Whākōkī ta'e ngāue ko ratou whakamahinga

Ko te ariā o te whākōkī ta'e ngāue whakatika i roto i te hawhe tuarua o te rau tau 20. Na, hoki i roto i 1916, i kitea ai e adsorbed runga waro sucrose mahi catalytic mau. I roto i te 1953, kawea D. ko N. Shleyt Grubhofer i te pepsin tuatahi here, amylase, te carboxypeptidase me RNase ki te kawe rewa. te whakaturengia ngā Ko te ariā o te paru ta'e ngāue i roto i 1971. Ko te amuiraa tuatahi i runga i whākōkī Engineering. рассматривается в более широком смысле, чем это было в конце 20 века. I reira, te ariā o te paru ta'e ngāue i roto i te tikanga whānui atu i te reira i roto i te mutunga o te rau tau 20. whakaaro tatou i tenei kāwai i roto i te kōrero atu.

Overview

– соединения, которые искусственно связываются с нерастворимым носителем. Na mmobilizovannye whākōkī - pūhui e e āwenewene hono ki te kawe rewa. I te wa ano pupuri ratou o ratou āhuatanga catalytic. I tēnei wā, whakaaro tenei tukanga i roto i rua ngā āhuatanga - i roto i te whāititanga o te haere noa wāhanga, me te ki tonu o te kaupapa o ngā rāpoi ngota pūmua.

te tura

. Kua kitea pūtaiao etahi painga o whākōkī ta'e ngāue. Acting rite kaiwhakakökï heterogeneous, ngāwari e taea te wehea ratou i te reo tauhohenga. может быть многократным. kitea nga rangahau e taea te faahiti te whakamahi o whākōkī ta'e ngāue. I roto i te tukanga o te here pūhui taui i to ratou āhuatanga. whiwhi ratou te tïpako pū, te pūmautanga. Heoi, tīmata ratou mahi ki te whakawhirinaki i runga i ngā āhuatanga taiao. отличаются долговечностью и высокой степенью стабильности. whākōkī ta'e ngāue he tohu roa, me te teitei o te pūmautanga. Ko reira nui atu i, mo te tauira, e o te whākōkī noa i roto i nga mano, o nga mano tekau o nga wa. whakarato tenei katoa pai tiketike, whakataetae, me te moni o te hangarau, i roto i nei i reira e ta'e ngāue whākōkī.

kawe

tāutuhia J .. Porath ki te whakamahi i ngā āhuatanga matua o ngā rauemi pai mō te immobilization. Me whai i te kawe:

1. Insolubility.
2. pūmautanga koiora me te matū High.
3. Capacity mō te whakahohenga tere. Me neke te kawe ngāwari ki te momo urupare.
4. hydrophilic nui.
5. Ko te uruhanga hiahiatia. kia rite manakohia mō whākōkī me ngā hoa, ngā hua tauhohenga me substrates tōna tohu.

I tēnei wā, i reira he kahore rauemi e e tino ū ki ēnei whakaritenga. Heoi, i roto i te mahi, e whakamahia ana kawe e te hunga e tika ana mo te immobilization o whākōkī i roto i te kāwai etahi o huru motuhake.

whakarōpū

, разделяются на неорганические и органические. Tei runga i te āhua o tona rauemi, i roto i te kōrero ki nei e tahuri nga pūhui ki whākōkī ta'e ngāue e wehea ki inorganic me organic. kawea herea o pūhui maha i roto i ki te kawe polymeric. E wehea ēnei rauemi organic ki ngā akomanga e rua: tūturu me waihanga. I roto i ia o ratou, i roto i te tahuri, tohatoha rōpū i runga i te hanganga rānei. Kei te nuinga māngai e rauemi karaihe, okouku, te uku, takawai, graphite waro pango kawe pararopi. A, no te mahi ki ngā rauemi rongonui tikanga matū maroke. E whiwhi whākōkī ta'e ngāue pani i te kiriata kawe o Titanium waikura, alumina, zirconium, hafnium tukatuka waerau organic ranei. He painga nui o nga rauemi ko te humarie o te whanautanga houtanga.

