Rock-hanga kohuke o ngiha, parataiao me toka kāhuarau

Te nuinga o te kohuke kamaka-hanga ko tetahi o nga ngā matua o te kirinuku o te whenua - te kamaka. Ko te tino noa kiripaka, Mika, wherepāra, amphibole, olivine, pyroxene me etahi atu. Meteorites me toka kaupeka, rawa, no ki a ratou. no tetahi kohuke toka-hanga ki te tetahi piha ranei tetahi - ki te matua, i te mea neke atu i te kotahi tekau ōrau, tuarua - ki runga ki te tekau ōrau, apatoko - iti iho i te kotahi ōrau. Ko te mea matua ko te e reira e taketake, he silicates, tapatapahia, waikura, te pūhau pūkawa ranei.

rerekētanga

Rock-hanga kohuke kia marama (leucocratic, Salic), pērā i kiripaka, feldspathoids, feldspars, me te rite, me he tae pouri (melanocratic, mafic) rite olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, biotite, me ētahi atu. E kitea ana hoki ratou i te hanganga. kohuke Rock-hanga he takawai, pākawa kōnakonako ranei toka. Paragenesis - he huinga o ngā momo rerekē, tautuhi i te ingoa, i huaina te faariro i. Hei tauira, ngā ki granite oligoclase, microcline me te kiripaka.

He rōpū o kohuke toka-hanga, e hoatu i te wahi i te kamaka i roto i taxonomy petrographic - tātaritanga symptomatic ranei. Tenei feldspathoids kiripaka me te olivine. wehewehe hoki kohuke tuatahi syngenetic hanga i te momo katoa, me te tuarua puta i roto i te faafariuraa o te momo. Tito i te matua kohuke toka-hanga e nga mea timatanga matū i huaina petrogenic. He e, N, F, S, C, Cl, Mg, Fe, Na, Ca, Si, Al, K

āhuatanga o ngā kohuke

hanganga Crystal me hanganga matū e whakaritea e nga āhuatanga o kohuke katoa. kawea tātaritanga te i roto i te whakamahi i te whānuitanga o ngā tūāhua tātari - te tātari spectral, matū, irahiko Microscopy, X-ray ttara. I roto i te mara whakaritea mahi pūtau-āhuatanga (tātaritanga) o kohuke pono ngā i te kanohi. He tinana te nuinga o ratou. Heoi, titau te whakamāramatanga tangohia o kohuke te whānui katoa o tikanga tātaritanga. Ētahi āhuatanga i ai e rerekē kohuke te taua, etahi i - e kore.

Tei te reira i runga i te aroaro o poke aunoa, te hanganga matū me te kōwhiringa āhua. Tino uaua e pera āhuatanga nga āhuatanga matua, e ko te reira taea ki te tika te tātari i tetahi kohatu maunga. E wehea āhuatanga tātaritanga ki ngā rōpū e toru. āhuatanga whatu me te pūkaha o te whakawhetai rōpū ki ratou tukua faaotiraa o te āhuatanga mō nga kohatu kotahi. rōpū Tuatoru - atu, ki ngā āhuatanga whai hua mō te tātaritanga rawa etahi kohuke.

Monomineral me momo polymineral

Toka kohatu - he initareti e kohuke māori o papatipu, hipoki te mata o te whenua, tango wahi i roto i te hanga o ona kiri. Here, kua rite kua mea, tā te tino rerekē i roto i te hanganga matū o te taonga. Aua toka, tona hanganga - kotahi kohuke kotahi i huaina monomineral, me te katoa atu arā, o rua nga tu o toka me te ake - multimineral. Hei tauira, pākeho - konupāhiko katoa, reira, monominerals ia. Ko ofa'i - kanorau. ngā ratou e rua kiripaka me te Mika, me te wherepāra, a kia nui atu rerekē.

