Waikawa pungatara. Tātai, āhuatanga, te faaineineraa, me te whakamahi

waikawa pungatara Ko te ingoa o mua: hinu o vitriol. Ko te ako o te waikawa timata i roto i nga wa onamata, i roto i ana i tuhituhi ai, kua whakaahuatia ai: ko te rata Kariki Dioscorides, te taiao o Roma Pliniy Starshy, te alchemists Islamic Kepere, Razi ko Ibn Sina me ētahi atu. I roto i te raumati ki reira, ko tetahi rārangi o vitriol, e Whakaröpütia e te tae o te taonga. I roto i to tatou wa, te kupu "vitriol" tahoê tioata hydrates ngāwhā o konganuku divalent.

I roto i te rau tau 17, Tatimana, kēmihi German Johann Glauber waikawa pungatara whiwhi e whanariki ki konurehu pākawa (KNO3) i roto i te aroaro o te kohu wai. I roto i te 1736, Dzhoshua Uord (he rongoā i Rānana), whakamahia tenei tikanga i roto i te hanga. Ka taea te i titiro i tēnei wā rite te wāhi o te tohutoro, ka kua timata te tauine nui ki te kia hua waikawa pungatara. Te reira i Tātai (H2SO4), te tikanga riro ki te tāuta kēmihi Swedish Berzelius (1779-1848) puku i muri mai.

Berzelius whakamahi pūāhua pūrārangi (huānga matū tohua) me raro waehere mamati (tohua e te tokomaha i roto i te rāpoi ngota, ngā ngota o te momo homai) i kitea e i roto i te kotahi muingota kei 1 whanariki ngota (S), ngota hauwai e rua (H) me te 4 hāora ngota (e ). Mai taua wa, ka mohiotia ai hanganga kounga, me te ine o te rāpoi ngota, e ko, i te reo o te matū whakaahuatia waikawa pungatara.

Te tātai hanganga, e whakaatu ana kauwhata te whakaritenga tahi o ngota i roto i te rāpoi ngota, me te here matū i waenganui ia ratou (e te nuinga o denoted ratou e rārangi) ngā e te pokapū o te rāpoi ngota ko te ngota whanariki i te mea rua herea ia ki ngota hāora e rua. Ki te tahi atu ngota hāora e rua ki ia o nei piri te he ngota hauwai, ano hono te ngota whanariki i kotahi here.

āhuatanga

waikawa pungatara - taekore ranei paku kōwhai, Kaore wai, wairewa i roto i te wai i ngä nohanga katoa. Ko te kohuke kaha waikawa. Waikawa he tino ha'iriiri ki konganuku (hāngai te taunekeneke ki te rino, kahore whakawera, ka passivates reira) toka, te kopa kararehe ranei ētahi atu rauemi. He hygroscopicity tiketike, me te korerotia āhuatanga āpitihāora kaha. I te pāmahana o 10.4 ° C solidifies waikawa. A, no te tahu ki te 300 ° C ngaro tata 99% waikawa trioxide whanariki (SO3).

Ko tōna āhuatanga huri i runga i te kukū o te wairewa. He ingoa noa e rongoā waikawa. whakaaro waikawa waimeha te ki kia 10%. Rechargeable - i 29 ki te 32%. I nohanga iti iho i te 75% (rite tautuhia i roto i te ISO 2184) huaina ai ko te pourewa. Ki te te kukū o 98%, ka ka waiho waikawa pungatara hāngai. tātai tonu (Chemical hanganga ranei) i roto i te wā katoa tonu.

A, no te rewa i roto i te waikawa pungatara kukū, i hanga whanariki trioxide oleum ranei kei te horekau he waikawa pungatara, kia tuhituhia tona tātai rite: H2S2O7. waikawa Net (H2S2O7) ko te he pāmahana rewa mārō o 36 ° C. pungatara tauhohe waikawa hydration āhuatanga e te tukunga o te wera i roto i te moni nui.

tali waikawa diluted te ki te whakarewa te tauhohe i ki nei whakaaturia āhuatanga āpitihāora kaha. Tenei Kia whakahokia te waikawa pungatara, matū tātai i hanga i ētahi heke (ki te 4, 0 -2 ranei) he ngota whanariki, taea e: SO2, S H2S ranei.

tauhohe te reira ki-konganuku kore, hei tauira, waro whanariki ranei:

2 H2SO4 + C → 2 SO2 + CO2 + 2 H2O

2 H2SO4 + S → 3 SO2 + 2 H2O

Tauhohe ki te konutai pūhaumāota:

H2SO4 + NaCl → NaHSO4 + HCl

Kei te āhuatanga i te reira e te tauhohenga whakauru electrophilic o te ngota hauwai piri ki te mowhiti benzene o te pūhui kakara ki te rōpū -SO3H.

fariiraa

I roto i te 1831, ka arai te titi tikanga o te whiwhi H2SO4, i te mea i tēnei wā te matua. I teie mahana, hua te nuinga o te waikawa pungatara kei te whakamahi i tenei tikanga. Ko te rauemi raw whakamahia ore pūngāwhā (te tikanga rino pyrite FeS2), tahuna nei i roto i oumu motuhake, ai hanga he hau calcined. Mai te mea e rite ana ki te 900 ° C te pāmahana hau, ka i matao ai te waikawa pungatara ki te kukū o 70%. horoia te hau i roto i te saikolone me te precipitator hiko kei i te puehu i roto i pourewa horoi ki te kukū waikawa o 40 me te 10% o paihana whakakōkī (As2O5 me te hau köwhai), mākū precipitators hiko o aerosol waikawa. Next, te hau calcined kei 9% hāorarua whanariki (SO2), maroke, ka whangai ki te taputapu whakapā. E haere ana i te 3 paparanga o vanadium whakakōkī, kua oxidized SO2 ki SO3. Hei tareka te trioxide whanariki i hanga, whakamahia te waikawa pungatara kukū te. otinga Tātai o te whanariki trioxide (SO3) i roto i te waikawa pungatara anhydrous ko H2S2O7. I roto i tenei puka pahemo atu oleum i roto i te waka tauā maitai te ki te kiritaki te wahi e diluted ai ki te kukū e hiahiatia ana.

tono

Nā ki ngā āhuatanga matū rerekē, kua H2SO4 he whānui o ngā tono ngā. I roto i te hanga o te waikawa iho, hei kawehiko i roto i te pākahiko mata-waikawa ki te hanga i te ngā horoi, he hoki reira he tauhohe nui i roto i te ahumahi matū. Kei te whakamahia hoki te reira i roto i te hanga: ngā waiwaihā, kirihou, waikano, rapa, hākawa, adhesives, pahū, hopi teretere, pharmaceuticals, penupenu me te pepa, te hinu.