Rorohiko Soviet: āhuatanga waitohu. rorohiko kāinga

Ko te Soviet Union i haere he ara tino uaua i te hanganga o te ngongo tuatahi rorohiko cumbersome me puhoi ki supercomputers - tere tiketike, e hāngai ana i runga i iahiko integrated. puritia tonu rorohiko Soviet, a taea mahi ratou tohunga i roto i te mara rerekē o te ahumahi, te pūtaiao, me kore noa hötaka. Ko te hiahia mo te rorohiko watea, inexpensive me te kiato puta i roto i te waenganui-fitungofulú o te rau tau whakamutunga. Me te reira ratou me te ahumahi hōia, me te maha atu ngā wāhi o te ōhanga o te whenua.

Moroiti-rorohiko "Electronics"

rorohiko Soviet ko ratou matua. tīmata te reira i atu rorohiko i roto i nga Heoi, waka māmā ki te whakamahi, me te tika whāiti i te raupapa "Ao". I te nuinga whakamahia ratou mo tātaitanga engineering. E nga waenganui-mau hitu ahuru, i reira nga microprocessors, a ko reira taea ki te tīmata hanga o "Elektronika NC" me "Electronics C5" - te ao moroiti-rorohiko. E ratou i roto i te mau rave'a e rave rahi i tata ki te rorohiko whaiaro, engari te rorohiko Soviet tuatahi i anake whakamahia i roto i te hanga - ki to ratou mana awhina te tukanga, taputapu, me te pera i runga i.

I roto i te rorohiko tuku papamahi nga fitungofulú mutunga shestnadtsatibitnyh tīmata i runga i te tauine ahumahi - makona kaha, me te kiato. Te reira i tauira pērā i "Electronics T3-29" me "Iskra 1256", hangaia hoki te hōia, me te tauira ohie - "korakora 226", "Electronics RS-28" me etahi atu. I roto i te tīmatanga o nga eighties hāngai shestnadtsatibitnyh rorohiko kotahi-poari me terminals paerewa hua analogs pūnaha rorohiko pāhekoheko - DCK.

Mid-waru tekau

I roto i te USSR haamata production papatipu o rorohiko-whakaaro whānui pērā i te EU-tau 1840, "Electronics-85," DVK-3, BK-0010 "akete", "Microsha". Rorohiko pangia whanaketanga tere i roto i to tatou whenua, a ka haere tonu tenei tukanga noa hinga te Soviet Union. Na roto i te tīmatanga o nga nineties, hua pinepine o tauira.

he rorohiko Soviet he momo o ngā akomanga me architectures tae atu i te IBM-hototahi me kahore tetahi analogues roto e rua PC Soviet me ke. Hei tauira, "Corvette" - rorohiko rawa ahurei, me te "Lions PC-01", "Vector-06C" me etahi ētahi atu. Mai reira, he wa poto i roto i te aamu o te whare rorohiko motu i reira i tokomaha ngā nui, i te mea pai ki te korero i roto i te raupapa.

Kiev

Titiro i te mua. 1948 th, Feofania wahi, e kore e matara atu i te whakapaipai o te Ukrainian SSR, he taiwhanga ngaro, te wahi whakahaere ia Sergey Aleksandrovich Lebedev - Kaiwhakahaere o te Institute o Electrical me matenga o te taiwhanga o te Institute o Rorohiko Engineering me tōtika Mechanics o te Academy o Pūtaiao o Ukraine. Kei te reira i te kau i hanga te reira i te mīhini iti hiko rorohiko (SECM). Reira whakaarohia Lebedev, tika, me te whakatinana - ahakoa o te Neumann - te mau parau tumu o te mahi o te hōtaka rorohiko rongoa i roto i te mahara.

