Horizons oneone - paparanga oneone tūpono i roto i te tukanga o te hanganga oneone

hanganga oneone ako i roto i ngā huarahi rerekē, te kōwhiringa me te whakamahinga o nei takoto e te hiahia motuhake o ngaio. I te wa taua i reira he tikanga ao o ngā āhuatanga whakaaturanga o paparanga oneone, i roto i nei e taea mārama mohio pūtaiao ki te mau huru, me ngā āhuatanga noa o tenei ranei e wāhi cover whenua. Hei tauira, i reira e ngota, töpü me te karaihe, me rāpoi taumata hanganga kanohi e hanga i taua taea ki te ako i te oneone ki te rerekē taipitopito. i hanga te apa whakaaturanga tuawha e Horizons oneone. Ko te kupu, mo te tauira, kia kia kitea e te whenua kōtaha motu i nei kua hanga e e maha ngā paparanga arowhenua mo te tetahi wā o te wā.

Horizons aa

Ko te ahua o te apa turanga me te oneone waiwai e mahi toka matua i te tirohanga o te hanganga o ngā papa muri ki te mata tenei. He heterogeneous peheé ngā papa, me te whai āhuatanga rerekē. Tohunga tautuhi onepu, te uku, amo, me te papa ngā, āhuatanga e te takenga ngā.

He mea nui ki te mōhio e huaina Horizons whaea, kahore take taketake. Ko ratou i te raro rawa, engari i te pānga nui i runga i nga papa o runga. whakakitea ana tēnei i roto i te kaha ki te hanga i ngā āhuatanga matū, mineralogical me mīhini, me 'ulungaanga tinana o ngā papa momona. Fakatatau ki ai, ka whai amo te kounga agronomic atu ātaahua atu te kohatu matua, nga āhuatanga hangarau e faaoti papu hanganga one paru ranei.

momo hanganga oneone

e kore e taea te aromātai o ngā āhuatanga o te pae, kahore whakatau tona hanganga. Na roto i te te hanga tikanga te raupapa o ngā waeine takitahi matūriki taea o vavahiraa i takirihia ranei. Ko te taonga e tautuhi ana i te āhua pūkaha o te whakawhāititanga o te papatipu oneone. Ko tētahi o nga tawhā e tukua ki te kōrero ki te hunga Horizons o te oneone ranei te tahi atu hanganga, he kaha hononga i waenganui i te ngā āhuatanga takitahi o te hanganga whakamātautau me microaggregates. Ki te rā, i reira e toru ngā kāwai o pūtahi pūtaiao oneone, e rerekē te rahi matūriki, me te ratou fokotu'utu'u tahi. Tenei prismatic, mataono me plitovidnaya hanganga.

Ko te matūriki prismatic o papatipu oneone whakawhanakehia tuaka nuinga poutū, hanganga mataono riro te tohatoha ōrite o matūriki i roto i rererangi e toru kei hāngai ki tetahi ki tetahi. Plitovidnye oneone e hanga e i roto i rua titaha ki te mārama shortening o te aronga poutū. Ki te kore e te taimaha te fatifati ki matūriki takitahi, a te tīmatanga āhuatanga e kāwanatanga noa-rere, e karangatia ana ko razdelnochastichnoy hanganga. Tenei rōpū ngā puehu me te onepu. I roto i te tahuri, kia te oneone kamaka me tuku atu ki te hanganga nui. Kei te āhuatanga e te aroaro o kapia nui o āhua kore taua hanganga.