kawe pūmua

Te lipid, hukarau me te pūmua rauemi tino rongonui. I roto i te whakamutunga, ko te ki te whakarato waerau hanganga. Enei matua ngā collagen, pūtōtepe, keratin, me gelatin. He whānui i roto i te taiao taua pūmua. E wātea ana, me te economical ratou. I tua atu, to ratou he maha nui o ngā rōpū mahi mō te hono. rerekē pūmua biodegradability. . Tenei taea ki a koe whakawhānui i te whakamahinga o whākōkī ta'e ngāue i roto i te rongoa. I taua wā, kua reira pūmua me ngā āhuatanga kino. на протеиновых носителях заключаются в высокой иммуногенности последних, а также возможность внедрять в реакции только определенные их группы. Ko te huakore o te whakamahi i whākōkī ta'e ngāue ki kawe pūmua ko te immunogenicity tiketike o te mua, me te te whai wāhi ki te whakatinana i roto i to ratou tauhohenga anake etahi rōpū.

polysaccharides aminosaharidy

Kei te tino maha ēnei rauemi e whakamahia ana chitin, dextran, cellulose, agarose me pärönaki ona. Ki polysaccharides i nui atu ātete ki te tauhohe o mekameka rārangi epichlorohydrin crosslinked ripeka. E whakaurua tino noa te hanganga mata o ngā rōpū katote. whiwhi Chitin te i roto i te nui rite te hua ururua i roto i te tukatuka ahumahi o te kouraura me pāpaka. rerekē tēnei rauemi matū ātete, me te kua he hanganga pore pai-tautuhi.

waerau waihanga

Tenei rōpū He he rerenga kētanga nui o ngā rauemi, me te wātea. Kei roto te reira i waerau e hāngai ana i runga i te waikawa kiriaku, styrene, polyvinyl waipiro, polyurethane me ngā waerau polyamide. Te nuinga o ratou i rerekē kaha aunoa. I roto i te faafariuraa whakarato ratou te taea o rerekē rahi pore i runga i te whānuitanga whanui, te whakataki o ngā rōpū mahi.

Methods here

I tēnei wā, i reira e rua rerekē faufaa motuhake immobilization. Ko te tuatahi ko te takanga o pūhui kahore here kotuari ki te kawe. Ko te tinana tenei tikanga. Tētahi atu whakatinanatanga tā te takanga o te here kotuari ki te rauemi. Tenei tikanga matū.

adsorption

получают путем удерживания препарата на поверхности носителя благодаря дисперсионным, гидрофобным, электростатическим взаимодействиям и водородным связям. Ki ta'e ngāue reira whākōkī whiwhi i pupuri o te raau taero i runga i te mata kawe tika ki marara, hydrophobic, taunekeneke hiko me here hauwai. Adsorption Ko te ara tuatahi o whāiti te nekeneke o ngā huānga. Heoi, i tēnei wā e kore i tenei kōwhiringa ngaro tona hāngaitanga. Ano, whakaaro te adsorption te ki hei te tikanga nui rawa mō o immobilization i te ahumahi.

tautautefito ki te ara

whakaahua ana i te tuhinga pūtaiao i runga i 70 whākōkī ahu tikanga adsorption. Rite kawe whakamana pai io, karaihe maiengi, ngā uku, polysaccharides, alumina, waerau waihanga, Titanium, me te tahi atu konganuku. I roto i tenei take, kei te whakamahia te whakamutunga atu pinepine. whakaritea te tōtika o adsorption o te raau taero i runga i te rauemi kawe e te porosity me mata motuhake.

tikanga o te mahi

Adsorption o whākōkī ki te rauemi rewa he ohie. Kei te tutuki te reira na roto i te whakapā ki te wairewa o te kawe tarukino. Ka taea e te tango te reira i te ara pateko hihiri ranei. konatunatua te otinga whākōkī kei ki te Koinei hou, hei tauira, Titanium waihā. Na, i raro i ngā āhuatanga ngawari, maroke te pūhui te. mau te mahi paru te ina e taua immobilization tata 100%. A, no te tae tenei he kukū motuhake o 64 mg ia karamu o kawe.