Tei ki Pālesi ko multimineral runga nei i tangohia wahi tukanga arowhenua i roto i te rohe. Ka taea e koe te tango i tetahi kohatu maunga, a ki te tautuhi i te rohe tangohia, ara te wahi tino wahi i tangohia ai. rite ratou tetahi ki tetahi, me i te wa ano ko tata kore te taua. He toka ako katoa enei. Kohatu nui titiro te taua katoa, engari i hanga e ratou āhuatanga matū e tukanga rerekē.

takenga

E ai ki nga tikanga i roto i nei te hanganga o maunga, te wehewehe i parataiao, kāhuarau me toka ngiha. Hoki toka ngiha ngā te tetahi i whai ahua i te hūnga o te tokarewa. tahuri Whero-wera, toka whakarewa, meangiti iho, ki te puranga karaihe mārō. haere ana tēnei tukanga i roto i to tatou ra.

Ko te tau whakarewa tokarewa nui o pūhui matū e kua pāngia e te pēhanga teitei, me te pāmahana, ahakoa te meka e tokomaha o te pūhui kei roto i te āhua haurehu waihā. taruke te pēhanga te tokarewa ki te mata tata ranei ki e ōrite te reira, ka tīmata ki te whakamatao. ngaro te te atu wera, crystallizes te atu pea te papatipu. whakatau te auau whātioatanga me te rahi karaihe. I he nohopuku te mata o te tukanga meangiti, te haurehu whakaeto, kua whiwhi kohatu kia pai-baked, a i roto i te hohonu e hanga e tioata nui.

toka tioata Effusive me hohonu

wehea tokarewa ö i roto i ngā āhuatanga matua e rua e hoatu te ingoa rōpū. Na roto i te toka magmatic pā rōpū effusive, i.e. extrusive me te urutomo rōpū - whātioatanga hohonu. Ka rite ki kua whakahuatia, te tokarewa matao i roto i ngā taiao rerekē, me reira tiki rerekē kohuke toka-hanga. Izlivshayasya volatilization hau taonga ki etahi pūhui matū me ētahi atu riro iti. E whiwhi tioata iti. I roto i te tokarewa hohonu e kore e hou pūhui matū, ngaro wera te āta, na te tioata i roto i tona hanganga nui.

toka Effusive He andesites me basalts, tata hawhe o ratou, e ono Lipari te tahi atu toka katoa i roto i te kirinuku o te whenua, ko te iti. Deep i hanga te nuinga whero me te ofa'i, e rua tekau nga wa neke atu i nga etahi katoa he ratou. toka ngiha Paraimere i runga i te hanganga o te kiripaka rānei wehea ki rima ngā rōpū. toka tioata ngā te rota o poke, i roto i nei kia tuhia he momo o te ha'iha'i me ultramicroelements i ai te taupoki kirinuku momo katoa o te tipu.

tokarewa

Tokarewa Kei te nuinga tata te taka pūmotu katoa Ti, Na, Mg, K, Fe, Ca, Si, Al, me te momo o te wāhanga ahua - chloro, fluoro, hauwai, hauwai sulfide, waro me ona waikura, me te pera i runga i, me te wai i roto i te puka o korohū. A, no te te neke i te tokarewa ki runga ki te mata, tino whakaiti te maha o te muri. I te meangiti puka tokarewa magnesium - he kohuke e tohu ngā pūhui takawai. ka karanga Silicates katoa mahere taua kohuke - tai ki te waikawa silicic. Kei roto Aluminosilicates waikawa tai aluminosilicate.

Karā tokarewa matua, kua reira te tohatoha whānui me te hawhe ngā o silica, te toe rima tekau ōrau - he konupora, rino, te konupūmā, konumohe (tino), ūkuikui, Titanium, pāhare pāporo, te konutai (raro). Basaltic tokarewa wehea ki oversaturated ki te silica - tholeiitic me olivine-taonga kawakore karā. Granitic tokarewa - kawa, rhyolite, takawai i roto i te reira noa atu, ki runga ki te ono tekau ōrau, engari te kiato ko te atu Kaore, iti nanakia, me te kaha kukū ki te haurehu. Tetahi nui o tokarewa te tonu tipu i raro i te mana o ngā tukanga matū.

silicates

Ko te piha tino whānui o ngā kohuke māori tenei - neke atu i te whitu tekau-rima ōrau o te papatipu o te kirinuku o te whenua, me te he toru o nga kohuke mohiotia katoa. Te nuinga o ratou - te kamaka-hanga, me te magmatic me kāhuarau takenga. E tito Silicates me toka parataiao, me etahi o ratou mahi mea tangata ore ki te whiwhi whakarewa (rino magnesium, hei tauira) me e hua rite kohuke.

