Ahotakakame - he aha te mea te reira? atamira o te ahotakakame. Ngā o te ahotakakame

Whai koe miharo tonu te nui te ao o kaiao ora?! A no te mea katoa e hiahia ana ratou ki te manawa te hāora ki te whakawhanake i pūngao me te exhale hauhā. Ara hauhā - te take matua o tenei āhuatanga, kia rite ki te ruma stuffy. Puta reira i te mea he rota o te iwi, a kahore e te ruma mo te wa roa Whakapāho. I tua atu, matū paitini whakakiia nga whakaurunga rangi, motokā tūmataiti me te waka tūmatanui.

I roto i te tirohanga o te parauhia a'enei, i reira te mea he pātai arorau: me pehea e kore i matou ano kowaowaotia, ki te he ora katoa te puna o te hāorarua waro paitini? Kaiwhakaora o mea ora katoa i roto i tenei āhuatanga mahi rite ahotakakame. He aha te mea ko te tukanga, me te mea ko tona tikanga?

Ko tōna hua - Balance o te hauhā me te hāora waiwai o te rangi. mohiotia ana tēnei tukanga te anake ki ngā māngai o te otaota o te ao, i reira e tipu, pera anake tupu i roto i to ratou pūtau.

Ahotakakame ano - he tukanga tino uaua, i runga i etahi tikanga, a ka e wahi i roto i te maha o ngā wāhanga.

Ko te whakamāramatanga

E ai ki te whakamāramatanga pūtaiao, matū organic i roto i te akoranga o te ahotakakame e tahuri ki organic i te taumata pūtau, kaiao autotrophic tika ki te rongo ki te ra te marama.

Hei mea te reo atu mahino, ahotakakame ko he tukanga i roto i nei puta te whai:

1. kukū, te tipu kei te ki te houku. Ko te pūtake o te houku kia wai i te oneone rangi pārūrū hou ranei.
2. Puta i te reira tauhohenga chlorophyll (taonga motuhake i roto i te i roto i te tipu) te pānga o te pūngao kōmaru.
3. Mātauranga kai tipu faufaa e hua ratou i runga i to ratou ake e kore e taea e ki te ara heterotrophic, ia ratou ratou tona kaihanga. I roto i te mau parau te tahi atu, e whangai e te meka e hua ratou ratou tipu. Ko te hua o te ahotakakame tenei.

Hipanga Kotahi

Tata kei nga whakato rauemi matomato, i nei e taea e haru i te reira marama. Tenei taonga, ko te kore neke atu i te chlorophyll. Ko tōna wāhi - chloroplasts. Ko e kei nga chloroplasts i te kakau o te tipu, me ona hua. Otiia rawa noa i roto i te rau āhua ahotakakame. Mai te mea tino ohie i roto i tona hanganga te whakamutunga, me te kua he wāhi mata āhua nui, e te tikanga e ka waiho nui atu te rōrahi o te pūngao e tika ana mo te takanga o te kaiwhakaora o te tukanga.

A, no te whenumi marama e chlorophyll, te whakamutunga i roto i te āhua o te oaoa, me o ratou mau fafauraa pūngao whakawhiti ki ētahi atu rāpoi organic o te tipu. Ko te maha rawa o taua pūngao haere tukanga kaiuru ahotakakame.

Hipanga rua

Ahotakakame Mātauranga i te wā tuarua e kore e rapua e te whai wāhitanga o te ao. Kei a ia i roto i te hanganga o here matū ki te whakamahi o te hāorarua waro paitini whakaputaina i te wai, me te rangi papatipu. Hoki te ariā o te huinga o ngā matū e whakarato te kaha ki te ora otaota. He māngaro, kūhuka enei.

I roto i ngā tipu pērā i ngā āhuatanga organic ngāue rite te puna mana mo nga wahi takitahi o te tipu, i te whakarato i te akoranga noa o ngā tukanga faufaa. E whakaputaina ēnei matū me kararehe, e whakamahi otaota mō te kai. kukū te tinana tangata te ki enei matū i roto i te kai, ngā nei i roto i te kai o ia rā.

He aha? Hea? A, no te?