Tuatahi i hanga e ia te mīhini i te mahara, wae tauhanga, me te whakaaro tāuru, mana putanga. i taea e ki te whakawaehere me ngā hōtaka taonga i roto i te mahara, kia rite ki tau ia. whakamahia ia te pūnaha ā-rua ki te whakawaehere whakahau me tau, a ka mahi aunoa nga tātai. I tae te reira i me tātai me te arorau hōtaka. I ia ki te hanga rokiroki i roto i te tikanga aroākapa. Ko reira ngāwari ki te whakamahi tikanga tau ki te whakatinana i te tātaitanga. Hoahoa, tāutanga me te patuiro kua hanga i roto i te rua nga tau, he rōpū o whitu iwi - e rima tikanga me ma rua kairangahau. tū te tauira i roto i Whiringa 1950, a i roto i te tau 1951 ka timata te mahi i ia te wā. timata te reira i rite rorohiko Soviet.

atu Kiev

1965 - te tau o te hanganga o te mīhini mō tātaitanga engineering Computer "AO", nga ngā o i nga kairangahau i te Institute Kiev o Cybernetics - Glushkov, Faaiteraa, Losev, Letinskiy, Pogrebinsky, Molchanov, Rabinovich, Stogniy. I te wa ano i hoki te mīhini kua whakatinanahia i runga i te reo hōtaka taumata mikrokomandnom - Almir-65. i taea e ki te whakaputa i etahi mano o ngā mahi ia rua, te tāuru me raraunga putanga mā te whakamahi i te Patopato hiko pupuri mahara i runga i otaota ferrite me te waho te rorohiko - i runga i te rīpene weropepahia.

I te tau 1969 ka timata ia ki te whakaputa i rorohiko whaiaro "Mir-2", whakaturia ake i roto i te wahi kotahi i roto i Kiev. tahuri te reira i roto i te tauira ake, whakahaeretia reira nui atu i tekau nga wa tere atu i mua. I nui haere te reira i a tamau, me RAM. Na i hono rorohiko ki te tua ki te rīpene me te Patopato pere whakaatu whakairoiro weropepahia he pene marama me kāri autō. ka reo Papatono te kaitātari - Ka taea te mea ki "mokopuna" Almir-65.

microprocessors

I te 1974 ka tukua e ia te microprocessors Soviet tuatahi - tauira motu ki te mana mārō, me te wāhanga wha- ranei waru-mati. Series K532, mo te tauira, i te āhuatanga e te kohi mana iti, whānui o ngaohiko supply me tere o runga ki te rua rau e rima tekau mano ngā mahi ia rua o ngā.

āhuatanga He raupapa K536 utu iti o te hangarau, te kohi mana kia kore tiketike rawa, engari e kore e te pera i tere. I runga anō i te kete K532 tonu whakaputaina microcomputers hautekaumāono i ( "Elektronika NC"), ka ko K536 te pūtake o te hanga rangatū o te tuatahi Soviet ao moroiti-rorohiko "Electronics C5" hautekaumāono rawa.

pahi-here

Ko te reira i te rorohiko Soviet tuatahi! whakaaro microprocessors motu i fafau no te mea e āhei te reira ki a ratou te hanga i rorohiko-e hāngai ana o tetahi hohonu moka o waru ki te toru tekau-rua. A, no te i te kitenga o tenei e te tikanga o tetahi mārō whakahaere pūnaha whakahau.

Ko muri, i te mutunga o nga eighties, Microelectronics tere whakawhanakehia ratou kaha, a ka reoriented te ahumahi rorohiko Soviet ki ke analogues rorohiko. Kua Universal pūtukatuka motu romia tauira maramara kotahi. Heoi, hoki te wa roa e whakamahia ana te pahi-here, rawa i roto i te ahumahi hōia.

rorohiko Soviet

I roto i 1977, te kura o waru moka kotahi-kongakonga microprocessor K580VM80A, i ko te orotahi oti o te tauira tino pai-mohiotia Intel 8080. Kei te kore ki te whakamahi i tēnei pūtukatuka mo te rorohiko matua, i whakamahia ai i roto i te mana o te moroiti-rorohiko, moroiti-pūmana, apatoko, me ngā tūāhua ine - maha ngā wāhi tono. Heoi, ko cheap me ngāwari reira, engari no te mea kahore tetahi kaipānui Soviet o te moheni "Radio" Kua hangaia i runga i tona pūtake i te rorohiko kāinga.

kua mahi i tiketike, faaue ao te pūnaha, me reira ka te microprocessor tetahi o te rongonui tino i roto i te USSR. I tua atu ki te rorohiko whaiaro, ka whakatata ia maha atu whakaaro microprocessor, na i roto i te hawhe tuarua o te eighties o te rau tau whakamutunga, tenei pūtukatuka kua whakamahia i roto i tata rau tauira o cars Soviet - tenei rorohiko kāinga, me te whakangungu, me te kore he tauira ngaio.

