Sakharov paraihe. Ko te tohu "hoki Tau'atāiná o Thought 'Andrei Sakharov

Sakharov Andrei Dmitrievich (whanau 05.21.1921, ka mate a 14.12.1989) - he ahupūngao tino, tetahi o nga kaiwhakatū o te poma hauwai, te tuatahi ngā tika tangata Soviet, he kaitōrangapū, academician o te USSR, toa o te Nobel te rangimarie paraihe. tohi Scientific me tōrangapū o Sakharov Kua whakamaoritia ki maha reo ke, me ona waiaro, ngā whakapono, me ngā āhuatanga e mōhiotia ana e te pūtaiao me āpiha a te kāwanatanga huri noa i te ao.

"No te Freedom o Thought 'I te tau 1988, kua whakapumautia te Pākehā Pāremata he tohu ā-tau o te Sakharov.

Saharov Andrey. biography

AD whanau Sakharov i Moscow, i reira pau ia tona tamarikitanga, me te taitamarikitanga wawe. I roto i te haapiiraa tuatahi, e kore ia i haere, a ka i kuraina i te kāinga, mahi ana ki tona papa, he kaiwhakaako o te ahupūngao. whaea o Sakharov ko te housewife. timata te kura o te pūtaiao i mua nei ki te haere ki te kōeke 7 anake, a i muri i tona otinga tomo ia te University Moscow i te Faculty o Physics.

A, no te whawhati whawhai i roto i, tamata Andrei Sakharov ki te tomo i te wänanga hōia, engari e kore ia i i whakaaetia e tika ana ki te hauora rawakore. Fakataha ki Moscow State University Andrew i whakatahia ki Ashgabat, te wahi puta ia ki te hōnore i whakaako i roto i te 1942.

Ko te timatanga o te mahi pūtaiao

I muri i tu'ite, ka haere Sakharov ki te tohatoha o Ulyanovsk kariri tipu. Here ia hohoro kitea e ara ki te whakapai ake i te mana kounga hua, ka whakamōhio ki production tona tenenga tuatahi.

I te 1943-44 Andrey Dmitrievich Saharov takitahi i runga i te maha o ngā pepa pūtaiao, me te ka tukua ratou ki te upoko o te wehenga ariā o te Physics Institute. Lebedeva IE Tamm A i roto i te tīmatanga o 1945, i karangatia Sakharov ki Moscow hoki whakamātautau me te whakauru ki te paetahi kura. I te tau 1947 ka awhina ia tona tuhinga, me i 1948 piri te rōpū huna o pūtaiao whai wāhi i roto i te hanga o patu thermonuclear i roto i te pa kati o Arzamas-16. I roto i tenei whakahau, ka Saharov Andrey Dmitrievich he mema o te hoahoa me te hanganga o te poma hauwai tuatahi, tona rangahau tae noa ki 1968. Katahi ia tahi ki Tamm Kāre whakahaere thermonuclear tauhohenga.

I roto i te 1953, ka Sakharov he tākuta o sciences tinana, me te pāngarau, me te kua pōtitia he mema o te Academy o Pūtaiao o te USSR.

whakapono tōrangapū Andreya Saharova

I te mutunga o nga 1950, ka anga ki te kaha whakahē i te whakamātautau o patu karihi Sakharov. Ka rite ki kua he hua o ona mahi kua hainatia he kawenata kati whakamātautau i roto i te taiao e toru (huru, moana, me te wāhi) me i roto i tau 1966 i roto i te mahi tahi ki ētahi atu kaipūtaiao, whakaputaina ana e ia he pukapuka ngā ki te whakanohonoho o Stalin.

