Ahupūngao Danish Bor Nils: biography, tuwhera

Niels Bohr - ahupūngao Danish me ahua tūmatanui, tetahi o nga kaiwhakatū o ahupūngao i roto i tona ahua reira. Ko ia te kaiwhakarewa, me te kaiwhakahaere o te Copenhagen Institute mo Ahupūngao Mā te, te kaihanga o te kura pūtaiao o te ao, me te he mema ke o te Academy o Pūtaiao o te USSR. E aparau teie tuhinga te hītori o te ora o Niels Bohr me ana whakatutukitanga matua.

Kaiaka

ahupūngao Danish Bor Nils whakaturia te ariā o te ngota, e hāngai ana nei i runga i te tauira planetary o te ngota, te takotoranga ina aronui me fakafo'ituitui whakaekea ratou mau marôraa. I tua atu, ka mahara Bohr mahi nui i runga i te ariā karihi, tauhohe karihi me konganuku. Ko ia tetahi o nga kaihanga o rehe aronui. I tua atu ki ngā whanaketanga i roto i te mara o te ahupūngao, i tuhituhi Bohr he maha o mahi i runga i te rapunga whakaaro me te pūtaiao māori. Scientist kaha whawhai ki te riri karihi. I te tau 1922 ka whakawhiwhia ia te Nobel.

tamarikitanga

whanau pūtaiao Future Niels Bohr i roto i Copenhagen i runga i Oketopa 7, 1885. Ko tona papa he ahorangi Karaitiana o whaiaroaro i te whare wānanga, ka haere mai tona whaea Ellen i te utuafare Hurai rawa. he teina Harald a Niels. Kua tamata ngā mātua ki te hanga tama tamarikitanga hari, me te makona. Ko te mana pai o te whānau, me i ngā te whaea, He wāhi tino hira i roto i te whanaketanga o to ratou mau huru i te pae varua.

hanganga

ko te mātauranga te Paraimere i roto i te kura Bor Gammelholmskoy. I roto i te kura, ko ia aroha o te whutupaoro, me muri mai - faahee me te rere. I roto i rua tekau-toru nga tau, ka Bohr he paetahi o te University o Copenhagen, te wahi i i titiro ia hei ahupūngao rerekē pūmanawa me te kairangahau. Hoki tona kaupapa tuhinga i runga i te whakamāramatanga o te mānukanuka mata o te wai i te jet o wiri wai, i whakawhiwhia Niels he mētara koura i te Royal Danish Academy o Sciences. Kuraina, he ahupūngao tuhi Bor Nils i mahi i te whare wānanga. I reira kawea atu e ia he maha o te rangahau nui. i oti rawa tetahi o ratou ki te ariā irahiko puāwaitanga o konganuku me hanga e te pūtake mo tona otr täkutatanga Bora.

whakaaro lateral

Kotahi ra te peresideni o te Royal Academy, Ernest Rutherford, ka ui hoki tokoni i he hoa i te University o Copenhagen. Last tikanga ia kia hoatu tona ākonga te whakatauranga raro, ia ite e ia e tika te aro mātai "pai". Rua tautohetohe whakaae te kaiuru ki te whakawhirinaki i runga i te whakaaro o te rōpū tuatoru, kahore tetahi kaiwehewehe, e riro Rutherford. E ai ki nga pātai whakamātautau, i ki te whakamārama me pēhea te whakamahi i te inenga e taea e koe te whakatau i te tiketike o te whare te ākonga.

Ka mea te ākonga e hiahia ai ki te here i te inenga ki te taura roa ki te piki ki a ia ki te tuanui o te whare, raro i te reira ki te whenua, me te ine i te roa o te taura kua pahemo ki raro. I runga i te ringa kotahi, ko tino tika, me te oti te whakahoki, engari i runga i te tahi atu - i ia iti ki te mahi ki te ahupūngao. Na ka fokotu'u mai Rutherford e te ākonga ngana kotahi anō ki te whakahoki kupu. hoatu e ia ki a ia e ono meneti, a whakatupato e kia whakaatu i te whakautu māramatanga o te ture tinana. E rima meneti i muri mai, ka rongo ia i te ākonga e kōwhiria e ia te pai o te maha rongoā, ka ui Rutherford a ia ki te whakahoki kupu i roto i te mua. I tenei wa kua whakaekea te ākonga te inenga ki te tuanui, maka ia ki raro, ki te ine i te hinga, me te, te whakamahi i te tātai motuhake ki te feruri i roto i te teitei. Tenei whakahoki makona te kaiako, engari ko te reira ki te kore i taea e Rutherford whakakahore ahau te pai ki te whakarongo ki te toenga o te putanga ākonga.

