Tukupūngao pūtau me te ahotakakame. Hā ora tukupūngao pūkoro

Ahotakakame me te respiration - rua ngā tukanga e à te ora. Ratou e rua puta i roto i te pūtau. Ko te tuatahi - i roto i te tipu, me etahi kitakita, tuarua - ko i kararehe, me i roto i te tipu me te fungal, me kitakita.

Ka taea e tatou te mea e respiration pūtau me te ahotakakame - e whakahe tukanga ki tahi i te tahi. I roto i te wahi, he tika tenei, mai i roto i te hāora tuatahi whenumi, ka tukua hauhā, a i roto i te tuarua - i runga i te anga ke. Heoi, kei te tika e kore e rite enei tukanga rua rite puta ratou i roto i organelles rerekē te whakamahi i matū rerekē. Ko te take hoki e hiahiatia e ratou, rawa, he rerekē: Me ahotakakame hoki ngā matūkai, me tukupūngao pūkoro - mō te pūngao.

Ahotakakame: i reira me pehea e tupu tenei?

Tenei tauhohenga matū e hāngai ana i te whiwhi matū pararopi i inorganic. Ko te titauhia Ko te aroaro o te ahotakakame rere rā, mai mahi tona pūngao rite te whakakōkī.

Ahotakakame āhuatanga o te tipu, ka taea te whakahuatia i roto i te whārite e whai ake:

• 6Na ₂ + 6H ₂ E = C ₆ H ₁₂ E ₆ + ₂ 6D.

Ko, e ono rāpoi hauhā me te kia riro te taua maha o ngā rāpoi ngota wai i roto i te aroaro o te rā tipu kotahi muingota o te kūhuka me ono hāora.

Ko te tauira māmā o te ahotakakame tenei. kūhuka hoki me ētahi atu e taea te synthesized i roto i te tipu, te warowaihā matatini ake, me te matū pararopi i te tahi atu akomanga.

Tenei ko te tauira o te hanga o waikawa amino pūhui pararopi:

• 6Na ₂ + 4H ₂ E + 2Na ₄ ^2- + 2NO ₃ ^- + 6H ⁺ = 2c ₃ H ₇ E ₂ NS + ₂ = 13 °.

I taea te kite, e ono ngā rāpoi ngota o te hauhā, te rāpoi ngota wai wha, e taea te whiwhi e rua o ngā katote pūkawa, katote pākawa, e rua me te ono ngā katote hauwai whakamahi pūngao kōmaru e rua ngā rāpoi ngota o te cysteine me ma toru - hāora.

e tukanga ahotakakame wahi i roto i organelles motuhake - chloroplasts. Kei roto ratou i te chlorophyll ngarahu, e mahi rite te whakakōkī mō tauhohe matū. kitea ēnei organelles anake i roto i te tipu ngā pūtau.

Ko te hanganga o te pūkano tipumata

Tenei organelle, e kua he pōro hanga elongated. rahi pūkano tipumata nuinga 4-6 microns, engari i roto i te tahi mau pūtau pükohu taea te kitea plastids nui - chromatophores, tona rahi, ko te 50 microns.

E pā ana tēnei ki te dvuhmembrannym organelle. Kei te karapotia te reira e te anga waho, me te roto. E wehea ratou i ia atu wāhi intermembrane.

Ko te taiao ā-o te pūkano tipumata mohiotia rite "stroma". Kei te reira i thylakoids me lamellae.

Thylakoids - he flat sacs kōpae-āhua o te membrane, i te mea chlorophyll. Tenei ko te wahi e ahotakakame wahi. Haere ki nga rarangi, thylakoids hanga grana. thylakoids Tau i te pareparenga taea rerekē i 3 ki te 50.

Lamellae - he hanganga kiriuhi ranei. tohu ratou he whatunga takere branched nei tuatahi mahi - ki te whakarato i te hononga i waenganui i te mata.