Ki te taonga organic i roto i te organic tahuri, he mea e tika ana ki te whakarato i ngā āhuatanga e tika ana mō te ahotakakame. Hoki tenei tukanga ko tika i roto i te wahi tuatahi o te marama. Kei te korero tatou e pā ana ki te horihori, a te rā. Nature te tikanga āhuatanga mahi tipu e te kaha o te puna me te raumati, e ko, ka i reira te mea he hiahia ki te riro i te nui nui o te pūngao kōmaru. e kore e taea te mea e pā ana ki te pore ngahuru, ka e iti te rama, poto ra. Ka rite ki te hua, tahuri nga rau kōwhai, a ka tino taka atu. Ko te taenga atu ano nga hihi puna whiti tuatahi o te ra, anō tarutaru whiti matomato tonu ona chlorophylls mahi, a ka timata te whanaketanga kaha o te hāora, me te tahi atu ngā matūkai, e he natula faufaa.

tikanga ahotakakame ngā te aroaro kore anake o te marama ambient. Makuku kia hoki nui. I muri i te katoa, absorbs te whakato makuku tuatahi, a ka tīmata te tauhohe ki te pūngao kōmaru. Ko te hua o tenei tukanga me he hua whakato kai tōtika.

Anake, ki te reira ko te taonga ahotakakame matomato. He aha te mea chlorophyll, whakahuatia matou i runga ake. Ko ratou te ahua o te kaiwhakahaere i waenganui i te marama pūngao kōmaru ranei me te whakato ano, te whakarite akoranga tika o to ratou oraraa, me ngā mahi. matū Green i absorption kaha plurality rā.

nui te reira i te wāhi nui me te hāora. Ki he angitu tukanga ahotakakame, e hiahia ana te reira i te rota te tipu, no te mea kei tona hanganga 0.03 anake% waikawa carbonic. No reira i roto i o 20 000 m ^{3 o} te hau e taea te tiki 6 m ³ waikawa. Ko te reira i te whakauru muri - feedstock tuatahi mō te kūhuka i, i roto i te tahuri, ko te taonga e tika ana mo te ora.

E rua ngā wāhanga o te ahotakakame. huaina te tuatahi ko te marama, me te tuarua - te pouri.

He aha te tikanga percolation marama atamira

Ko te ingoa i tetahi atu te atamira marama o te ahotakakame - ahomatū. Ko te whai wāhi matua i roto i tenei wāhanga e:

• pūngao kōmaru;
• ngā uhi.

Ki te wāhanga tuatahi mārama, he reira te rā. Ko te aha e kore e nga uhi mohio ia. haere mai ratou i roto i matomato, kōwhai, whero ranei puru. Hei ngā chlorophylls matomato rōpū "A" me "B" ki te kōwhai, me te whero / puru - phycobilins aua. mahi ahomatū anake chlorophylls whakaatu i roto i te whai wāhi i roto i tenei wā o te tukanga "A". Ko te okiokinga no ki te tūranga tautoko, te ngako o nei - te kohinga o quanta marama, me ratou transportation ki te pokapū o te ahomatū.

Mai farii chlorophyll ki te kaha absorption pai o te pūngao kōmaru ki te roangaru ngā whai pūnaha ahomatū Kua tāutuhia:

- pokapū ahomatū 1 (matomato mea "A" rōpū) - ngā roto i te 700 ngarahu hihi ngongo marama nei te roa, ko te āhua 700 nm. no tenei ngarahu ki te tūranga faufaa i roto i te hanga o ngā hua o te wāhanga marama o te ahotakakame.

- ahomatū pokapū 2 (rōpū taonga matomato "B") - he wahi o te ngarahu ngā 680 kei te e absorbs hihi marama o 680 nm i roa. Nona ia Kaitapere, e ngā i roto i te whakakī mahi o irahiko ngaro pokapū ahomatū 1. tutuki tenei te i roto i paparetanga wai.

I 350- 400 rāpoi o uhi e he fluxes marama takiwa i roto i te photosystem 1 me 2 whai tetahi anake rāpoi ngota o te ngarahu, i te mea kaha photochemically - chlorophyll rōpū "A".

He aha te haere i runga i?

1. Ko te pūngao marama whenumi e te tipu, he pānga i runga i te ngarahu roto reira 700, e haere i te āhua noa ki te āhua o te excitation. Ngarahu ngaro he irahiko, hua i roto i te poka irahiko pera-ka karanga. I tua atu, ko te rāpoi ngota ngarahu kua ngaro e he irahiko, kia mahi pera tona acceptor, arā, whakaae te rōpū ngā irahiko, ka hoki mai i te puka.

2. tomo te tukanga o te whāwehe ahomatū o te wai i roto i te pokapū o te marama te ngongo ngarahu 680 photosystem 2. runga ki whāwehe o te wai irahiko i hanga nei tuatahi e whakaae rauemi pērā i cytochrome C550, ka tāutuhia e te Q. reta ka, i nga irahiko cytochrome te kawe iahiko, me te e kawea ki te pokapū 1 mo te ahomatū whakakiia rua e, e ko te hua o te kătahi o quanta marama, me te tukanga whakaora o te ngarahu 700.

