Ngahere whakauru o Russia. Plants me kararehe o te ngahere whakauru. Oneone i konatunatua ngahere

Broadleaf me ngahere whakauru hanga ake te ōrau nui iti o te rohe ngahere o Russia, atu i taiga coniferous. I roto i Siberia, he mea motu ratou i toe. Broadleaf me ngahere whakauru angamaheni mo te wahi Pākehā o Russia me te rohe Far Eastern. Ratou te hōtoke puka me rakau coniferous. Ratou e kore noa i te hanganga whakauru o turanga ngahere, engari ano hoki te momo o te kararehe rerekē, ātete ki tākiekina taiao kino, te hanganga o te mosaic.

Types me hōhonu o ngahere whakauru

He ngahere iti-tatu, me te coniferous me whakauru te hōtoke. Tuatahi tupu te nuinga i roto i te wāhi continental. ngahere Mixed i te mārama kitea tāpae (huringa i roto i te hanganga o otaota, i runga i te tiketike kei). Ko te taumata pito - puruhi tiketike, rimu, oki. Paku raro tipu birch, maples, oki, lindens, mohoao pea me te aporo rakau, oakery teina me ētahi atu. I tua atu i reira he rakau raro: Rowan, viburnum etc. rakau taumata tohanga Next puka: .. Viburnum, he aramona, whakatika rakau, raspberries me te tini ke atu Hawthorn, mohoao. Next mai i te rakau iti. I te raro rawa e tipu otaota, hawahawa, me talingelingá.

puka takawaenga me te taketake o ngahere coniferous-iti-tatu

He āhuatanga ngā ko e e whakaaro nga huānga whakauru-rau mārō ki te kia anake hei wāhanga takawaenga o te hanganga o te ngahere coniferous. Heoi, haere mai ratou me te taketake: huānga o kohatu birch (Kamchatka), Aherimi birch i roto i te ngahere, nga rakau ngaueue me te alder reporepo (tonga o te wahi Pākehā o Russia). Ko te tino kanapa momo ngahere iti-tatu. whakatairanga te reira i tupu wana a o te tarutaru taupoki, me ona rerenga kētanga. ngahere coniferous whakauru momo broadleaf, i te rerekē, pā ana ki te ngā tūturu eu. Ka tohaina i roto i te rohe whakawhiti i waenganui i ngā momo Boreal me te hōtoke. ngahere coniferous-te hōtoke tupu i roto i nga mania, me te i runga i te rohe maunga raro ki ngā takiwā makariri ngawari me te takawai.

Rohe i konatunatua me te hōtoke ngahere

ngahere coniferous-te hōtoke tupu i roto i ngā rohe mahana o te rohe hitahita. E kitea ratou e te momo me te momonatanga o te tarutaru taupoki. Tupu takai taratahi i Pākehā Russia ki te Far Te Tai Rāwhiti. He pai mō te iwi o ratou whenua. Ki te tonga o te taiga ko te rohe o ngahere whakauru. E horahia ratou i runga i te rohe katoa o te Te Tai Rāwhiti Pākehā mania me nga Urals (ki runga, ki te rohe Amur). Kaua e hanga i te rohe tonu.

Est Pākehā broadleaf rohe wahi me ngahere whakauru raki takoto i 57 ° c. w. Runga ake riro te reira tata tino oki (tetahi o te rakau matua). Tonga tata pa te rohe raki o te koraha ngahere, te wahi riro puruhi rawa. Tenei rohe ko te wahi i roto i te āhua o te tapatoru, e rua akitū o e he i roto i Russia (Ekaterinburg, St Petersburg), me te tuatoru - i roto i Ukraine (Kiev). Ko, rite te tawhiti i te wāhi tuatahi ki te broadleaf raki me ngahere whakauru āta haere atu i te wāhi kōwae. hiahia ratou mahana me te tiaki i te hau haupapa o te raorao awa ki te uru ki te mata o toka pākawa waro. E ai ki a ia te ngahere o te momo te hōtoke me te whakauru o ngā huānga iti āta tae te taiga.

Ko Te Tai Rāwhiti Pākehā mania nuinga iti-teka, me te whenua flat, engari i ētahi wā i reira he pukepuke. Tenei ko nga takenga mai, puna kaukau me watersheds o nga awa Russian nui rawa: ko te Dnieper, Täingäwai, Western Dvina. E whakauruurutia ratou wahi kai-waipuke ki ngahere me wahi kai. I roto i te tahi mau rohe, nga mania, no te mea o te pātata o te manawa whenua, kia rite ki te pai kia rite ki te iti rere, i ētahi wā rawa reporepo. He hoki ngā wāhi ki one oneone, e tupu ngahere paina. Ko te waimaori me mahinga tupu rakau kākano me te tarutaru. Ko tino tika ana mō ngahere coniferous-te hōtoke te rohe.

pānga tangata

Broadleaf me ngahere whakauru mo te wa roa wāhi ki awe ngā i te iwi. Na reira, kua puta ke tino maha ngā huānga: otaota tuwhena rānei tino whakangaromia wāhanga rawa ranei whakakapi e toka tuarua ranei. Na nga toenga o ngā momo ngahere te hōtoke e kua ora i raro i te pēhanga horonga taimaha, i rerekē huringa hanganga otaota. ngaro ētahi momo ratou wahi i roto i ngā hapori taketake tupu i roto i noho anthropogenically raruraru nohoia tūranga intrazonal ranei.