I roto i te chloroplasts Kei roto hoki e tika ana mō te kōtuitanga pūmua ratou ribosomes, me tona DNA ake, me te RNA. I tua atu, i reira kia kia inclusions, arā, o ngā matūkai whakakapinga, te nuinga māngaro.

tukupūngao pūkoro

He maha ngā momo o tenei tukanga. He respiration pūtau anaerobic me takohe. Ko te āhuatanga tuatahi o te huakita. Anaerobic he respiration o te maha ngā momo: he pākawa, ngāwhā, whanariki, rino, pākawa, fumarate. Ēnei tukanga tukua nga huakita whiwhi pūngao, kahore te whakamahi i te hāora.

he āhuatanga hoki i ētahi atu rauropi katoa, tae atu ki ngā kararehe me ngā otaota respiration pūkoro takohe. mai te reira i ki te whai wāhitanga o te hāora.

Ko te māngai o te kararehe tukupūngao pūtau puta i roto i organelles motuhake. Ko ratou i huaina pungaraungao. I roto i ngā tipu rite respiration pūtau puta i roto i te pungaraungao.

wāhanga

tukupūngao pūtau e wahi i roto i te toru kaupae:

1. Ko te wāhanga faaineineraa.
2. Glycolysis (tukanga anaerobic, e kore e rapua e te hāora).
3. Hāora (atamira takohe).

Ko te wāhanga faaineineraa

Ko te mahi tuatahi, ko te e kua pakaru matū matatini i roto i te pūnaha kūnatu iho ki ohie. Ko te kupu, pūmua i takea mai i waikawa amino i lipids - waikawa ngako me te nonireka, i te warowaihā matatini - kūhuka. E kawea ēnei pūhui ki te pūtau, a ka - tika ki te pungaraungao.

glycolysis

takoto te reira i roto i te meka e te enzymatically piri te kūhuka ki pyruvate me te hauwai ngota. ngā tenei ATP (adenosine triphosphate). Ka taea te faaite tenei whārite i roto i tenei tukanga:

• C ₆ H ₁₂ E ₆ = 2 C ₃ H ₃ E ₃ + 4H + 2ATF.

Ko te kupu, i roto i te tukanga o te glycolysis kotahi te kūhuka i te tinana muingota taea riro e rua rāpoi o ATP.

piti hāora

I tenei wā, i hanga i roto i glycolysis waikawa pyruvic enzymatically tauhohe ki te hāora ki te hanga i te hauhā me te hauwai ngota. Ēnei ngota ka kawea ki te crista wahi oxidized ki te hanga i te wai, me te 36 ngā rāpoi ngota ATP.

Ko te kupu, i roto i te tukanga o te tukupūngao pūtau whakaputaina i roto i te katoa 38 rāpoi ATP 2 i roto i te wā tuarua, me te 36 - i runga i te tuatoru. triphosphate Adenosine a ko te puna pūngao matua, whakaratohia nei ki pungaraungao o te pūtau.

Ko te hanganga o te pungaraungao

Organelles i roto i nei respiration e wahi, i reira i roto i te kararehe, me te i roto i te tipu me te pūtau fungal. riro ratou i te āhua porohita me te rahi o e pā ana ki 1 micron.

Ngā pungaraungao rite chloroplasts i rua kiriuhi wehea e te wāhi intermembrane. He aha te mea i roto i te kiriuhi o te organelle, ka karanga te kopu. Oku i ai e ribosomes, DNA punaraungao (mtDNA) me mtRNK. Te kopu haere glycolysis me te taahiraa piti hāora tuatahi.

O te membrane roto e hanga e taiepa, rite ki te tupuke. E huaina ratou cristae. Tenei ko te wāhanga tuarua o te toru o nga atamira o te respiration pūtau. I roto i ona rāpoi ATP tino i hanga.

organelles Origin dvuhmembrannyh

Kua whakamatauria Scientists e te hanganga i whakarato ahotakakame me te respiration i pūmate rawa e symbiogenesis. Ko, kotahi i reira etahi kaiao. E whakamārama ana tēnei i te meka e i roto i te pungaraungao, me chloroplasts whai ratou ake ribosomes, DNA me te RNA.