Ko te uara o te tohatoha rahi matūriki

Ki te tautuhi te hanganga pūkaha te tohatoha o ngā āhuatanga takitahi i roto i te puranga oneone, ka taea e te tātari rahi matūriki whakatau i ngā āhuatanga agronomic mā te whakatau tata tika matūriki. Hei tauira, tohunga hoatu nga āhuatanga morphological o te kōtaha oneone ki maukati āhuatanga o te hanganga. Ko te kupu, ko te koraha te nuinga one te oneone, me te wero mō ngā kairangahau ko ki te tautuhi i te taurite ihirangi me te predominance o tetahi ki tetahi totohe ranei. tikanga ine rerekē, tae atu ki te whakamahi i ngā taputapu metrology whakamahia i roto i taua assays.

uara tae oneone

papatipu oneone tae ko tetahi o nga āhuatanga morphological tino nui, e taea te whakatau i te pae kōtaha ira. I tua atu, i roto i te horopaki o te whenua ki te tohu o paparanga o atarangi āwhina i roto i taua ako ki te hopu me te Horizons rohe. Heoi, ko te tae me te mahi tae o te ariā e kore e ōrite i roto i tenei take. I raro i te tae o toharite heterogeneity āhuatanga whānui, me te patchiness. I te tahi atu te ringa, te tae papatipu oneone tohu te huinga o ngā tae, kaha me te tahi atu kounga chromaticity. E te ara, e rave rahi momo o te oneone whiwhi tona ingoa ïa te āhuatanga tae - Ka taea te pēnei tenei ki te oneone hina, te oneone whero me te oneone mangu.

kia heterogeneous me ōrite pae Tae. I roto i te take tuatahi, tae te papatipu i roto i ngā tae rerekē, kua ata ai nga rerekētanga āhuatanga chromatic kore anake. maha Tae ai me ngā āhuatanga tinana, kua tukua me te pa. He tae kākahu he, mo te tauira koraha oneone, te papa o raro e tupu whakamama ai ona matūriki.

Horizons pararopi

Ko te rōpū nui o te oneone, e kua hanga e i roto i te tukanga o te biodegradation tenei. rerekē paparanga pae motuhake i roto i te tiketike, te kounga tinana, hanganga, ngā āhuatanga organic, me ētahi atu D. ko atu hinaaro ki te whānuitanga i hina ki pango tēnei whakamarumaru. wāhi Angamaheni o te pae pararopi ko te koraha, me te ngahere steppe. Mau, e whai wāhi te nuinga ngahere whaea tūāpapa papa ki te hanganga o te papa o runga o tenei momo. I roto i ngā, pae kohuatia taiea, serogumusovy me svetlogumusovy. paparanga kohuatia te tikanga kitea i roto i te Tundra me taiga rohe. pae pararopi Toronga ki te pararopi. Kei te nuinga o te wā ka kitea te reira i roto i te whenua repo i roto i te tonga. Bright Horizons Ko ko whānui te papatipu o tenei momo i roto i te oneone o nga whenua maroke, me te āhua-maroke, wā nei e te mahana te āhuarangi maroke.

Horizons organic

Tenei kāwai ngā te Horizons o te oneone i ai te ihirangi o ngā wāhanga waro, ko te 30% neke atu rānei. Nuinga maha ko reira te papa o runga o te kōtaha. Hei tauira, te apa mata ko te pae Peat, ko tona roa e ko 10 cm. Kei te hanga e te reira na roto i te decomposing toenga otaota, felts steppe herbaceous me t. I whakaurua hoki apa D. pararopi i roto i tenei rōpū. Ngā mihi ki a ia, i hanga te oneone mangu, e taea hoki e whai i te tae parauri me te pango pouri. te nuinga o takoto taua ngā raro nga paparanga amo-Peat. He atu momo o te pae, kia whakaurua ai nei hanganga me te kohuke huānga. Ko hāngai nga āhuatanga morphological whakakotahi matua o te oneone ngā i roto i tenei huinga kei i runga i te takenga mai o te rauemi organic. Ko, i roto i puta i tenei hanganga take oneone i raro i te mana o te biodegradation.

