Whakatuwheratia e ahau Athanasius Nikitin? "Journey tua toru Moana" Afanasiya Nikitina

He pono i pākiki ki te mohio te mea whakatuwheratia Athanasius Nikitin koe. I muri te pānui i tēnei tuhinga, ka ako koe i reira tae mai te reira i te haere nui. Tau o te ora Afanasiya Nikitina - 1442-1474 (75). I whanau ia i roto i Tver, te tama a Nikita, he kaiahuwhenua, na Nikitin - he patronymic me kore te ingoa o te haere. Ko te nuinga o nga peasants i te wa i reira ko kahore he ingoa whakamutunga.

Anake wāhanga mohiotia ki hītori o tona haurongo. Kahore he kōrero pono e pā ana ki tona tamarikitanga, me te tamarikitanga o te tangata haere. Kei te mohiotia te reira anake e riro ia i te kaihokohoko i te tika taitamariki tau, a haere ana ki te Crimea, ki Byzantium, Lithuania me ētahi atu whenua i runga i te mahi. He pakihi rawa angitu Athanasius hoki ia i taonga tāwāhi kāinga humarie.

Kei raro ko te tohu o Afanasy Nikitin, kei roto i Tver.

I roto i te 1468 anga Athanasius he ope, i roto i nei tae mai Te Tai Rāwhiti, Africa, India ko Pahia. Tenei ara whakaahuatia te i roto i te pukapuka i huaina "Journey tua toru Moana" Afanasiya Nikitina.

Ormuz

Nikitin haere a Baku roto Pahia, na na roto i te piki i roto i te maunga, e ahau i haere atu ki te tonga. hanga e ia, kahore hohoro ratou ara, ka tu hoki wā roa i roto i te kainga, me te ako i te reo rohe, me te te whai wāhi i roto i te hokohoko. tae Athanasius i te puna o 1449 i roto i te Hormuz - he pa nui kei i te pūtahitanga o ngā ara hokohoko: i India, China, Ahia, me Ihipa.

I roto i Russia, i mohiotia kua reira hua o Hormuz. I roto i ngā, i te peara rongonui o Hormuz. Athanasius Nikitin, e matau ana hoki i roto i te pa o Indian kaweake o hoiho, faaoti ki te hanga i te kaupapa o tenei pa. hokona e ia i te tāriana Arab ka eke te kaipuke i te tumanako o te hoko i te reira moni i roto i India. haere Athanasius ki te pa o Chaul. Na tonu te reira kitea Russian o India. I whiwhi Athanasius Nikitin konei i te moana.

ongo Tuatahi e pā ana ki India

ka mau te reira i ono wiki ruku. Kua hanga te ongo kaha i runga i te kaihokohoko India. Haere, e kore e wareware i te hokohoko, ka hiahia i roto i te rangahau taketake hoki. tuhia e ia i roto i te taipitopito i roto i o ratou tohinoá aha ratou i kite. I roto i ana i tuhituhi ai, E whakaatu ana India he whenua whakamiharo i roto i nei e kore te mea te reira pera, pera i roto i Russia. tuhituhi Athanasius e haere te iwi katoa ki konei tahanga, me te pango. Tona miharo e kakahu tikanga ara tano noho whakapaipai koura. Nikitin ia, i te ara, mīharo hoki nga Initia. Varavara ake i mua i kāinga kite iwi ma. ko Nikitin taea ki Chawla he moni hoko i tona hoiho. haere hohonu ia ki te whenua, ka i roto i te pa iti, kei roto i te taha o runga o Hinai, a ka Dzhunnare.

Aha i tuhituhia e ia Athanasius Nikitin?

tuhia Athanasius Nikitin kōrero whare, whakaahua i te mātanga me tikanga rohe i roto i ona tuhipoka haere. Ko reira tata te whakaahuatanga tuatahi o te ara Indian o te ora, no te Russia e kore anake engari ano mo Europe. tuhituhi Athanasius e pā ana ki te mea kai te kāinga e kai aha whangai ratou nga kararehe, he aha ngā hua hoko, pehea ratou te taka. hokohoko ratou tukanga ara wai kaha inu kua whakaahuatia, me te uaifi tauhi ritenga kāinga i roto i India ki moe i roto i te moenga ano ki nga manuhiri.

ka mau te kōrero wahi i roto i te pa Dzhunnar

kihai roa te pa Dzhunnar haere i runga i to ratou ake. tangohia Local Khan tāriana Athanasius, ka ako e te manuhiri i Russia, kihai basurmanin ko Etene hoatu he huru ia: rānei whakaae ia Ihirama, a kihai kore anake i hoki tona hoiho, engari ka kia hokona ki pononga Khan. Wha nga ra i homai mo te whakaata. whakaorangia te Traveler Russian tupono anake. tutaki ia Mohammed, he hoa tawhito nei vouched mo te manene i te aroaro o te Khan.

ako Nikitin mō te rua marama e poto ia i Dzhunnare, mahi pāmu taupori. tuhia e ia e i roto i India, rui me te parau witi, pī, me te raihi i roto i te wa ua. Reira whakaahua ana hoki nga wineries rohe. Kokonati whakamahia ki reira rite te rauemi raw.

Ka rite ki hokona Athanasius hoiho

tae mai Athanasius i muri Dzhunnara pa Alland. He ko he ataahua nui. hiahia te kaihokohoko ki te hoko i te hoiho Arapi, engari e rahua ano reira. A i waho ia i te ataahua ko te rota o hoiho pai.

