Potr Nikitich Tkachov: biography, mahi tuhituhi, ingoakē, whakaaro tōrangapū

Petr Nikitich Tkachev (1844-1885) - he Māoritanga orurehau Russian rongonui o populism. Ko te tuhinga kōrero i roto i te taipitopito tona koioranga, tirohanga me ngā whakaaro.

Childhood me tau hongofulu

I whanau Petr Nikitich Tkachev i runga i Pipiri 29, 1844 i roto i te kawanatanga Pskov (kainga Sivtsova). ko ana matua te gentry u. Tuatahi Pita Nikititch tae mai 2 Petersburg hākinakina. Na, whakauru ia i te rima te kōeke o te kura wetereo i roto i 1861 i manga ture St Petersburg University o. Heoi, kihai i te ako i Pita Tkachev. Ko te meka ko e i roto i timata tenei wa o te pōuri ākonga, hua i roto i te whare wānanga i katia. I roto i te tahi atu kaiuru mātātoa i roto i enei koroke i whakawhiwhia Tkachev tuatahi i roto i te a Pita, a Paora Pourewa, (i roto i Oketopa), a ka i roto i Kronstadt, i nei i tukua ai ia i roto i Hakihea.

Defence o te tuhituhinga, he āhuatanga o ngā tirohanga hou

whakahau te kingi ki te waiho Pita Nikitich i te pane tukua ki tona whaea. kihai i Tkachev i te whai wāhi ki te haere tonu o ratou ako i te whare wānanga. Heoi, e whitu nga tau i muri mai, ia haere tonu ana whakamātautau hei ākonga waho, aroaro tona tuhinga, a meinga ana ia hei kaitono o te tika. Ahua muri, i roto i faaino Lavrov mo te meka i wehe rawa ia i te kaupapa pāhoro, tuhituhi Pita Nikitich e pā ana ki ia e mai kore te hākinakina i mohio ki tetahi atu te hapori, ki te kahore hoki te hunga tangata taitama e tuku ki huihuinga ākonga, ruma pānui whakaritea, me ngā kura Rātapu, te korero wheketere me te pāmu, me te pera. i runga i. kua kua e ia nga wa katoa ki a ratou e kore e anake, engari i roto ia ratou, ara, i ahau i roto i te pa. arotahi Pita Nikitich i runga i te otinga tonu o etahi raruraru o te kaupapa pāhoro i hanga nga āhuatanga āhuatanga o tona ariā hapori.

Whai wāhi i roto i te uniana hou

Tkachev i roto i tona whakangungu i te hākinakina timata ki te pānui i tuhinga hapori. ka mohio ia ki te mau papai o Herzen ko Ogarev, tuhinga Dobrolyubov ko Chernyshevsky. Kua i te tīmatanga o te mau irava e pā ana ki te biennium 1860-62. (Haere etahi o ratou ki te rārangi), whakaako Tkachev kaiahuwhenua revolution. Ia te mutunga ka i runga i te ara o te revolution mai 1861. Mai taua wa i whai wāhi Tkachev i te kaupapa ākonga, me te hua e maha nga wa i raro ki te hopu, rapu, uiui. ko tonu Pita Nikitich i raro i tirotiro pirihimana. Kei te te taviniraa ia i te rerenga kōrero herehere tata nga tau.

I roto i te tau 1862, ka whakatuwheratia e te reira ona mema ki te porowhita L. Olszewski. I te whakarite i tēnei porohita ki te whakaputa e rave rahi mātārere, i karangatia e ki te turaki i te kingi. I te tau 1865 me te 1866 ko Petr Nikitich Tkachev tata ki te whakahaere I. A. Hudyakova ko NA Ishutina, a i roto i 1867 me 1868 - ki "hapori Rublevskoe", nei te mau melo kawea i runga i te whakatö-i roto i te ahua o ngā kaiako haereere. Kei te mohiotia ano te reira e Pita Tkachev i 1868 no ki te korerorero "Smorgon", i te mea te whakahaere mua whakapumautia S. G. Nechaevym. Na, i roto i te 1868-1869 gg., Pita Nikitich tahi ki Nechayev ko te mema o te komiti urungi o te kaupapa ākonga St Petersburg.