He wā ka whiwhi i te rāpoi ngota taua hoki tonu irahiko ōrite. Tenei ka arahi ki te wehe o te pūngao marama rite te wera. Otiia tata tonu te irahiko he tiaki tōraro, i honoa e ki pūmua rino-whanariki motuhake, me te te kawea i runga i tetahi o nga mekameka ki te ngarahu 700 taka ki tetahi ara iahiko pere ranei ka toe fakataha ki acceptor tamau.

I roto i te whakatinanatanga tuatahi, i reira te mea he irahiko waka momo kati huringa, i roto i te tuarua - huringa.

hinga tukanga rua i roto i te taahiraa matamua o te ahotakakame i raro i catalyzing i te taua mekameka o kawe irahiko. Ko Me kï reira e mo te momo huringa photophosphorylation tīmata me te mutu te wā kotahi kawe i te wāhi CHL, ina tā te whakawhitinga huringa kawe taonga matomato "B" rōpū ki chlorophyll "A" i.

Āhuatanga o te transportation huringa

Phosphorylation o huri taiāwhio i huaina ano hoki photosynthetic. Ka rite ki te hua o tenei tukanga whakaputaina te rāpoi ngota ATP. Ko te pūtake o tenei ko te waka hoki i muri i te torutoru ngā wāhanga ngā i roto i te irahiko āhua oho i runga i te ngarahu 700, tukua ai te pūngao te wahi whiwhi i roto i te pūnaha phosphorylating paru ki te whakaeminga atu i roto i te here Phosphate o ATP,. E te, e kore e toreretanga pūngao.

Phosphorylation o huri taiāwhio ko te tauhohenga tuatahi o te ahotakakame, e hāngai ana i runga i te hanganga o te pūngao hangarau matū i runga i pūkano tipumata tilaktoidov mata membrane mā te whakamahi i te rā pūngao.

Te kore te tauhohenga phosphorylation photosynthetic o whakawhenumi i roto i te wāhanga pouri o te ahotakakame taea.

te kawe onäianei momo noncyclic

Kei roto i te tukanga i roto i ora NADP + me te NADPH hanganga o N *. E hāngai ana te tikanga i runga i te whakawhitinga irahiko ferredoxin tona tauhohenga whakaiti me te whakawhitinga muri ki NADP + ki whakaiti atu ki NADP * H.

Ka rite ki te hua, irahiko e kua ngaro ngarahu 700, kua whakakiia irahiko i roto i te wai decomposed nei e hihi marama i roto i te photosystem 2.

titau hoki ara Acyclic o irahiko e rere kawea ahotakakame marama i roto i te tauhohe i tahi nga photosystems e rua, hono ratou mekameka irahiko-waka. irahiko pūngao marama tataki te rere hoki. I roto i waka o pokapū ahomatū 1 ki te pokapū ngaro 2 irahiko wahi o to ratou pūngao e tika ki te whakaeminga rite iraoho pea i runga i te tilaktoidov membrane mata.

I roto i te wāhanga pouri o te tukanga ahotakakame o te hanga i te pūmanawa iraoho-momo i roto i te mekameka irahiko waka, me ngā mahi mo te hanganga o ATP i te chloroplasts he tata ōrite ki taua tukanga i roto i pungaraungao. Ko e kitea tonu ngā āhuatanga. Tilaktoidami i roto i tenei āhuatanga ko te tea pungaraungao i te taha ki he. Ko te take matua e neke nga irahiko me te iraoho i roto i te membrane i roto i te huarahi i te ritenga whanaunga ki te rere whakawhiti i roto i te membrane punaraungao tenei. Kua kawea te irahiko ki te waho, a ka kua whiwhi nga iraoho i roto i te roto o te tilaktoidnogo kopu. e muri anake i te tiaki pai, me te tilaktoida membrane waho - tōraro. Mai i tenei whai reira e te ara o te momo rōnaki iraoho ritenga tona ara ki pungaraungao.

Ko tētahi atu āhuatanga ko te pH tiketike i roto i te pūmanawa o ngā iraoho.

Ko te toru o āhuatanga ko te aroaro o rua anake mekameka tilaktoidnoy pae conjugation me rite te putanga te ōwehenga o ngā rāpoi ngota o ATP ki ngā iraoho rite ki te 1: 3.

mutunga

I roto i te taahiraa matamua o te ahotakakame ko te pāhekoheko o te pūngao marama (neiskusstvennoy tāwhaiwhai me) i te tipu. Tauhohe ki te hihi o te mea matomato - chlorophyll, te nuinga o nei roto e roto i te rau.

Ko te hanganga o te ATP me NADP * H - te hua o te tauhohenga taua. He tika ēnei hua mo te takanga o tauhohe pouri. Nō reira, ko te atamira marama - here tukanga, kahore nei e waiho reira te rua o nga taahiraa - te pouri.

