Ngā āhuatanga pūtaiao, me hanga i roto i nga ake Middle. Pūtaiao i roto i te anotau Middle

Century huaina, ko te toharite, i roto i te hītori o ia whenua te tango wā rerekē. I roto i te whānui, rite ki te tikanga, ka karanga i roto i tenei ara ko te V āputa ki te rau tau XV, tatau i te reira i 476, ka te hinga o te Hau emepera Roma Western.

Ko te ahurea o te tawhito ngaro i raro i te aroraa o te Tautangata. Tenei Ko tetahi o nga take he aha te Anotau, kia maha ki rite pouri pouri ranei. Fakataha ki ngaro te damping o te Empire Roma me te marama o te take, me te ataahua o te toi. Heoi, ngā āhuatanga pūtaiao, me hanga i roto i te anotau Middle - he tohu pai e ara i roto i nga wa tangata uaua tino whakahaere ki te pupuri tino mōhiotanga, me te, ano, ki te whakawhanake ratou. I roto i te wahi i tika ki a Karaitiana i tenei, engari he ōwehenga nui o te whanaketanga onamata tiaki whakawhetai ki kaipūtaiao Arab.

Lower Empire

Pūtaiao i roto i te anotau Middle, matua whakawhanakehia i roto i te monasteries. I muri i te hinganga o Roma, ka te pätaka o te whakaaro nui tahito Byzantium, i reira i te wa kua kairau a he nui te Ekalesia Karaitiana, tae atu tūranga tōrangapū. I roto i te whare pukapuka o monasteries Constantinople tiaki nga mahi o te whakaaro faahiahia o Kariki me Roma. Nga mahi o te rau tau IX, oti rawa te episekopo Leo pāngarau te rota o te wā. Ko ia i roto i te pūtaiao tuatahi e kua ki te whakamahi i te pukapuka hei tohu pāngarau, e mau homai te tika ki te karanga ia tetahi o nga kaiwhakatū o te taurangi.

I runga i te rohe o te monasteries karaipi hanga kape o mahi onamata, kōrero. Pāngarau, i whakawhanakehia i raro io ratou haurangi, i hanga te pūtake o te hoahoanga me te kua meinga taea te hanga o te tauira taua o toi Byzantine, rite te hahi o Hagia Sophia.

He he take ki te whakapono e hanga nga Byzantines he mahere, haere ki Haina me Inia, ko reira te matauranga o te geography me kararehe. I teie mahana, Heoi, te nuinga o te kōrero e pā ana ki te āhua, i noho he pūtaiao i roto i nga anotau Middle i te rohe o te Hau emepera Roma Eastern, he mohiotia ki a tatou. Kei tanumia ia i roto i nga wahi kua ururuatia o pa, tonu kitea ki te hoariri e whakaeke i roto i te wā o te Byzantine Empire.

Pūtaiao i roto i te whenua Arab

E rave rahi te matauranga tawhito kua whakawhanakehia kua waho Europe. Arab Caliphate, i whakawhanakehia i raro i te mana o te ahurea tahito, mau whakaorangia te matauranga i te Tautangata kore anake, engari ano hoki i te hahi, e, ahakoa pai ki te tiaki o te whakaaro nui i roto i te monasteries, engari koa, e kore mahi pūtaiao katoa, rapu ki te tiaki ia ratou ki te kătahi o titorehanga. I muri i te tahi mau wa te matauranga onamata, tāpiri me hou, hoki ana ki a Europe.

I runga i te rohe o te Arab Caliphate i te anotau Middle whakawhanakehia he maha nui o sciences: geography, rapunga whakaaro, tātai arorangi, pāngarau, optics, pūtaiao.

Numbers me nekehanga o te aorangi

Kei te nuinga o hāngai Astronomy i runga i te "Almagest" pukapuka rongonui a Ptolemy. Fifili e ahau he aha te ingoa o te mahi o te pūtaiao riro i muri i te mea kua whakamāoritia ki Arabic me ka hoki mai ano ki a Europe. kihai i arorangi Arab tiaki anake te matauranga Kariki, engari ano ki te whakapiki ake i a ratou. Ko te kupu, riro ratou e te whenua ko te vahi, a ka i taea ki te ine i te pewa o te afaraa, ki te tātai i te rahi o te ao. hoatu pūkenga Arab te ingoa he rota o whetu, ko te kupu whakawhänui i te whakaahuatanga i roto i "Almagest". I tua atu, e rave rahi pa nui i hanga e ratou i te Observatory.