E ratou he hanganga matatini me te hanganga matū. tukutuku Structural āhuatanga e te aroaro o ngā rōpū katote tetravalent SiO ₄ - tetraerd rua. Silicates he motu, mowhiti, mekameka, whitiki, pepa (paparanga), tinana. Ko ti'aturi i runga i te huinga o te takawai tetraerdov tenei wehenga.

whakarōpū o toka

taxonomy Modern i roto i tenei rohe i timata i roto i te rautau tekau mā iwa, ka riro nga rua tekau whanaketanga nui rite te pūtaiao o petrography, petrology. I te 1962, i hanga tuatahi ia Petrographic Komiti o te USSR. Na ko te ti'amâraa i roto i te IGEM Moscow.

Ko te tohu o te whakarereke tuarua toka puia rerekē kaynotipnye e rua - taitamariki, e kore kua puta ke, me palaeotypal - koroheke, e i recrystallized ki te wahi o te wā. Tenei toka puia, māhurehure, i hanga e nei i roto i te hū me ngā o piroklastitov (whatiwhatinga). whakarōpū matū titau wehenga ki ngā rōpū i runga i te ihirangi o te silica rānei. toka ngiha i roto i te hanganga e taea e ultrabasic, taketake, Tuarua, waikawa me te ultra-waikawa.

Batholiths me rakau

E huaina Tino nui, kōhikohiko papatipu āhua o toka urutomo batholiths. Ka taea te whakatau tata i te wāhi o enei ngā i mano maha o kiromita tapawha. Ko te wahi pokapū o te tenei maunga takai, te wahi whakawhānui batholiths ki te pūnaha maunga katoa. Tito o te ofa'i pokepoke-baked ki growths, ngā tukanga me protrusions, i hanga i te whakataki o te tokarewa granitic.

Ko te tokotoko e te āhua ripeka-motu porohita porotītaha ranei. Ko ratou iti i roto i batholith rahi - te tikanga he iti iti iho i te kotahi rau kiromita tapawha, ētahi wā - e rua rau, engari he rite te toenga o nga āhuatanga. He maha tokotoko protrude i te taimaha o te kikorangi batholith-rite. Kei te steeply ratou taiepa toua, takiwa kōhikohiko.

Laccoliths, etmolity, lopolith, dikes

Mushroom hanganga dome-āhua i hanga e te magmas Kaore ranei, ka karanga laccoliths. He maha ngā rōpū. He iti ratou i roto i te rahi - ki runga ki te maha kiromita te whānui. Laccoliths momo, tipu ake i raro i te pēhanga o te tokarewa ara i waho whawhati te hōhonu o te kirinuku. Ko te tino rite ki harore. Etmolity e poka, te, wahi angiangi kōrere-āhua iho. Te āhua, te whakatuwheratanga kuiti mahi tukua tokarewa.

Lopolith he tinana hoeha-āhua, kua ngawha iho ka whakaarahia taha. Ratou, rawa, whakaaro ki te tupu i te whenua, kahore whakararuraru mata o te whenua, me te rite totoro reira. Ka maoro, kapiti puta nga kamaka - no te take rerekē. Tokarewa mana'o paruparu, me te pēhanga tīmata ki te whakaki i roto i nga āputa katoa me kapiti, i te wa ano te ngongo i te kamaka a tawhio noa i raro i te mana o te pāmahana nui. Ko te kupu i hanga dikes. Ko ratou iti - puta noa i te hawhe mita ki te maha rau mita, engari e kore e ara e ono kiromita nui. Ka rite ki te tokarewa mātao iho i roto i kapiti hohoro dikes tonu hanganga pai-baked. Ki te kite i nga maunga tupuke kuiti - toka - ko tenei pea, dikes, no te mea he ratou ake ātete ki te horo atu i te kamaka a tawhio noa.