hāngai ana te tikanga e whai ake nei i runga i te ine i te teitei me te inenga teitei o te whare whakamarumaru atarangi, aru e te ōwehenga otinga. Ko te he kōwhiringa rite Rutherford, a ka ui anaanatae ia he ākonga ki te marama nga tikanga e toe ana. Na ka whakaekea te ākonga ki a ia te kōwhiringa māmā. hiahiatia Just ki te hoatu i te inenga i runga i te pakitara o te whare, me te hanga tuhipoka, a ka tatau i te maha o tohu, a kia tini ratou i te roa o te inenga. whakapono ngā ākonga e kore e taea te wareware te taua whakahoki kitea mō te tino.

I roto i te tikanga e kore e ki te kia whakaaro i roto i te kanohi o pūtaiao tisaini ākonga me whakaekea te kōwhiringa tino mātanga. Here i te inenga ki te miro - ka korerotia e ia ki ahau - e hiahia ana koe ki te ruru i te reira i te turanga o te whare, me te i runga i tona tuanui, te nui o te mahara tio. Mai i te rerekētanga i waenganui i te raraunga i whiwhi, ko reira taea ki te mohio te tiketike, ki te hiahiatia. I tua atu, i te tautau piu i runga i te aho i te tuanui, ko reira taea ki te whakatau i te tiketike o te wā precession.

I te pae hopea, i ui ākonga ki te kitea te kaiwhakahaere o te whare, me te i roto i te hoki mo te inenga nui ki te kitea i roto i tona tiketike. ui Rutherford ranei te ākonga tino kihai i mohio ki te whakahoki tikanga ki te raruraru. kihai i huna ia i mohio ia, engari uru e te whangai ia ake me ngā kaiako popoki iho io ratou ara o te whakaaro mau paroita i roto i te kura, me te kāreti, ko te makanga o rongoā kore-paerewa. Ka rite ki a koutou pea fifili, ko Niels Bohr tenei ākonga.

Moving ki Ingarangi

Ka mahi i te whare wānanga mō ngā tau e toru, oho Bohr ki Ingarangi. Ko te tau tuatahi i mahi ia i roto i Cambridge Hohepa Thomson, ka oho ki a Ernest Rutherford i Manchester. i hopohopo ki taiwhanga o Rutherford i te wa rite te tino tino. Maoro, i reira nga ngā i hoatu ara ki te kitea o te tauira planetary o te ngota. More ïa, ka noho tonu te tauira i roto i tona tamarikitanga.

Ko te ngā i runga i te wahi o korakora ārepa i roto i te kinaki whakaaetia Rutherford ki ite e i te pokapū o te ngota ko te karihi i ako iti, e kaute hoki tata te papatipu katoa o te ngota me te e whakaritea nga irahiko huri noa i te pūkahukahu. Mai te mea electrically kūpapa te ngota, me kia te nui o utu o irahiko rite ki te tiaki kōwae pata. Ko te mutunga e te tiaki karihi ko te maha o te tiaki irahiko i pokapū i roto i tenei ako, engari kia tae noa noho mārama. Otiia tāutuhia ratou kanoirite - matū e whai nga āhuatanga matū taua engari rerekē papatipu ngota.

Ko te huānga tau ngota. ture displacement

Te mahi i roto i te taiwhanga o Rutherford, mohio Bohr e nga āhuatanga matū whakawhirinaki i runga i te maha o ngā irahiko i roto i tētahi ngota, e ko, i tona tiaki, a kahore nga tini, e whakamārama te oraraa o kanoirite. ko te nui paetae tuatahi o Bohr i roto i tenei taiwhanga tenei. Mai te matūriki ārepa e te karihi haumāmā ki te tiaki o +2 i ārepa te pirau (tukuna te korakora i te matua) ka "tamahine" huānga i roto i te taka pūmotu kia whakanohoia ki runga ki te maui o te pūtau e rua atu i te "matua", me te pirau peta (irahiko whakaputa o te karihi) - ki te tika i te kotahi pūtau. Ko te kupu hoki kua hanga i te "ture o displacement iraruke." I tua atu, i hanga te ahupūngao Danish he maha o nga āhuatanga nui ake, i āwangawanga te tauira rawa o te ngota.