Te atamira pouri: te ngako me peculiarities

ahotakakame pouri me tona tauhohe he hauhā tukanga taonga organic ki te whiwhi warowaihā. Whakatinanatanga o enei tauhohe puta i roto i te stroma pūkano tipumata me te whai wāhitanga mātātoa o te hua tango te taahiraa matamua o te ahotakakame - te marama.

I roto i te taahiraa pouri e hāngai ana tikanga photosynthetic i runga i te tukanga o te whakawhenumi o te hauhā (i huaina ano hoki carboxylation ahomatū, Calvin huringa), āhuatanga nei i te huritaiāwhio. Kei a ia ko e toru ngā wāhanga:

1. Carbonation - CO rironga _2.
2. wāhanga whakahou.
3. Wāhanga ribulozodifosfat houtanga.

Ribulofosfat - huka ki ngā ngota waro rima - ohaoha ano ki te tikanga o te phosphorylation i te utu o ATP, reira whakaputa ribulozodifosfat atu te nei i raro ki te carboxylation i hononga ki te CO ₂ hua ki ono ngā waro, e tonu decomposed e tauhohenga ki te muingota wai, te hanga e rua ngā momo rāpoi phosphoglyceric waikawa . Katahi te waikawa pangia faaho'iraa mai oti i roto i te whakatinanatanga o tauhohe enzymatic mo e hiahiatia te aroaro o ATP ko NADP ki te hanga i te huka ki te toru ngā waro - toru-waro huka, triose hāparo-tahi phosphoglyceraldehyde ranei. A, no te whiwhi e rua pērā triose rāpoi ngota hexose CONDENSED te, e taea e hei wahi o te rāpoi ngota māngaro me rahui debugged.

Tenei wāhanga mutu i te meka e i roto i te tukanga ahotakakame, e riro e tetahi muingota o CO ₂ me te whakamahi i toru rāpoi ATP me H ngota wha Geksozofosfat Nireaha ki te tauhohe o te huringa Phosphate pentose, hua i roto i te houtanga ribulozofosfata e taea te toe fakataha ki tetahi atu muingota o te waikawa carbonic.

Carboxylation tauhohe, whakaora, e kore e taea te whakaaro houtanga anake mo te pūtau motuhake te wahi ahotakakame e wahi. He aha te mea he "ōrite" tukanga rere, rawa, e kore e taea te mea, no te mea i reira te mea tonu he rerekētanga - ka whakamahia e te tukanga whakaora NADPH + H, kaua ki te nad + H.

Rironga CO te whakamamaetia ₂ ribulozodifosfat catalysis, e whakarato ana ribulozodifosfatkarboksilaza. Ko te hua tauhohenga ko 3-phosphoglycerate, ora i te utu o NADPH * H2 ko ATP ki glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate. catalysed te tukanga whakaiti e glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate dehydrogenase. Kei te ngāwari tahuri te whakamutunga ki dihydroxyacetone Phosphate. Ko te fruktozobisfosfata hanganga. whai wāhi wāhanga o ona rāpoi ngota e i roto i te ribulozodifosfat tukanga houtanga, kati te huringa, ka whakahaeretia te wahi tuarua ko ki te waihanga i tētahi warowaihā rāhui i roto i ngā pūtau photosynthetic, i.e. kua reira te ahotakakame o te warowaihā.

hiahiatia pūngao marama te whakato mo phosphorylation me te kōtuitui anō o matū waro, ka hiahiatia te pūngao o te piti hāora o ngā matū waro te mo te phosphorylation oxidative. Ko Ko te aha te otaota whakarato ora ki te kararehe, me te tahi atu rauropi e te hunga heterotrophic.

Ahotakakame i roto i te tipu ngā pūtau e wahi i roto i tenei ara. Ko tōna hua he warowaihā tika mo te hanganga o kōhiwi waro momo o matū o otaota o te ao e te hunga o te take mai organic.

matū hauota Organic whenumi i roto i kaiao photosynthetic momo i te whakaiti o te pākawa pararopi, me te whanariki - e tika ana ki te whakaiti o Ngā pūkawa ki ngā rōpū sulfhydryl o waikawa amino. Whakarato te hanganga o te pūmua, waikawa karihi, lipids, warowaihā, cofactors he ahotakakame. He aha te mea he "rihi" o matū faufaa mo te tipu, kua kua oti haapapu, engari ki runga ki nga hua kōtuitanga tuarua e he matū rongoa tino (flavonoids, pāhare, terpenes, polyphenols, steroids, orgkisloty me etahi), ka mea e kore te kupu i. Na reira, kahore he faarahiraa ki te mea i taua ahotakakame - te kī ki te ora o te tipu, kararehe, me te tangata.