"Electronics-60"

hautekaumāono moroiti-rorohiko whanau teitei-tere "Electronics-60" i roto i te 1978. E ai ki te pūnaha whakahau "Electronics-60" i hototahi ki te Dec PDP-11 / LSI-11 - rorohiko American. Mahinga - ki runga ki te tetahi miriona ngā mahi ia te rua. i whakamahia taua mihini i roto i te hanga, te whakahaere i te tukanga, ki te tango i te wahi i roto i te CnC me - tino nui - he mahi roa, me te pono i roto i te pūtaiao, me te ahumahi korero.

I roto i te 1983, he makasini ki te miriona kape o "Radio" whakaputaina he kaupapa rorohiko runaruna "Micro 80" ki pūtukatuka K580IK80A, e ko te taahiraa matamua i roto i te nui arearea irirangi microprocessor me rorohiko hangarau runaruna. I taua wa, i taea ki te mahi ki tetahi rīpene kaiwhakamahara mō te rokiroki raraunga me ngā hōtaka i te rorohiko whaiaro Soviet, a ki tetahi TV e mahi rite te aroturuki.

meka ngā

Ko reira ki te awhina o "Electronics-60" i roto i te 1984 Alekseem Pazhitnovym i tuhituhia te kēmu tino katoa "Tetris". He whai wāhi i roto i te pokapū rorohiko o te Academy o Pūtaiao o te āhukahuka kupu USSR me ētahi atu raruraru o mātauranga horihori, Kei te maha whakamahia te reira i roto i to ratou mahi i te panga mo te rere o te whakaaro.

I muri mai, i anō-tuhituhia te kēmu mō te PC IBM i roto i te reo Turbo Pascal hōtaka a hanga ana e ia kotahi tekau ma ono kura Soviet - Vadim Gerasimov, e ora nei i roto i Ahitereiria, me te mahi i Google.

Ko te Informatics ako tuatahi

I roto i te eighties, i whakawhanakehia, ka tukua puranga o ohie, e te mea wātea rorohiko ao whaiaro mō te whakamahi te kāinga me te kura. Ko reira, o te akoranga, shestnadtsatibitnaya "BC-0010 Electronics", i reira whakaritea te whakarāpopototanga o BK kāinga rorohiko. I taua wa, e kore i te reira i ano i roto i te ao o te rorohiko whaiaro i roto i te pūtukatuka hautekaumāono.

He aha te mea motuhake e pā ana ki reira? Asics ki te nui rawa o te tuitui - huānga kuwaha, i mahi ai rite pūmana o te whakaaturanga, papapātuhi, mahara, a nui atu. whakamahi te reira i interpretaror reo "arotahinga". taetahi tautokona whakairoiro teitei-taumira me te tae wha. Ko nga waka tuatahi e rite rawa ki te ako pūtaiao rorohiko enei, a mahi ratou uri tae noa ki 1993 rite te whare matua, me ngā rorohiko mātauranga i roto i te Soviet Union.

Akademgorodok

Kua Novosibirsk kura whai wāhi i roto i te pokapū rorohiko o te Manga Siberian o te USSR Academy o Sciences, a ki to ratou whai wāhitanga tika puta pūnaha pūmanawa mō ngā kura, me te karanga a - "School Girl" mo "akete" rorohiko whaiaro. mahi ia ki te "Rapier" me "Robic" reo hōtaka, ngā te kauwhata pūnaha "hoari" me te whānui o te pōkai o ngā hōtaka whakangungu momo.

"Akete" - te brainchild o 1984, whakaaro te PC rangatū tuatahi, hototahi ki te Apple II + me tohu kē te RAM nui PC i roto i te rau e rua tekau-waru kiropaita puku kōpae pīngore, me te aroturuki tae, whakaatu ono tae. Ko roto i 1984, tangohia te plenum Central Komiti he taumira, i muri i timata te whakarorohikotanga o te mātauranga kura.

wai kei tau

I roto i te 1985, e kore ongo'i te whenua katoa whawhati, e kore anō, a kihai i taea engari e pa te reira i te ao rorohiko. i whakawhanakehia tokomaha tauira rongonui rorohiko Soviet i te wa. Whakawhanake tino pai te shestnadtsatibitnye matatau "Electronics", i hototahi ki rorohiko IBM Soviet tauira DVK hou. Rawa āhuatanga o tenei trohprotsessornaya wā "Istra-4816" - ki runga ki mekapaita wha o RAM, me te tātaitai pute hautekaumāono "Elektronika MK-85".