tauira Rutherford-Bohr

Kei te karanga a hoki tenei tauira planetary no te irahiko reira huri tōu te matua i roto i te ara ano rite aorangi huri noa te ra. i tenei tauira, he maha o ngā raruraru. Ko te take i te ngota ko reira disastrously iu, ka ngaro pūngao mō te kotahi rau miriona o te tuarua. I roto i te vairaa mau, Heoi, tenei i kore tupu. au ra rewakore te raruraru, me te rapu utu i te huarahi radically hou. Here a whakamatauria te ahupūngao Danish Bor Nils.

fokotu'u pūtiwha e, e poka ki nga ture o electrodynamics me rehe, āmiotanga i roto i ngota e neke i nei e kore e irahiko anaana. He pūmau te ohuraa, ki te he rite ki te hawhe o te tamau Panēke te wa o te irahiko kei runga reira. puta radiation, engari anake i te wa o te whakawhiti o te irahiko i tetahi ohuraa ki tetahi. te pūngao katoa tukua e te ka te kawea reira atu e te aronui o te radiation. Taua pūaho he pūngao rite ki te hua o te auautanga hurihuringa i te tamau o Panēke, te rerekētanga i waenganui i te pūngao irahiko tuatahi, me te whakamutunga ranei. Ko te kupu, Bohr Rutherford ngā wā whakahaere, me te whakaaro o quanta, i whakaarohia e Max Panēke i 1900. he uniana tika ke taua ki nga tikanga katoa o te ariā tuku iho, me i te wa ano, e kore e whakakahore i te reira tino. i whakaaro irahiko rite te wāhi rauemi, e neke rite ki nga ture puāwaitanga o rehe, ko te "tukua" e anake aua āmiotanga e kawe "tikanga quantization". I roto i taua āmiotanga, he inversely hautanga ki te tapawhā o tau o āmiotanga te pūngao irahiko.

Ko te mutunga o te "ture o iarere"

I runga i te "tikanga o iarere", faaoti Bor e he hautanga ki tapawhā kōaro o te rerekētanga i waenganui i tau tōpū te auau radiation. I mua, kua tenei tauira kua whakapumautia spectroscopists, otiia kihai i kitea i te whakamārama ariā. tukua Theory Niels Bohr ki te whakamārama i te tūāwhiorangi kore anake hauwai (ngota o te māmā), engari haumāmā, tae atu ionized. Scientist sodvizheniya whakaatu te pānga o te matua me te ki matapae anga hiko pehea ka ki, i whakakitea te natura tino o te periodicity o nga āhuatanga o te pūnaha wā. Hoki enei whakatutukitanga, i roto i 1922, i whakawhiwhia Bohr te Nobel.

Bohr Institute

Runga ki te whakaotinga, hoki Rutherford ahupūngao kua mohio Bor Nils ki tona whenua, te wahi i karangatia ai ia i roto i te 1916 e te ahorangi i te University o Copenhagen. E rua tau i muri mai ka e ia he mema o te Danish Royal Society (i roto i te 1939 i te aivanaa arahina ia).

I roto i te 1920, i whakaturia Bohr te Institute o Mā te Ahupūngao me meinga tona rangatira. Ko te mana o Copenhagen, i te mana o te mau maitai o te ahupūngao, hoatu ia ki te haamau i te hītori "Whare o Brewer." tutaki Institute tūmanako katoa, te tākaro he wāhi nui i roto i te whanaketanga o te ahupūngao aronui. Me kï reira e faufaa ki tenei i nga huru maitatai whaiaro o Bor. karapotia ia ia ki te tokotoko pūmanawa me ngā ākonga, he maha kitea nga rohe i waenganui i a ratou. i te ao'inisititiutí o Bohr, rapua ana e ia ki te taka atu ki hea. I roto i te rongonui Maori Bohr kura e: F. Bloch, V. Weisskopf, H. Casimir, Aage Bohr, L. Landau, J. Wheeler me te tini ke atu ..