āhuarangi

Climate o ngahere whakauru kaua ngāwari. Kei te āhuatanga i te reira e ngā mahana i roto i te hotoke (i roto i te toharite i 0 ki -16 °), me te roa te raumati (16-24 ° C) rite whakaritea ki rohe taiga. Te ua ā-tau toharite - 500-1000 mm. Kei te whānui nui reira whakaetonga, i te mea he āhuatanga o te tikanga faaite te wai horoi. ngahere Mixed i te āhuatanga āhuatanga ko te taumata tiketike o te tarutaru taupoki. Ko to ratou koiora i runga i toharite 2-3 mano kg / ha. nui hoki amo taumata koiora taiga, Heoi, e tika ana ki te mahi teitei o te microorganisms, haere whakangaromanga o matū waro nui tere. Na reira ngahere whakauru i te matotoru iti me te taumata nui o whāwehe amo atu i taiga koroī.

Soils ngahere whakauru

He kanorau oneone konatunatua ngahere. Cover he hanganga tika paipōro. I runga i te rohe o te Te Tai Rāwhiti Pākehā mania ko te momo tino noa o te oneone kohuatia-podzolic. Ko te ahua o te aronui tonga podsolic oneone me te hanga e anake i roto i te aroaro o nga kamaka matua momo one. He te taua hanganga o te kōtaha me te hanganga rite oneone kohuatia-podzolic. rere ke te reira i podsolic i amo massiveness (5 cm) me te kaha nui Horizons katoa. A e kore te reira anake te rerekētanga. Kohuatia podsolic oneone e atu korerotia te pararopi pae A1, kei nei i raro i te amo. Tona ahua rerekē i taua papanga o podzolic oneone. Kei roto i te wahi o runga rhizomes Sward me ngā puka kohuatia. Ka taea te tae pae i roto i atarangi rerekē o hina, a ka kua te hanganga wewete. paparanga Power - 5-20 cm, te pararopi rahi - ki runga ki te 4%. He waikawa te wahi o runga o te oneone kōtaha raraunga. Ki te riro i te faahohonuraa e o reira noa iti.

Oneone i konatunatua ngahere whanui-tatu

oneone ngahere hina konatunatua ngahere tokerauhoro e hanga e i roto i te rohe o uta. I roto i Russia, kua tohaina e ratou i te wahi Pākehā ki Transbaikalia. I roto i te para oneone taua tomo ki rire nui. Heoi, he maha tepu wai hohonu rawa. Na reira, mākū, i te oneone ki to ratou taumata he angamaheni anake i roto i ngā wāhi tino makuku.

He pai ake hāngai mō te ahuwhenua atu te taiga substrates oneone ngahere Mixed. I roto i nga rohe tonga o te wahi Pākehā o Russia whenua parahua hanga ake 45% o te rohe. Ki te raki, me te taiga wahi o te whenua parahua te āta iti. he uaua Agriculture i roto i ēnei wāhanga hoki o wīra, mākū me te oneone zavalunennosti kaha. Ki te whiwhi e loto pai titau te rota o te tongi.

āhuatanga General o te wao nui a Tane

Plants me kararehe o te ngahere whakauru ko te tino kanorau. Ko te momonatanga momo o otaota me ngaa kararehe e rite anake ki te uru raau pārūrū me he kāinga ki maha konihi me herbivores. Here i runga i nga rakau tiketike tupu pakiaka squirrels me ētahi atu kararehe, i runga i te karauna hanga ohanga nga manu i te rua pakiaka te āo hares me pokiha, a kihai i matara atu i te otters awa ora. Ko te tino nui momo kanorau rohe whakauru. Na ite whakamarie rite nga tangata o te taiga me ngahere te hōtoke, me ngahere-noho. Ko ētahi ara puta noa i te tau, me te tahi atu mo te okioki hotoke. Plants me kararehe o ngahere whakauru i te hononga taupuhipuhi. whangai maha herbivores i runga i hua rerekē, i roto i ngahere whakauru rawa nui.