Horizons oneone Median

Ko te āhuatanga o tenei momo o Horizons ko te huru o te oneone ki ngā tukanga tika i roto i te hanganga, kahore mana waho i runga i te taimaha. He māngai angamaheni o tenei momo ko alfegumusovy pae. Kei te āhuatanga i te reira e te aroaro o inclusions humic-ferrous i runga i te mata kiriata māpele o te matūriki kohuke ranei. Ko te tae, i roto i tenei take, kahore he mahi tino - nui tei runga i te hanganga ngā, e taea te hanga he atarangi marama kowhai oneone, me te pouri, a. Tikanga, kitea Horizons oneone momo tau waenga i roto i te onematua one oneone ranei. He tauira pai o te toronga taua ka kakano me te pae. Tenei papatipu parauri, ai te hanganga ano tini mnogoporyadkovoy me kiriata multilayer. Heoi, e taea te kitea te pae i raro i te predominance o oneone paru.

pae eluvial

Te kōtaha uhi, overlain e paparanga o organogenic pararopi ranei, ko te pae tino whakaputa tūrama. Kei te āhuatanga i te reira e te tohatoha rahi matūriki Kōmāmā me te kanorau o ona āhuatanga wāhanga i roto i ngā o ngā āhuatanga ōkiko. kia ēnei Horizons ngā podzolized, pararopi-eluvial me apa subelyuvialny. Hei tauira, te papatipu o rerekē one podzolic me pūtake rahi one matūriki one, a i roto i ētahi wā, kore hanganga-turanga kongakonga. Hoki te whakaritenga angamaheni pae hoatu i roto i te hanganga me te takawai whenua alfegumusovyh. E te ara, kia rite ki te tahi mau āhuatanga hanganga rite ki te hunga paparanga pae illuvial, ahakoa te mana o pakaka nga take katoa ka whakahuatia rerekētanga waho.

pae parahua

E ngā Soils i roto i Horizons parahua, te tikanga kōrero ki te mata. Heoi, kia kōrero kore apa mata katoa ki hua oneone. He kounga motuhake o tenei pae ko te huinga tika o ngā āhuatanga pai mō te maara o kai. Te hanganga me te āhuatanga agronomic o purupurua tukua te pūnaha pakiaka i te papatipu oneone ki utu i te huānga e hiahiatia ana. āhuatanga Natural mō te hanga i tenei oneone mangu, engari maha e nui haere nga āhuatanga e hiahiatia, me te motuhake tikanga. Hei tauira, te whakamahi i te hangarau o te maara o pū pae, te kikiritanga me i te utu o te State o te ako hydrological.

toka matua

Tenei paparanga ausia o te matua, e riro te pūtake mo te hanganga o te oneone hou. Tikanga, te rahi matūriki tohatoha whakaturia taua toka he wae kohuke - 80%. Ko te okotahi ko e te kore Peat pae, nei whakakī e taea e rōrahi o te kohuke i roto i te 10%. Ko taa'eraa e taea enei paparanga e te tüäpapa pai mo te whanaketanga o hua oneone pū ki ngā āhuatanga agronomic tiketike reira, engari e kore e tika ana mō te mahinga kai ratou i nga wa katoa. pea te oneone toka kohatu ranei, ki te turanga o nei i hanga e ngiha, parataiao, me toka kāhuarau tenei. Otiia, i te noa'tu o te mahi kino iho i roto i ngā o te hua, e taua paparanga he turanga pai ki te whakawhanake atu ātaahua mō rakau ahuwhenua.

mutunga

hinonga huihuinga-hangarau, me te ngahere ko nga kiritaki matua me ngā kaiwhakamahi o ngā rauemi, e kua hangaia mahere ki ngā wāhanga whenua, me te tohu i te kōtaha o te pae oneone. E hiahiatia ana taua raraunga mō te oti atu māramatanga o te pikitia o nāianei, me ngā āhuatanga o ngā rauemi, me ngā whakaaro e pā ana ki te heke mai o ona tukanga whanaketanga tūturu. I roto i ngā, tukua Horizons oneone ki te matapae he aha kia ako atu i roto i te hanganga o te oneone. Hoki te ako o enei Horizons tono te he whānui o ngā tikanga e tautokona ana e te tikanga hangarau hou. I tua atu, paanga i roto i taua rangahau maha kamupene ratou te kawe atu ngā mahi e hāngai ana i te huri i te hanganga me ngā āhuatanga o etahi Horizons.