E Bor kua toutou tae mai te pūtaiao Tiamana Heisenberg Vernet. I te wa ka hanga tautohetohe "papû ore parau tumu" Bohr Erwin Schrödinger, nei ko he kaitautoko o te pūwāhi pokekore-poipoi o tirohanga. I roto i mua i te "Whare o Brewer," i hanga te turanga mo te ahupūngao qualitatively hou o te rau tau rua tekau, tetahi o nga whika matua o nei ko Niels Bohr.

tauira ngota whakaarohia e te pūtaiao Danish me tona kaitohutohu Rutherford, i maiorooro. whakauru ana te reira i te mau marôraa mana'o o te ariā puāwaitanga me te whakapae, mārama whakateka reira. I roto i te tikanga ki te hinga i enei ngā whakahēnga, i reira e tika ana ki te whakahou radically i te haapiiraa taketake o te ariā. I roto i tenei whakaaro, i te whakatangihanga a te wāhi nui i te takoha tika Bora, tona pono i roto i te hapori pūtaiao, me te mana whaiaro. Mahi o Niels Bohr whakakitea e ki te whiwhi kore ko te pikitia tinana o te microworld huarahi e tika ana Kua oti pai tono ki te "ao o nga mea nunui," a ka meinga e ia tetahi o nga pionie o tenei huarahi. Kua whakaurua e te pūtaiao ariā pērā i "ngā tukanga rongo inenga whakakeke" me "uara atu".

Copenhagen aronui ariā

Ko te ingoa o te tūponotanga pūtaiao Danish e pā ana (aka Copenhagen) tikanga o te ariā aronui, me te ako o ona maha "faingata'a". He tūranga nui tō te e te kōrero i waenganui i Bohr ko Albertom Eynshteynom, nei kihai i rite i te ahupūngao quantum Bohr i roto i te probabilistic tikanga. "Parau tumu Correspondence", whakatakoto e te pūtaiao Danemaka, te whakatangihanga a te wāhi nui i roto i mahara ki nga ture o te microworld me ratou taunekeneke ki te puāwaitanga (quantum-kore) ahupūngao.

take karihi

Ka anga ki te whai wāhi i roto i te ahupūngao karihi he tonu i Rutherford, i oti rawa Bohr he rota o te whakarongo ki ngā kaupapa karihi. whakaarohia e ia i roto i 1936 te ariā o te karihi pūhui, hohoro hoatu ara ki te tauira taka, kua kairau a nei he wāhi nui i roto i te ako o te whakangotangota. I roto i ngā, no Bor matapae whakangotangota māhorahora o konukarihi.

A, no te noho o nga kau Nasí Denmark, i kawea pukutia te pūtaiao ki Ingarangi, me te ka ki Amerika, i reira, mahi tahi me tana tama, Aage i te kaupapa Manhetennskim i Los Alamos. I roto i nga tau kaumātua, pau Bor nui te wā i runga i ngā take o karihi mana ringa me te whakamahi nonga o ngota. ka mau ia wahi i roto i te hanga o te Center Pākehā mo Nuclear Research, a tae noa tukinotia ana whakaaro ki te UN. I runga i te meka e pai Bohr ki te matapaki ki te physicists Soviet e etahi āhuatanga o te "kaupapa karihi", whakaaro ia he heriheri kino o patu ngota.

Ētahi atu wāhanga o te matauranga

I tua atu, Niels Bohr, tona haurongo e haere mai ki te mutunga, i hoki hiahia i roto i ngā take wahi e ki te ahupūngao, te koiora i roto i ngā. Hoki, i hiahia i roto i te rapunga whakaaro o te pūtaiao ia.

Kua mate tino pūtaiao Danish i te whakaeke ngakau October 18, 1962 i roto i Copenhagen.

mutunga

Niels Bohr, te whakatuwheratanga o nei, o te akoranga, te huri i te ahupūngao, koa he mana nui pūtaiao, me te morare. Communication ki a ia, ara horihori, te whakaputa i te interlocutors mana'o puai i. Na roto i te kupu me te tuhituhi i kitea Bohr e ata whiriwhiri e ia ana kupu, i roto i te tikanga ki te nuinga tika whakaatu koutou whakaaro. ahupūngao Russian Vitaly Ginzburg huaina Bora mīharo tairongo, me te whakaaro nui.