Ko te timatanga o te mahi tuhituhi

I roto i te Pipiri 1862 ka anga mahi tuhituhi Petra Nikiticha. whakakitea tona taranata tuhituhi i roto i te 60raa. Ka rite ki te ariā pāhoro Narodnichestvo, mahi ngātahi kaiwānanga ngingila me kaituhi Tkachev ki te maha makasini ahu whakamua. Me kï reira e i roto i te tuatahi o ana oko i oti rawa ki te faaino o te whakahou ture, i i whakaritea te kāwanatanga, pērā i te huru pato'iraa orurehau-manapori. i whakaputaina ratou i roto i te buka aamu "kowhiria" me teina "Wā" Dostoevsky, me rite i roto i te "Puna mo Reading".

Taunga ki te tohi o Marx

He maha o ngā tuhinga i hanga i roto i te wā i te tau 1862 ki te 1864, e whakaarohia ana a Pita Nikitich te whakaaro o te huri i nga whanaunga ngā pāpori i roto i Russia i runga i te mau parau tumu-pāpori e mātauranga pūrere whatunga whenua me te ahumahi rōpū, rawa i roto i te whenua e nohoia. Huri noa tenei wa, ka tutaki ia ki etahi o nga mahi Karla Marksa Petr Nikitich Tkachev.

Tona haurongo i roto i te Hakihea 1865, tohua e te meka i whakatakotoria "kupu Russian" te wā tuatahi i roto i te press ture o to tatou whenua i te tuhinga matua o Marx e pā ana ki te haputanga materialist o hītori, i whakaurua e ia i roto i te omuaraa ki te "te arohaehae o Törangapü Economy". Me kï reira e e tenei wa kua ko Tkachev he kaituku auau ki makasini manapori rua ( "Pakihi" me "Russian Kupu"). Ia mau i muri rite Pisarev, nei i whakanohoia i roto i te a Pita, a Paora pourewa. Te tuhinga whakapae i runga Pita Nikitich whakatairangatia ana i roto i te heke mai, e tika? i roto i to ratou tikanga, ahua faingofua.

Making Tkachev ariā

I roto i te tau 1868, tāngia Tkachev P. N. ahau te tūtohinga o te International i translation (i roto i te tāpiritanga ki te pukapuka Pekere), kia rite ki te pai kia rite ki te tikanga o National Bank o Proudhon. Pita Nikitich whakaaro i te mutunga o nga 1860 whakawhanakehia he ariā motuhake. ka karanga ia mo te revolution tōrangapū me te pāpori i roto i te whenua. Ua faaite tēnei ariā te i roto i te porohita whakaputaina o Tkachev me Nechaev "Program o mahi hou."

pa a Pita ko Paora

Me ahau mea e nui o te mea i tuhituhi e ia pae Tkachev PN ranei e kore e haere i roto i te tikanga te aukatinga, ranei i tīpakohia i roto i maha hopukia. A, no te, i roto i te pōuri ākonga i muri (i roto i te Maehe 1869) i hopukina ano Tkachev, panaia ia kotahi 3 utu tuhituhi. Ko te tuatahi o ratou - mo te hanganga me te whakaputanga o te tono "ki te hapori!", Nei whakaurua nga whakaritenga o ngā ākonga; te tuarua - mo te whakaputanga o te kohinga i raro i te ingoa "Ray", whakaputaina hei utu o te "kupu Russian" tapui; te tuatoru - mo te meka i whakaputaina e ia i te pukapuka "Te pātai mahi" E. Pekere. I tenei wa ko Pita ko Paora Pourewa, Pita Nikitich mo te wahi o te mau herehere mo tata wha tau. I te timatanga o te tau 1873 ka tono tangata Tkachev ki whakaraua i roto i Great Luke kāinga. Mai i reira, ka rere ki waho e ia ki te awhina o M. Kupriyanov, orurehau rawa.

