Hanganga, Mātauranga Tuarua me ngā kura
Pauna mehua. Measures pauna hua nuinga
I runga i te pātai e pā ana ki te āhuatanga o tenei ranei e mea, tino pea, ona papatipu ka e huaina, i roto i te tahi atu āhuatanga. I teie mahana, e whanganga te taimaha i roto i te nuinga o whenua i roto i te kirokaramu. Otiia kihai i tonu reira, a ka whakamahi i teie nei i te pūnaha rerekē.
kia inenga
Ko te hiahia ki te mārama me pēhea te nui ata whakaaro tenei e mea, pea, kua puta ake tukutahi ki te putanga o whanaunga koloa-moni ranei. He aha i mua taua tātaitanga? A vahi i te kotinga, te tahi mea ki te hoko hoko ranei - enei mahi katoa rapu i te iti rawa i te inenga taratara o taimaha. Tenei, i roto i te tahuri, titau te whakataki o nui atu iti iho ranei te ao, me te mārama ki te nuinga o wae, me te whakaaro motuhake - unahi. Ko e founga i roto i whenua rerekē e whai ona pūnaha ake, etahi o nei te tīariari i teie mahana.
History: tauira i roto i te Te Hau-ā-uru
Ka rite ki mohiotia te, ki runga ki te wāhi, ko Ingarangi te mana ārahi, me i timata tona pūnaha emepaea o mehua mo te wā ki te whakamahi i te nuinga o whenua Pākehā, me te koroni. I roto i tona ahua, te papatipu whakaritea e whai ake nei:
| ingoa | whakaahuatanga | Tautukunga ki wae o nāianei |
| moni | Ko tētahi o nga wae iti rawa | 1.77 g |
| hekere | moni te reira ki te 16 hiriwa | 28,35 g |
| pauna | He maha ngā momo, tetahi o nga wae tino noa | 453,59 g |
| quaternium | He rite ki te 3.5 pauna | 1.59 kg |
| kohatu | Te nuinga whakamahia mō te ine taimaha tinana tangata | 6.35 kg |
| handreyveyt poto | Kei te whakamahia te reira i roto i te ahuwhenua | 45,36 kg |
| handreveyt roa | Puta i roto i te hononga ki te tākai waro motuhake, he inaianei whakauaua ake whakamahia | 50,8 kg |
| Ingarihi (roa) ton | He 20 handreveytam roa | 1016,05 kg |
| Kiel | Tutaki 47488 pauna | 21540,16 kg |
Ko te kupu, te tīariari tonu nga toenga o te pūnaha i roto i te tahi mau puka ranei tetahi. Ahakoa te roa o te wa ki te huri i te paerewa i roto i ngā wāhi maha whakamahi tonu te taimaha mehua tawhito. Āta, Heoi, kei te whakakapi tonu ratou.
Mai te mea uaua atu ki te paunatia te rauemi nuinga, rite ki te tikanga, ko reira atu watea ki te haere mai i mehua rōrahi. Ingarangi mō tenei pauna te nuinga whakamahia rite ki pā ana ki 0.568 rita. Whanganga ki te taua ingoa e whakamahia nei i roto i te United States, engari ko reira kua ōrite ki te 0.55 rita.
I roto i Russia me i Russia
I mua ki te whakatamarikitanga o te pūnaha paerewa reira e ona ake, wāhanga īnaki ki te British. Ko ētahi wae o te taua ingoa, engari uara rerekē, i roto i te hokohoko te ao tahuri ki te takirimatia te wehingia. Ko te kupu, ko te whai ake mehua o pauna whakamahia i roto i Russia:
| ingoa | whakaahuatanga | raina nāianei |
| Ratio (DRAM) | Ko te kōwae iti o Old Russian | 0,044 g |
| kiriata | hautau rite 96 | 4.224 g |
| rota | He ōrite ki tākai 3 | 12,797 g |
| pauna | Tangohia i te pūnaha Ingarihi | 409,5 g |
| pood | Ko 40 pauna | 16.38 kg |
| Berkovets | 10 pauna | 163,8 kg |
He mārama te reira e wahi o te ingoa heke i te pūnaha Ingarihi, ahakoa ora taua tupuna. Rawa manene unahi mehua "pauna" te mea i roto i tenei take, Heoi, kua riro e te reira pakiaka. ētahi ingoa
te whakamahi i tenei ra, engari i roto i te tahi atu uara. Hei tauira, ko te hryvnia te ingoa o te kōwae moni.
O te akoranga, te mehua tau-tawhito Russian o taimaha - he pud, kitea nei i roto i te maha kōrero. Pea, me i ngaro te mate o te wahi nui o tana tuakiri, engari mo te whakaaro ki o te haratau, ētahi wā whai koe ki te mea patunga tapu te tahi mea. i mahue Pud i roto i te mahara, o te iwi whakatauki, kupu , me kōrero ngāwari.
i arotakea totoka e te motuhake "taro" mehua - hauwhā Osmino me pakihau. No te wai Kua hoki i whakamahia epa, me te Garnets.