I roto i 1968, kua kitea whakaaro tōrangapū o Sakharov te ara i roto i te ao i roto i tona ihirangi me te hiranga tōrangapū o te tuhinga, te wahi i whakaaro i te pūtaiao e pā ana ki whānui te ahunga whakamua o te haere noa hinengaro me te taea o te maungārongo i waenganui i rerekē ngā pūnaha tōrangapū. I roto i tona mahi, korero ia e pā ana ki te hiahia mō te maungārongo tahi o te pūnaha capitalist ki te hapori ki te hanga i tētahi turanga mo te whanaketanga ake, me te rangimarie, puta noa i te ao. I iritihia tēnei tuhinga ki te maha reo, a ki waho moni ona tohanga ki neke atu i te 20 miriona. tārua. kihai i mauruuru i te kāwanatanga Soviet mahi te Sakharov ki rerekē whakatö, Māoritanga. I nekehia atu e ia i te mahi ngaro i runga i patu karihi i roto i Arzamas-16, a hoki ana te kaipūtaiao ki te mahi i roto i te Tinana Institute.

ka Andrei Sakharov piki aroha o te whakaaro o ngā mahi tika tangata, hua i roto i te 1970 he mema o te rōpū i whakaturia te Komiti mō ngā tika tangata. ka kaha tiakina e ia mana tangata taketake: te tika ki te riro, ka hoatu ngā mōhiohio, ki te waiho i te whenua, me te hoki ki reira, te haere noa o te hinengaro.

Ko te pukapuka "I runga i te whenua, me te ao"

Ka rite ki te tohunga i roto i te mara o patu karihi, e maha whakamana huka ki te karanga mo te tupe, a i te 1975 whakaputaina tona pukapuka "I runga i te whenua, me te ao." I roto i tenei mahi, te tohunga pūtaiao, me inaianei kaitōrangapū, pakeke whakahē ngā i te wa te tikanga tōrangapū, te Māoritanga kotahi-rōpū, here i runga i tika me ona rangatiratanga. ka karanga Sakharov te Soviet Union "mōrearea hoki katia te ao kāwanatanga pirihimana totalitarian, patu ki te patu tiketike-powered me he rauemi nui." Academician tuku he maha o whakahounga e pā ana ki e rua wae tōrangapū, me te ōhanga o te mahi kāwanatanga, ārahi, i roto i tona whakaaro, ki "te whakapai ake i te āhuatanga pāpori i roto i te whenua."

Ki te whakaaro ki whenua Western korero Sakharov o ratou "ngoikore, me te ina tīmata ana," ka karanga te rangatira US me ka karanga mo te kotahitanga, fakamamafa'i kotahi ano te hiahia mo te tupe tahi.

fakamamafa'i te pūtaiao tūemi motuhake te faufaa o te tiaki o ngā tika tangata huri noa te ao, rawa te tika ki te whiriwhiri i ratou whenua o te noho, me te ki te whiwhi mōhiohio, me te te hiahia mō te tiaki whānui o te "toru o te ao" whenua.

Ko te āpā o te Nobel

I muri i te whakaputanga o te pukapuka "I runga i te whenua, me te ao", i iritihia, ka whakaputaina i roto i tuku ki roto i tona whenua, kahore kaitōrangapū pūtaiao ranei o te Soviet Union kihai i taea e whakamanamana o taua ao e mohiotia ana ko te huka. Kua kitea e te rangimarie paraihe tona hero Oketopa 9, 1975. I roto i te tauākī o te mahi Nobel Komiti Sakharov i huaina ai "tautoko ta'emanavahē o nga parau tumu faufaa o te rangimarie," me te kaipūtaiao "toa itoito ki tūkino o te mana me te momo ngā o te pehanga o te mana tangata."

faaoti te ārahitanga Soviet e noa atu e kore e taea te waiho i te taua tangata mōrearea rite Andrei Sakharov. I whakawhiwhia te Nobel ki tana wahine, Elena Bonner, nei tai'o atu tana tane, me te kauhau i runga i "te rangimarie, te ahunga whakamua, me te tika tangata." whakahe ano Sakharov mangai wahine nga hapehape katoa o te mana tōrangapū me te āhuatanga i roto i te whānui, e rua i roto i te USSR me i roto i te ao katoa.