Ora ki waho, te totohe ki a Engels me Lavrov

mahi Magazine, haukotia e te hopu, i whakahoutia i te 1872. timata ano Tkachev ki te whakaputa i o ratou tuhinga i roto i te "Meinga". Heoi, e kore ia i haina ratou tona ingoa, me te ngā pseudonyms (katoa te taua, P. Grachioli, P. GY Lee, Lean PN, PN Nyon, P. Nikitin).

I roto i London ko Geneva Pita Nikitich mahi kotahi te wā ki a P. L. Lavrovym (hoatu tona whakaahua kei runga ake) i roto i te faaineineraa no te whakaputanga o te hautaka "Whakamua!". Otiia, ko reira kua te kaupae tuatahi tangohia i roto i te whakarau, tohua he totohe nui ki Engels me Lavrov. I roto i 1874 i roto i Zurich me Rānana i whakaputaina Tkachev polosiua "mahi whakatö-orurehau ..." me "Open reta Fridrihu Engelsu." Ko te totohe tenei hoatu tonu Pita Nikitich i roto i te tūranga taratahi ki waho.

Emigrant Literature Engels, Lavrov me ētahi atu e tu ana i runga i te tūranga paku rerekē atu Pita Nikitich. Ko te ngako o te tautohenga i waenganui o te rua Ko e whakaaro Tkachev te pakanga tōrangapū rite te titauraa faufaa o te revolution heke mai. Heoi, ko te tūranga o te tini i roto i i hoohonutanga ia te mea kihai ratou i taea te whakaae he maha ratere Russian. E ai ki a ia, me riro i te tokoiti pāhoro mana, ki te whakatū i te āhua hou, ki te kawe i te hurihanga pāhoro, te faaite i te ngākau nuitanga o te iwi. Ka taea e anake te whakamutunga whai hua i te hua. he Pita Tkachev i roto i tona whakaaro e te arikitanga kua kahore oneone pāpori i roto i Russia, e kore te mea te reira mo te ngākau nuitanga o te piha haapiiraa ngā. Friedrich Engels, i tahuri, i roto i te oko i tuhituhi e ia faaino mea Tkachev whakaaro i whakaaro ai ia iti.

whakaputanga o te hautaka "Alarm"

Pita Nikitich, haere mai i roto i o "! Whakamua", kitea kaitautoko i roto i te porohita o "Cercle Tavini" (i roto i te translation - "porowhita Slavic"), i ngā manene Russian-Polish. Ki te to ratou awhina, Tkachev, i roto i te 1875 ka anga ki te whakaputa i te buka aamu "Alarm" i roto i Geneva. I roto i te moheni tenei, ka mau ia ki te tūranga o te ētita. Tenei putanga ko te okana aronga Jacobin tata ki Blanquism, te populism hou. Tkachev i roto i tenei wā nuitia faaite ana whakaaro-pāpori, te matapaki i te take o te tika ariā o hapori, tātai, me te rautaki o te aroraa hou. I roto i te buka aamu "Alarm" whakahaeretia Pita Nikitich polemics ki P. L. Lavrovym ko M. A. Bakuninym. Ana whakaaro, e kore i te tuatahi i whai nui pānga, me maha irritating, ka anga ki te kitea kaitautoko o te mutunga o nga 1870. ¶ Na rite puta ratou, tahuri nga tahae Russian ki ngā mahi tōrangapū me te pāpori, me nga whakaritenga o te aroraa hou.

"O People Liberation Society"

I roto i te 1877, tahi ki ana soko whakahaere Pita Nikitich ki te whakarite i te "National Liberation Society." Ko tenei tino i hanga feohi conspiratorial te whakamahi i Blanquist Communards i France (Cournet F., Granger E., E. Vaillant et al.). Ko te Kamupene turanga ona mahi i runga i te tahi mau porowhita Russian (hei tauira, I. M. Kovalskogo i Odessa me Zaichnevsky Orel). Tkachev, i roto i te 1880, i mahi i roto i te niupepa "kore te Atua e kore ariki" Blanqui.