i tino whānui hoki Arapi wharekarakia'ilo me hanga i roto i te mara o pāngarau. E i roto i te whenua Islamic Taketake taurangi me te pākoki. Ko Ahakoa te kupu "ahua" o te take Arabic ( "Kaituhi" tikanga "kore").

whanaunga hokohoko

He maha ngā āhuatanga pūtaiao, me hanga i roto i te anotau Middle, i tono nga Arapi i te iwi ki nei ratou hoko tonu. Na roto i whenua Islamic ki Europa i India ko China ko te kāpehu, paura, pepa. Arapi, ano, ko te whakamārama o āhua i roto i nei i ratou ki te haere, a ka tutaki ano iwi, tae atu ki te Silaví.

Kua waiho whenua Arab te puna o te huringa ahurea. Kei te whakapono te reira e konei i whakaaro te marau. I runga i te rohe o te āhua Islamic tuatahi ka haere ia ki a Byzantium, a muri i roto i Western Europe.

pūtaiao minita me te fakamāmaní

puta te nuinga ngā āhuatanga pūtaiao, me hanga i roto i te anotau Middle i te rohe o Karaitiana Europa i roto i monasteries. Ki te rau tau VIII, mōhiotanga pono, i utua whakarongo ki, mo nga tuhinga tapu me mau parau mau. timata pūtaiao fakamāmaní ki te kia whakaako i roto i ngā kura i te whare karakia i roto i te rangatiratanga Karla Velikogo anake. Grammar me kōrero, tātai arorangi, arorau, tauhanga me te āhuahanga, me te waiata (te pera-ka karanga toi ohaoha whitu) i te tīmatanga wātea anake ki mohio, engari āta timata ki te horahia mātauranga i ngā taumata katoa o te hapori. Na roto i te timatanga o te kura none XI rau timata ki te kia puta ki whare wānanga. i āta kura fakamāmaní i France, Ingarangi, Czech Republic, Spain, Portugal, Poland.

hapahapai ki te whanaketanga o te pūtaiao i mathematician Student, taiao Witelo moke Rodzher Bekon. Te whakapae muri, i roto i ngā riro e te tere o te marama he tahuti, ka piri, he reira tata ki te ariā whakatö poipoi.

Ko te kaupapa inexorable o te ahunga whakamua

ngā āhuatanga Hangarau me hanga i roto i te rau tau XI-XV hoatu te ao he rota, kahore nei e waiho e taea ki te whakatutuki i te taumata o te ahunga whakamua, i te mea huru o te tangata i tenei ra. riro te reira i tikanga atu mātanga o te wai me te Windmills. I roto i te wahi o te wa pere, mehua, ka haere mai te karaka aunoa. I roto i te XII timata ngā rau tau ki te whakamahi i te awhi mo te takotoranga. Paura whakaaro i roto i Haina i roto i te rau tau VI, ka Kawea e nga Arapi, ka anga ki te tākaro i te wāhi nui i roto i pakanga Pākehā anake i roto i te rau tau XIV, ka i whakaaro me te pū.

I roto i te rau tau XII, tutaki hoki Pakeha ki te pepa. whakahaerenga whakatuwheratia, kua hanga i te reira i ngā rauemi e tika ana. I roto i te whakarara, whakawhanake woodcut (rakau whakairo), e kua āta kua mamingatanga e te press tā. Tona ahua i roto i Europe rā hoki ki te rau tau XV.

Inventions me ngā āhuatanga pūtaiao o te rau tau 17, me te muri katoa e hāngai ana te nuinga i runga i te whakatutukitanga o ngā pūkenga wharekarakia. titauraa Alchemical, e ngana ana ki te kitea te mata o te ao, te hiahia ki te tiaki i te kainga tupu o te tawhito i hanga taea te ahu whakamua o te tangata i roto i te Renaissance, a ngā wā hou. whai wāhi ngā āhuatanga pūtaiao, me hanga i roto i te anotau Middle ki te hanganga o to tatou ao mōhio. Ko te aha, pea, e kia tano ki te karanga i tenei wā o te hītori tūnga pe'ape'ao, e mahara ana te whakataki anake me mārika fakalotu o te wā.