Fakamasiva o ngā tohu, me te hono

Ko te kakau witi whakamutunga i whawhati te manawanui o te kaiārahi Soviet, ko te kupu Sakharov uaua i roto i 1979 ki te whakaekenga o Afghanistan. Presidium o te Hupirimi Soviet o te USSR Academy i huia o tohu katoa, tae atu i te taitara e toru nga wa Hero o-pāpori Reipa i roto i te Hānuere 1980.

I hopukina Sakharov i te huarahi, ka riro ki te pa o Gorky, te wahi i noho te pūtaiao ki te faaite i tona whakarau, me tana wahine o 7 tau i raro i te whare hopu.

I roto i te whakarau, ka kite te pūtaiao te ara anake ki te whawhai-tia ore tuatau patu matekai. Otiia i tangohia ia ki te hōhipera, me te kaha-whangai.

Hoki me te whakaauraki

ko Perestroika i te mana, tukua Mikhail Gorbachev Sakharov ki hoki me te haere tonu tana mahi pūtaiao. Huka anō korero ki te karanga ki te maungārongo ki a riro i te mema o te Kaunihera Hupirimi o te Academy o Sciences. Na i mātauranga ki te rapu ano i te tika ki te korero e pā ana ki ona raruraru tutu te puehu.

He pakanga tamau ki te whāititanga ngā tikanga tōrangapū me tau fakaongosia o whakaraua kaha turakina te hauora o te Sakharov. I muri i te tautohetohe auau me whakamātau noa ki te whakamatau i te tika o te whakaeke ngakau i te kāinga ka mate te kaipūtaiao me tika tangata ngā nui Saharov Andrey. He tonu o ngā rā nui, me ngā kaupapa nō te haurongo o tenei tangata. Tona whai ki te tiaki o ngā tika tangata me te whanaketanga o te ahupūngao karihi.

Sakharov paraihe "mo haere noa o te whakaaro"

hapori pūtaiao Foreign, te whiriwhiri tōrangapū, rite te taupori o whenua Western, mauruuru te faufaa o te whakapono Sakharov me hōhonu o tona takoha ki te ao-whānui te tiaki o ngā tika tangata. I roto i Germany, Lithuania, te United States me ētahi atu whenua i ara, tapawhā me pāka ingoa i muri i tenei tangata nui.

Te Pākehā Pāremata tonu i raro i te ora pūtaiao, i te 1988, te utu mo te "haere noa o te whakaaro" i whakaaetia Sakharov. aroaro te tohu kei te tau i roto i te Hakihea, a ko te 50 mano. Euro. kia te Sakharov paraihe kia whakawhiwhia hoki whakatutukitanga i roto i tetahi o nga wāhi e whai ake nei o te akiaki:

• tiaki o nga tika me ona rangatiratanga taketake;
• tiaki o tika tokoiti;
• te faatura i te ture o te ao;
• te whanaketanga o ngā tukanga manapori me te haamauraa o te tuatahi o te pukapuka o te ture.

Winners o "hoki Tau'atāiná o taonga Thought '

Ko te toa tuatahi, i whakawhiwhia te Sakharov paraihe, ko te toa Awherika ki te Tonga ki kaikiri, Mandela me te herehere Soviet tōrangapū Marchenko.

I roto i nga tau i muri, i whakawhiwhia Andreya Saharova paraihe ki whakahaere Parata "metua vahine o te Plaza de Mayo" (1992), te niupepa o Pōngia me Herekowina (1993), United Nations (2003), te Peraruhia Association o Journalists (2004), te kaupapa Cuban "Ladies i White" (2005) me te maha o te tahi atu whakahaere me ngā tāngata takitahi nei mahi ngā i roto i te parururaa i tika tangata me te rangatiratanga.