Heoi, whakahāwea ki a Pita Nikitich noho rawa kaha. Na e te "Narodnaya Volya" (i roto i te kupu V. I. Lenina, kua rite ona mahi Tkachev Māoritanga) paopao he haumi ki te "Alarm", i whakaaro i mua. "Nepata" mutu tānga i muri i te tukunga poto i roto i 1881 i roto i te puka o te niupepa.

Tānga raro ngā pseudonyms

Tkachev, noho noa atu, haere tonu ki te kia whakaputaina i roto i te press Russian ture i raro i ngā pseudonyms, i (katoa te taua, Grachioli P. et al.), E kua whakarārangitia matou. Ka rite tetahi o nga kaimahi matua "ki te mahi i" Kua whakaputaina Pita Nikitich maha tuhinga i runga i te rapunga whakaaro, ture, hītori, ako, ohaoha me etahi atu. Heoi, kotahi te ētita o e makasini ko tenei, ka mate a GE Blagosvetlov, kihai i pera auau mahi. uaua ka puta tuhinga katoa Tkachev. E au ra te reira e te mahi tuhituhi me te orurehau Petra Nikiticha ngohe, engari mau ia kahore i pena.

Ki te rā, ua haapii matou i te tahi mau meka hou e pā ana ki te tau whakamutunga o tona ora i roto i te whakarau Tkachev. whakaaro ratou e tonu te fakaangá tuhituhi Russian me pāhoro ki te waihanga kaha. Aita i maoro a'e whakahaere ahau ki te kitea he hapori nūpepa "Alarm" ( "Le Tocsin"), i whakaputaina i roto i te tonga o France (i roto i te Narbonne) i roto i te 1882. Ētita hoki reira i tuhituhi Tkachev, e huna tona ingoa i raro i te pseudonym "Gracchus". Te nuinga pea, e taea te whakaaro te tauākī i roto i te press whakamutunga.

Mai Whiringa 1882 Tkachev, kua ahu whakamua te mate, me te hua i ko ia i roto i te fare ma'i. mate Pita Nikitich i Paris i runga i te 23 no titema, 1885. Tīpakohia mahi reira ake i roto i te aamu o te revolution.

whakaaro taumauri Tkachev

I mawhiti tuatahi, i roto i te taua mahi taonga, me te kanorau Tribune-kairīpoata-kaitōrangapū he kahore he wahi mo kaupapa nui kua hoatu ia he tuarua, tūranga pono pokanoatia rānei. Oia mau, i te iho pūwāhi ōkawa Petr Nikitich Tkachev, āhua, homai ana e ia ki a matou he take mo tenei whakaaro. I muri i te katoa, ko ia he fakaangá o ngā pūnaha taumauri katoa e mura.

Heoi, i roto i te kotahi o ona oko tuatahi (rite whakaputaina i roto i te "metaphysics ture" 1863) Tkachev tona hōtaka o rapunga whakaaro whakahou. ka mea ia e ki te hiahia hanga he pono, hua, ora te kaupapa, i te mea ke ki te ahua o metaphysics tetahi. Me hono te reira i huihui nga wahi o nga tikanga ā iwi, panaia memeha. Tenei kaupapa Ko te pāpori, te pūtaiao pāpori. Me whai hua te reira i te iwi whānui.

Tkachev rite te kaituhi maha mai hoki ki te raruraru o te kaupapa pai. I roto i tona whakaaro, kia waiho te pūtake mo te huringa o te ao, mea pūtaiao, te matua o te ao pono. Ka rite ki te kaitōrangapū Petr Nikitich Tkachev rawa whakawhanakehia raruraru o te revolution, pāpori, pāpori kia ataahua, me te whaitake. ka karangatia e ia tana tūranga taumauri o "talena" (ranei rationality).

Tenei te he tangata pākiki i Petr Nikitich Tkachev. meka Interesting e pā ana ki a ia e pā ana tata katoa ki te revolution, ki i oti rawa ia tona ora katoa.