āhuatanga kino

Ko te huakore ngā kaha adsorption iti o te here o te paru me te kawe. I roto i te tukanga huringa taea tikanga tauhohenga e huānga mate tohua, contamination o ngā hua, desorption o te pūmua. kua ki ake i te kaha o te tautoko here kua whakarerekētia. Tüturu, ka atawhai rauemi ki katote whakarewa, waerau, me ētahi atu pūhui hydrophobic ki āpiha polyfunctional. I roto i ētahi wā, i raro i te tarukino ano te ki te whakarereke. Ko maha nui, arata'i tenei ki te hekenga i roto i tona mahi.

Whakaurunga i roto i te rā

Ko te tino noa tenei kōwhiringa e tika ana ki tona motuhake me te tapatahi. Ko e tika ana mō te āhuatanga takitahi e kore e anake, engari ano hoki complexes multiehnzimnyh tenei tikanga. Whakaurunga i roto i te rā kia whakamana e te tikanga e rua. I roto i te take tuatahi, ngā te raau e ki te otinga waetahi waiwai, a ka mahi i te polymerization. Nā tēnei, i roto i te hanganga mokowā o te rā kei roto i te rāpoi ngota whākōkī i roto i te pūtau. I roto i te take tuarua, kua whakaurua te tarukino ki te waerau oti. I reira tahuri te reira i ki te āhua rā.

Ko te kupu whakataki o te hanganga translucent

Ko te ngako o tenei tikanga ngā i roto i immobilizing te wairewa paru wai tapu i te tïpako. whakamahi te reira i te kiriuhi hītari. haere te reira i iti wāhanga taimaha rāpoi o cofactors me substrates me mau rāpoi ngota whākōkī nui.

microencapsulation

He maha ngā kōwhiringa mō te whakataki i roto i te hanganga translucent. Ko te ngā tino o enei he pūmua microencapsulation me te whakauru i roto i liposomes. whakaarohia te kōwhiringa tuatahi i roto i 1964 e T. Chang. Kei a ia i roto i taua te whakaurua te otinga paru ki te capsule kati nei taiepa e hanga o te waerau semipermeable. Ko te ahua o te mata membrane meinga e te tauhohenga o te pūhui o polycondensation interfacial. rewa tetahi o ratou i roto i te organic me te tahi atu - i roto i te wāhanga wai. Ka rite ki ai he tauira e whakahuatia te hanganga o te microcapsule whiwhi e polycondensation o kōnakonako waikawa sebacic ki-koe (wāhanga organic) me 1.6-hexamethylenediamine (aua, te wāhanga wai). tatau te matotoru o te membrane e i roto i te haurau o te micrometer. Ko te uara o nga capsules - rau ranei tekau o micrometers.

Whakaurunga ki liposomes

Tenei tikanga o te immobilization he tata ki te microencapsulation. E te aroaro Liposomes i roto i bilayers pūnaha lipid lamellar porohita ranei. I whakamahia tuatahi tenei tikanga i roto i 1970 F. hoki wehenga o nga liposomes i te otinga lipid e whakahekea whakaeto te whakarewa organic. Kei te marara Ko te kiriata angiangi toe i roto i te wairewa, ai he reira te whākōkī. I roto i tenei tukanga, te whaiaro whakaminenga-o ngā hanganga bilayer lipid. . Tino rongonui enei whākōkī ta'e ngāue i roto i te rongoa. Ko e tika ana ki te meka i paetata nuinga o te rāpoi ngota e i roto i te kopu lipid o kiriuhi koiora tenei. являются важнейшим исследовательским материалом, позволяющим изучать и описывать закономерности процессов жизнедеятельности. Kei roto i liposomes he whākōkī ta'e ngāue nui i roto i te rauemi rangahau rongoā, tuku ako me te whakaahua tauira o ngā tukanga ora.