Afanasiyu Nikitinu i roto i 1471 anake whakahaere ki te hoko i te reira, a e waho te painga o, ara ranei i te mate. ¶ Na i roto i te pa o Bidar, te wahi tae ratou, e tatari ana mo te wa ua i roto i te tahi atu whakataunga. tūtatari ia mo te wa roa i konei, i hanga hoa ki te taupori rohe. ka korerotia e Athanasius te noho e pā ana ki to ratou whakapono me te whenua. korerotia hoki Inia nui e pā ana ki to ratou hanganga whānau, inoi me ngā tikanga. Nikitina maha recordings whakatapua ki ngā take o kāinga karakia.

Parvat i roto i ngā pūkete a Nikitin

Next, whakatuwheratia e ahau te pa tapu o Parvati Athanasius Nikitin i. tae ia i konei i runga i Krishna Beach i 1472. ko tenei pa te pono i te katoa i runga i India mo te hakari ā-tau, i whakatapua ki te Shiva atua. tuhia Nikitin i tona rātaka e kua reira he wahi o rite faufaa mo nga Brahmins Indian, rite Hiruharama hoki Karaitiana.

haere atu Afanasy Nikitin

Tētahi atu tau me te hawhe haere i roto i India kaihokohoko i roto i te whakamātau ki te hokohoko me te ako i te tikanga o te rohe. Ko pakihi (arā, he aha i haere Athanasius Nikitin toru moana) rahua. E tika ana mō te kaweake ki Russia o taonga i India, e kore ia kitea.

Afanasii Nikitin tae mai i runga i te ara hoki Africa (o Te Tai Rāwhiti). Te whenua Etiopiana, rite ki te rātaka, matatau ia mawhiti te pahua. utua haere taro me te raihi i te kaipahua.

hoki

haere Afanasiya Nikitina tonu e te meka i hoki ia ki a Ormuz me haere ki te raki i roto i Iran, te wahi i taua wa i whawhai. Athanasius haere Kashan, Shiraz, Erzinzhan a ko i Trabzon, pa Turkish, kei runga i te rohe tonga o te Moana Black. Hoki whakaaro tata, engari kua tahuri ano te tai i Nikitin. ka mau mana Turkish ia ki te herehere, kia rite ki a hape hoki te tirohia, Iranian. Na ka tangohia Athanasius Nikitin, te kaihokohoko Russian me haere, o tona taonga katoa. Katoa e mahue te ki a ia - i tona rātaka.

ka mau Athanasius te moni ki te haere i runga i te tukuhere. hiahia ia ki te tiki ki Feodosia, te wahi whakaritea ia ki te whakatau kaihokohoko Russian, me te utu i ngā nama ki a ratou. I roto i te Kafu (Feodosiya), anake i taea te tae te reira i roto i 1474, i roto i te ngahuru. pau Nikitin te hotoke konei, whakaoti i te pitopito kōrero i runga i te ara. I roto i te puna faaoti ia ki te haere hoki ki Russia i runga i te awa o Dnieper i Tver. mutunga tenei te haere ki India Afanasiya Nikitina.

Mate Afanasiya Nikitina

Otiia kihai i te hoki ki te tangata haere; ka mate ia i roto i Smolensk i tūkunga mārama. Pea tau o mamae, me te kaipaowe takahi Athanasius hauora. Āmiorangi reira kaihokohoko Moscow, kawea ki Moscow, a hoatu ana tona papa'i ratou Mamyrevu, Sexton, Ivan kaitohutohu III. Tāurunga i muri mai i roto i nga meatanga o 1480.

i kitea ratou i roto i te rau tau 19 Karamzin ka whakaputaina i raro i taitara o te kaituhi i roto i 1817. Tohutoroa ki roto i te taitara o tenei mahi e toru moana - Kapiana, Moana Black me te Indian Ocean.

whakatuwheratia e ahau Athanasius Nikitin?

Roa i mua i te taenga mai o te Pākehā i roto i India i te whenua whakamatauria ki te waiho i te kaihokohoko Russian. I whakatuwheratia te ara moana i konei Vasco da Gama, he kaihokohoko Portuguese, he torutoru tekau tau i muri mai.

Ahakoa kihai i te ūnga hoko tutuki, ko te hua i te whakaahuatanga tuatahi o te haere i roto i India. I roto i Russia tahito i mua i i mohiotia reira anake i roto i te aai, me etahi tuhinga. i taea ki te kite i tenei whenua ki o ratou kanohi ake, me te taranata ki te korero tenei hoa te tangata o te rau tau 15. tuhituhi ia e pā ana ki te pūnaha tōrangapū, karakia, hokohoko, kararehe tāwāhi (arewhana, nakahi, makimaki), nga ritenga rohe, ka tuhia etahi rongonui.

whakaahuatia hoki Nikitin te whenua, me te pa i roto i nei kihai ia i tae mai, engari o nei i korerotia e ia i te mau Initia. faahiti ia i roto i ngā te motu o Ceylon, Calcutta, Indochina, e i taua wa i mohiotia ki Russian. Na te mea whakatuwheratia Athanasius Nikitin, i uara nui. inaianei tukua raraunga āta kohia ki tatou whakawa i te wawata ka hāpaitia e me hōia o nga rangatira o India i taua wa, o ratou ope.

"Journey tua toru Moana" Afanasiya Nikitina - te kuputuhi tuatahi o tona ahua i roto i te hītori o te tuhinga Russian. Titoa he tangi ahurei ohaoha e kore e whakaahua anake te haere nga wahi tapu, kia rite ki manene ia i mua. E kore hinga taonga rerekē o te haapaoraa Karaitiana ki tona mara o kite, me te iwi ki ētahi atu whakapono, me te ara o te ora. Notes kowaiwai o te whaiaro te aukatinga-a tikanga atu ngā tino.