Trees ngahere whakauru

ngahere Mixed-tatu e pā ana ki 90% ngā o rakau coniferous me momo iti-tatu. e kore e pera nui momo broadleaf. Fakataha ki te rakau paina ratou tupu ngaueue, birch, alder, whiro, papara. Birch tito o huānga o tenei momo te tino. Ka rite ki te tikanga, he Tuarua ratou - tupu e te i runga i te ahi ngahere, ngakinga me glades, koroheke whenua parahua kāore. I roto i te tuwhera kāinga, kei te pai anō taua ngahere i roto i te tau wawe o tipu tere. Roha ratou wāhi whai wāhi ki ngā mahi a te tangata.

ngahere coniferous-te hōtoke ngā matua o nga rakau kauri, lindens, paina, oki, oki, oki, maples, a i roto i nga rohe tonga-hauauru o te Russian Federation - tawai, pungarehu, me te hornbeam. Ko te taua rakau, engari momo rohe tupu i roto i te Far Te Tai Rāwhiti, me ki karepe, wōnati Manchurian me waina. I roto i te tikanga maha, te hanganga, me te hanganga o te tipu kararehe o ngahere momo coniferous-te hōtoke tei runga i ngā takiwā makariri, mahere whenua, te oneone me te tikanga hydrological o te rohe ngā. I roto i te Te Tai Tokerau Caucasus nuinga e oki, te rimu, pereni, kauri, me te tahi atu momo. Ko te kanorau tino i roto i te hanganga ko nga ngahere Far Eastern momo coniferous-te hōtoke. E hanga e ratou i te pine hita, Khingan kauri, puruhi ayyanskoy, e rave rahi momo o pereni, pungarehu Manchurian, oki Mongolian, Amur Linden me nga momo māori i faahitihia o otaota.

Momo kanorau o kararehe

Mai i herbivores nui i roto i te whakauru ngahere Elk, bison, poaka, hata ko Sika hata (kawemai, ka urutau puka). Mai i kiore pūmua ngahere reira marten, torimā, piwa, chipmunks, ota, kiore, hiako, mink, wereti pango. hira ngahere i konatunatua ki te maha ngā momo o manu. Tenei he maha o ratou, engari e kore te katoa: oriole, nuthatch, siskin, fieldfare, goshawk, he aramona grouse, bullfinch, Nightingale, koekoea, hupou, te warou hina, goldfinches, woodpeckers, grouse, Finch. Ētahi atu kaitukituki iti nui ranei te aroaro wuruhi, Lynx me pokiha. E hoki te kāinga ngahere whakauru ki te räpeti (hares me hares), mokomoko, hedgehogs, nakahi, poroka me pea parauri.

Harore me hua

E te aroaro Berries te pafa'ihia, rōpere, karani, karani, parakipere, here, rōpere, taraheke, elderberry, Rowan, karani, rosehips, Hawthorn. Ko nga ngahere o tenei momo he maha harore kai: e ngaueue ana, take ma, chanterelles, russula, harore, harore, harore pata, volnushki ngā blewits, boletus, Mokhovikov, harore me etahi atu. Ko tētahi o nga toadstools paitini tino mōrearea he macromycetes me toadstool koma.

rakau iti

hira Russian ngahere whakauru rakau iti. Taumata tohanga tihi rerekē whakawhanakehia. Hoki oki mārō āhuatanga e te aroaro o te aramona, rakau muka, wuruhi laka, te rakau rewarewa, a i roto i te rohe o te raki - alder Buckthorn. I te taha, me te i roto i tuwhera ngahere tupu rosehips. I roto i te ngahere o te momo tūpono tipu lianoobraznye coniferous me te whanui-tatu: Calystegia sepium, pekepeke haere piki, bittersweet.

otaota

He kanorau nui o ngā momo, me te he hanganga poutū matatini whai tarutaru ngahere whakauru (rawa coniferous me momo whanui-tatu). Ko te kāwai tino noa, me te whānui kanohi - he tipu mesophilic ta'etaau. I roto ia ratou he māngai o te Oakwood. Ko te tipu nei rau paraharaha he whanui nui. Ko ētahi o ēnei: Mercurialis perennis, kaumatua whenua, Lungwort, rengarenga o te raorao, Pākehā Wild Ginger, wiwi puhuruhuru, Zelenchuk kōwhai, chickweed lanceolate, sochevnik (Black me puna), puru mīharo. E māngai pata bluegrass Ahera, fescue Rapa, ngahere kakaho tarutaru, Brachypodium pinnatum, boron me etahi atu o te horahanga. rau raraunga Flat o ngā tipu e he kōwhiringa ki te urutau ki ngahere coniferous-te hōtoke fitosrede motuhake.

I tua atu ki enei momo koiora i roto i te huinga raraunga e kitea ano tarutaru rōpū Rangitahi. Tona wa e tipu, e whakawhiti ratou ki te wa puna, ka te rama mōrahi. Kia te koero hukarere, ara korōria nehenehe ephemeroids puka whāriki o anemones kōwhai me te kuihi kopere hohlatok papura, me te kikorangi papura-prolesok. haere ēnei tipu i roto i te huringa ora mo o wiki i te tokorua, me ka matomato nga rau o nga rakau, te mutunga mate ratou wahi irirangi. wā kino wheako ratou i raro i te paparanga o te oneone rite kōpura, topuku me rhizomes.