Te whakahaere tika tangata "Memorial"

I roto i te tau 2009, te tau o te tau rua tekau o te mate o Andrei Sakharov, whakawhiwhia te Pākehā Pāremata te rangimarie paraihe ki te whakahaere tika tangata "Memorial". Ko reira taa'eraa i ko tetahi o nga kaiwhakatū o te whakahaere, me te heamana tuatahi i te hapori iti rawa academician Sakharov. "Memorial" whenumi tino nga whakaaro Sakharov katoa e pā ana ki te tuatahi o ngā tika tangata me te haere noa rawa hinengaro ki te taea ki te whanaketanga whakamua o te ao katoa.

I te kau, i te "Memorial" - ko reira he nui whakahaere waho i te käwanatanga ki tari i roto i Tiamana me nga whenua o te kimi huarahi Soviet mua. Ko te mahi matua o tenei hapori he tautoko, rangahau me te mātauranga.

toa tohu o teie mahana "mo Freedom o Thought"

I te tau 2013, mo te tohu i tohua e ratou kaihoko CIA mua E. Snowden me herehere tōrangapū Belarusian, a ka whakawhiwhia i te Sakharov paraihe rima schoolgirl Pakistani Malala Yousafzai, e aroraa he pakanga taurite ki te Taliban me ki te pūnaha o nāianei katoa mo te tika ki a ratou ritenga kia haere kura. Ki te kotahi tekau ma tahi nga tau i pupuri Malala he rangitaki mo te BBC, e whakaahua ana i roto i te taipitopito te mau fifi o te ora, me te huru o te Taliban ki te mātauranga mō ngā kōtiro.

I roto i te 2014, whakawhiwhia te Sakharov paraihe ki Denis Mukvege, he rata mātai i te Congo. Ko te aro o te Pākehā Pāremata ngā e te meka i whakaritea i roto i te pokapū whenua, e whakarato ana āwhina hinengaro, me te hauora ki ngä pärurenga o te koeretanga tenei tangata.

Tētahi atu Sakharov paraihe

I roto i te 2001, kaipakihi me tika tangata ngā Petrom Vinsom, i whanau nei i roto i Kiev i te 1956, i whakapumautia e te Russian Andrei Sakharov paraihe "hoki Journalism rite te Whakaaetanga". Tiamana o te tekau o tenei tohu ko te kaituhi, kiriata me tika tangata ngā A. Simonov, me te toenga o te rōpū o kaiwhakawa riro nga sociologists Russian nui, kairīpoata me kaiwawao tika tangata. Whai wāhi i roto i te kōwhiringa o toa, me te maha o kairīpoata i Spain, te USA ko Ateria.

Sakharov paraihe "hoki Journalism rite te Pukapuka" te whakawhiwhia ki kaituhi Russian e taunaki i roto i to ratou mahi i te uara me mana'o o te whai o ai whawhai Sakharov, kua meinga reira ratou tūranga ora.

I roto i te 2012, whakawhiwhia te utu i Viktoru Shostko, te kaituhi motuhake o te niupepa Rostov "te kaiahuwhenua". ka whakatata ia te whakarongo o te iwi whānui me te tekau o tona tūhuratanga kairīpoata o nga take autaia o patu papatipu i roto i te kainga o Kushchevskaya, Rostov rohe.

I roto i te tahi atu tau i ka laureates mohiotia kairīpoata Russian Tatyana Sedykh, Elvira Gorukhino Galina Kowalska, Anna Politkovskaya me ētahi atu.

Sakharov - he tangata tino nei toru tekau tau ki muri fakatokanga e pā ana ki te raruraru o te ao, kite i tenei ra. tamata ia kaha ki te whakaatu i te ope rangatira o nga ara tika i roto o te pae faarava'iraa me tōrangapū. I roto i te whakaahua e taea maha te kite Sakharov Andrei Dmitrievich ki mura kanohi whakaaro i roto. Tenei mori o te whakaaro Russian mahue ki te uri i roto i ana i tuhituhi ai puna o te whakaaro nui tōrangapū.