Otiia kihai i mutu i te mahi, me te i runga i te PC, hoki i te pūtake ko te pūtukatuka moka-waru ohie. Heoi i reira nga tauira "mātanga", "Ocean-240", "Irisha". Rorohiko i octet. 'Oku' uhinga tenei e he kino ratou? No. I roto i te-tauira waru i reira whakamiharo tika, ahakoa te meka e te paku tawhito te pūtukatuka. Hei tauira, "Corvette" - te rorohiko pai noa.

"Microsha" me ētahi atu

Ko te rorohiko o te ātaahua tino me keakea i roto Soviet kāinga waka whaiaro - he moka-waru "pere-06C". Ano, te moheni "Radio" whakaputaina e rave rahi iahiko o te rorohiko "Radio 86RK" mo te tau 1986, ka ko na ohie e tonu riro rongonui nui tenei tauira. analogs puta, me rerekē, ko te maha o enei i roto nei, e kua riro production ahumahi. Hei tauira, "Microsha" - he rorohiko ki te ingoa aroha. "Radio 86RK" pai ngā ki "Micro-80", i konei ka puta te reira.

Ko tētahi o te PC matua mō te ako - "Corvette". ko te tino uaua, me te maha-mahi te rorohiko, ahakoa moka-waru ona. Ko RAM iti - 257 anake KB, engari mo te hunga wa ko reira he ahua whakapaipai. I tua atu, tae whakairoiro ki te taumira teitei nui - 512h256 ngā, whakaterenga pūmārō, ataata kuputuhi pūmana, generator tangi - IBM PC tairitenga, LAN, kiore, kakautohu, pūreretā, puku kōpae - tenei katoa me te ake i pohewatia te tuatahi. Ko E rite pai te runaruna "Tautoru-128", ano waru-hanga tata runaruna Moscow irirangi Vyacheslav Safronov me ana hoa. I roto i te 1990, whakaputaina e ratou te whanaketanga o "Radio" makasini.

Ko te ngaru whakamutunga

i tohua eighties waenganui i te ara faahiahia i roto i te whare rorohiko kāinga, i reira ko he maha nui o whakaaro taketake ataahua. E au ra te reira i - te pakaruhanga! Otiia ko reira i reira. a Gorbachev Soviet Union me maungārongo o te ōhanga o te ao kihai i arahi i te whenua ki te te pai. Ko te lēsoni - tupu te ritenga. rorohiko kāinga me te ahumahi hikohiko kua ngaro ona whakatutukitanga whakamua katoa.

He ko he neke nui i runga i te take kua roa kua tawhito me ngā tauira ngāwari - Spectrum-hototahi. Heoi, ko te tauira māmā hototahi ki IBM, kua hua ano. Ko pono mutu katoa whanaketanga Soviet i 1992. kē ngā kaiwhakanao katoa ki te paerewa ao kotahi - puta rorohiko whaiaro IBM-hototahi anake.

ngā kitenga

I runga i te pūmārō motu faaoti ki te korero tōraro i ngā tekau tau tata nei. Anake e pā ana ki kino o hapori me te öhanga whakaritea, i roto i nei tatou e "i mahue ki muri ake", engari e pā ana ki te meka i roto i te Te Hau-ā-uru, kua kua tonu hangarau te pai, engari Russian - e kore e taea e Krivorukov me rorohiko.

Ko tonu, mooni katoa o te tohu rorohiko Soviet runga ake e kore te i te whanaketanga pai. Ratou tika i whānui. I roto i te meka, whakawhanakehia te hikohiko i roto i te USSR rawa i te taumata ao, me te i roto i ara maha mua o te ahumahi taua i roto i te Te Hau-ā-uru, ko te aha e taea e whakaatu ki to tatou hōtaka hōia, me te wāhi.