Ko te hanganga o hononga hou

Immobilization mā te hanga mekameka kotuari hou, me te i waenganui i nga whākōkī taketake whakaaro e te nuinga biocatalysts whakaputa papatipu mō te whakamahi ahumahi. Rerekē ara tinana, whakarato tenei kōwhiringa he here tina heke, me te kaha o te rāpoi ngota, me te rauemi. Kei te maha haere tahi tona mātauranga e te stabilization o te tarukino. Heoi, ko te wāhi o te pūmua whākōkī i whanaunga hononga 1 meneti kotuari ki te kawe hanga etahi fifi i roto i te raveraa i te tukanga catalytic. wehea rāpoi ngota i te rauemi i te whakauru. Ka rite ki maha reira haa kau fakafofonga poly- me difunctional. Ratou, i roto i ngā, he hydrazine, Cyanogen pūkeha, glutaraldehyde dialgedrid, sulfuryl pūhaumāota me te pera i runga i. Hei tauira, mō te kimi i galactosyltransferase whākōkī i te pāpāho, me te raupapa e whai ake whakaurua -CH ₂ -NH- (CH _{2) 5} -CO-. I roto i te āhuatanga i taua he reira i roto i te hanganga o te whakauru, me te rāpoi ngota kawe. E hono katoa o ratou i kotuari here. O te faufaa taketake ko te hiahia ki te whakauru i ngā rōpū mahi i roto i te tauhohe e kore he faufaa hoki te mahi catalytic o te huānga,. Na, te tikanga, kei te piri glycoproteins ki te pūmua kawe e kore te mea i runga i, a roto i te moiety warowaihā. Ko te hua ko te whākōkī ta'e ngāue atu kainga, me te kaha.

pūtau

E whakaaro ana te tikanga whakaahuatia ana i runga ki te kia te ao mō ngā momo katoa o biocatalysts. Ko ētahi o ēnei, tua atu i ëtahi, ngā pūtau, ngā hanganga subcellular, immobilization e riro tata whānui. Ko e tika ana ki te whai ake tenei. A, no te kore he e tika ana immobilization o ngā pūtau ki te poke me te pure i te mau faaineineraa paru ki te whakatinana cofactors i te tauhohenga. Ka rite ki te hua, riro te reira taea ki te whiwhi pūnaha e mahi tukanga maha-taahiraa puta tonu.

Ko te whakamahi o whākōkī ta'e ngāue

, промышленности, других хозяйственных отраслях достаточно популярны препараты, полученные указанными выше способами. I roto i te rongoā kararehe, ahumahi me te tahi atu ahumahi he taka whare tino rongonui whiwhi e te tikanga i runga ake. whakarato huarahi mahi mauriora te otinga ki te raruraru o te whakatinanatanga o te tuku hāngai o te raau taero i roto i te tinana. whakaaetia whākōkī ta'e ngāue e ki te tiki i te taero roa-mahi ki te tāoke iti me te allergenicity. Na pūtaiao whakaoti i te raruraru e pā ana ki bioconversion o papatipu me te pūngao, te whakamahi i huarahi microbiological. Na, he wāhi nui ki te mahi o te hanga hangarau me whākōkī ta'e ngāue. opuaraa whanaketanga e whānui kaipūtaiao nui. Na, i roto i te heke mai kia riro tetahi o nga tūranga matua i roto i te tukanga o te mana i runga i te taiao ki te momo hou o te tātari. I roto i ngā, i te pātai o bioluminescent, me whākōkī immunoassay. O te faufaa ngā Ko nga huarahi matatau i roto i te tukatuka o feedstocks lignocellulosic. Ka taea te whakamahi whākōkī ta'e ngāue rite amplifiers o tohu ngoikore. kia te pae Active i raro i te mana o te pāpāho, i te mea i raro i sonication, ahotea mīhini wāhi ki phytochemicals panoni ranei.