He tau torutoru i muri, te whakahaere tonu ia opals withdrawal.

I te 1816 ka whakaritea ia kawana o Penza. Mikhail Speransky, i poto, mohio iti e pā ana ki tenei rohe. Heoi, whakawhetai ki ana pūkenga whakahaere, i taea e ki te riro i te tiai o te tikanga i roto i te kawanatanga ia. pai te iwi Local Hekeretari mua o State.

I muri ko Penza kātipa i Irkutsk, te wahi mahi ia mo te kawana Siberian i 1819 ki te 1821. Here, i ara ake mahue te āhuatanga atu i roto i Penza. Speranski mahi whakaritenga: whakawhanakehia ngā tūtohinga hoki te whakahaere o paerikiriki motu me te tiaki o te mahi ohaoha.

Ano i roto i te St. Petersburg

I roto i te tau 1821, Mikhail Mikhailovich mo te wa tuatahi i roto i nga tau maha, i roto i St Petersburg. tutuki e ia tona hui ki hanga Alexander I. Ko te Emperor reira mārama e nga ra tau, ka ko Speransky tuarua te tangata i roto i te āhua, i muri. Otiia, i whakaritea e ia upoko o te kōmihana mō te tuhia ture. Ko reira rite te tūranga i roto i i ia e taea te ki te whakamahi te nuinga tōtika te wheako katoa, puritia e Mikhail Speransky. E whakaatu ana whakaahua Historical o tenei tangata ia hei reforomatio tino. Na ka hoki ia ki tona huringa.

oti te taahiraa matamua te Siberian pakihi mōhiohio. kawea whakahou whakahaere i roto i roto i ona tuhipoka. i wehea Siberia ki Te Tai Rāwhiti me Te Hau-ā-uru. I roto i nga tau tata nei, te kingitanga o Alexander i oti rawa ahau nui te wa ki te whakaritenga o ngā whakataunga hōia. Na mahi ratou ko Speransky, nei, me ki Alekseem Arakcheevym ahu e te kōmihana hāngai.

A, no te Nicholas ahau

I te 1825 ka mate ia, Alexander I. He ko he mahi kino o nga Decembrists. i whakatupato Speransky ki tuhia te Faaiteraa o te timatanga o te kingitanga o Nicholas I. mauruuru te kawana hou nga hua o Speransky, ahakoa te meka i ia he tirohanga tōrangapū. noho ohaoha mōhiohio rongonui. Na ka ko he momo o te kingi, me te tutu o nga Decembrists faata'i noa atu te reira ki te whakahounga.

I roto i te Nikolaev i tau Speranskii mahi matua te faaineineraa o te huinga katoa o ture o te Russian Empire. kawea huihuia putanga Multivolume he maha nui o tikanga, te tuatahi o i puta i roto i te rau tau XVII. I roto i te Hānuere 1839 e tika ana ki ona hua riro Speransky te taitara o te Kaute. Heoi, i runga i te Hui-tanguru 11, ka mate ia i te tau o 67 tau.

Kua riro ana mahi maia me te hua te pūkaha o tau wawe hanganga Russian o te kingitanga o Alexander I. I te kōmata o te mahi Speransky i roto i whakama noa, engari i muri hoki ki tona mau ohipa. Ia i mahi pono te State, i roto i te noa'tu o tetahi aitua.