āhua rawhiti
China, Japan, me ētahi atu whenua Āhia kua tonu kua he mea ngaro ki te Pākehā. Kua whakawhanakehia ēnei āhua ratou ake, na ko reira kore maere i ratou o ratou mehua ake o te taimaha, me te rōrahi. Ahakoa te meka e kua roa whāngai China he pūnaha paerewa, ka e kia kōrero i raro, i roto i te hokohoko, ara i roto i nga pa pokapū o te wae hokohoko ko jin o 0.5 kg. Ko te aha kia koe tupato i hokohoko. I roto i te ara tetahi, ko ētahi wā karangatia e wae tenei he pauna Hainamana.
I roto i te tahi mau whenua Āhia Tonga kua whakamahia hoki he kōwae rite - Kathy, rite ki pā ana ki 600 karamu. Kei te whakamahia tonu te reira i roto i Thailand, Hong Kong, Japan, Singapore, Malaysia, nga Philippines, Taiwan me Burma.
mehua motuhake
e kore he watea tonu Whakamahia pūnaha paerewa. Hei tauira, e kore te wahine katoa pupuri ana pikitia te kīhini ki tika te ine i te papatipu o ngā hua i roto i te runga ki te tunu. Ae, te whakamahi tatou oko motuhake ki tuhipoka, rawa hoki
pūnaha Aptekarskaya
I nga wa katoa, te faaineineraa o ngā rongoā e hiahiatia ana nga tātai tino tupato, me te
inenga. I muri i te katoa, rite tonu ki te faaiteraa pai-mohiotia, no ki Paracelsus, katoa - paihana mea katoa - rongoā; e rua whakatau te horopeta. Na te mea e hiahia taka rongoā ki te whai i te tauine tika tino me te paerewa tino pākaha o te mehua, no te mea ko te ine iti i te tunu i roto i te take pai, pērā hopearaa rite te koretake tikanga.
Ko te aha i motuhake mehua o te pūnaha taimaha mo taka rongoā. Tonu, i roto i nga whenua maha, he rerekē nga uara, ara, ki te i tono ratou.
| ingoa | whakaahuatanga | I roto i Ingarangi | I roto i Russia |
| witi | Ko te iti rawa taimaha kēmihi mehua | 64.8 mg | 62,2 mg |
| pohopā | Rite ki te 20 mata | 1.295 g | 1.244 g |
| moni | 3 pohopā | 3.888 g | 3.73 g |
| hekere | 8 tarami | 31.103 g | 29.8 g |
| pauna | 12 hekere | 373,242 g | 358,323 g |
Na, ko reira kitea e taea e te rerekētanga i roto i ngā pūnaha meinga nui
nunu'a kino. I tua atu ki a ia taitara ōrite ho'oraa me te hokohoko mehua taea meinga hoki te whakama. Ko te aha reira
hiahia whānui mō te whakakotahitanga - na i nga mehua āwhata nga wahi katoa te taua.
Neke atu i te wa, i whakawhanakehia te pūnaha, e te whakamahia inaianei e te nuinga rite i roto i te hanga o ngā rongoā, me te i roto i te hokohoko. te ine i te kēmihi kua te toenga kei te, mahue he tukufakaholo o taka rongoā pau mīharo mea ruri.
pūnaha paerewa Modern
ka te reira mārama e iriti mehua kaperuatia pauna fiemālie ki ia atu. Homai te meka e ōrite etahi nga ingoa o, me o ratou uara - e kore te pātai o te haamauraa i paerewa noa. Kua tangohia te kaupae tuatahi ki te whakatinana i te kaupapa i muri i te nui French Revolution. I te 1875 ka hainatia te Convention Mita, na i hanga reira nui atu iti iho ranei i te ine i te tapeke taimaha o te pūnaha te roa, te pāmahana, me te tahi atu taurangi. Ia toutou kō, ka pai ake. Ka rite ki te hua, whakawhanakehia reira hāngai te Pūnaha pera-ka karanga International o Units (SI) Kei runga whitu uara matua: mita, manokaramu, tuarua, wae iahiko, Kelvin, kamiriona me te kānara.
I tēnei wā, āhua katoa e toru anake ohi tenei paerewa rite te tuatahi kapu ranei. Ko te okotahi Ko te United States, Liberia ko Myanmar. Ko te aha e kore e Amelika waia ki ngā waeine tikanga maha e ngaro noa atu, me te puputu'u.
paerewa
He aha i hanga ia kirokaramu? e mea he he pātai ke, engari ehara i te mea kahore tikanga. Te International Bureau o Weights me Measures ko te whakahoki, no te mea kei te rongoa reira i reira kirokaramu paerewa. Kei te hanga e te reira i rite te rango o te konukawata me iridium koranu, me he diameter me te teitei 39.17 mm o. Na ka taea e kite koe i te kirokaramu tūturu me toku kanohi ake.
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