Almanac - he aha te mea tenei? Almanac "Huri noa te Ao". "Hunting ngā wāhi" - te maramataka

Ka kōrero tēnei tuhinga e pā ana ki tetahi o nga pukapuka tawhito rawa ake hanga e te taata nei. Almanac - he morehu tuhituhi, haere i roto i hoki ratou hītori roa o te rota o huringa, engari kua kore taua mea ngaro tona hāngaitanga me te ru.

whakamāramatanga

Almanac - he whakaputanga rangatū o te tau tonu i roto i te ruma kohinga, e kua he kaupapa tuhituhi me te toi pakimaero-kore ranei. rā hoki ki te Arapi "Almana", e te tikanga "mehua wā" te wā. I roto i te almanacs tenetere 14, me te 15, ko te maramataka ki tepu tua arorangi.

Mai i tenei ahua o te hautaka tānga i te ngaro o te periodicity auau - te nuinga o te maramataka i rānei kotahi te tau e kore ranei i te katoa i tetahi rā tuku motuhake. Kei te reira i ngā mōhiohio e pā ana ki te mahi pāpori rerekē: mōhiohio e pā ana whakahōunga ki te tuhituhi, mua pūtaiao, huringa-ture, a na i runga i. Ko te kupu, i roto i to ratou maramataka rohe kati ki te momo o maramataka whaiaronga.

Almanac i roto i te ao tahito ra

puta Almanacs he wa roa i mua. horahia nga Roma i tahito nga kohikohinga papa'i, e tohu ana i te rā o hararei fakalotú. ko nga Ihipiana i roto i te akoranga o te papa kohatu, i roto ngā mōhiohio e pā ana ki te kaupapa o te aorangi. I roto i Denmark ko Norway i roto i nga wa onamata whakaputaina paraharaha parahi, rakau, tohu ki ritenga mahi rerekē. I roto i nga wa onamata, ko te maramataka - he tuatahi, me te tuatahi ko te maramataka tohutoro me te pūāhua arorangi.

Almanac i Europe

I roto i Europe, puta te anthology tāngia tuatahi i roto i Vienna i 1457. ara i taea e ia te whakamahi i te tangata matau ki, mai reira ki te awhina o ngā pūāhua weather me kua ari arorangi whakaaturia ana. Kei roto i te maramataka mōhiohio e pā ana te kaupapa o nga aorangi, ngā rā marama tonu, matapae tauraki, ahi me te matekai. I roto i te 1474, i whakaputaina he kohinga rite i roto i Hungary, i roto i te reo Roma ko Tiamana. Mai i te rautau 16 whakaaetia te ritenga o te tuku i ngā tāia e i roto i Europe te whakamutunga. I tua atu ki te kōrero taketake, tenei putanga ngā pārongo i runga i te Mint, waka mēra, fare marae, hokohoko me hokohokonga. I roto i te tikanga ki te kukume i te tono me te moni o te rangatira, i roto i te anthology anga ki te whakaputa i te rārangi o nga minita, pakiaka whakapapa, me te pera i runga i. E huaina taua kohikohinga te marae kingi ranei. E whakaputaina ratou i te tuatahi i roto i France, ka i roto i Saxony, a Prussia, a muri mai - i roto i Ingarangi. Āta, i roto i te tua ki ngā mōhiohio whakamārama i roto i te almanacs anga ki ngā rotarota, paki, kōrero poto. I muri i te takanga o maramataka, tā, kua meinga enei kohikohinga he ahua o hautaka pukapuka. He ko ōhanga, whakapapa, karakia, almanacs takawaenga.

maramataka tuhi

Neke atu i te wa, hei tenei momo o te whakaputanga kua he piki ngā, me te mōhiohio. Tēnei wā Almanac - he makasini kei roto i te ahua rerekē o ngā mōhiohio whai hua, nui o nei he moni o nāianei. Wātea i roto i te kohikohinga i te momo o te mātāpunenga, i roto i nei e whakaputaina nga raraunga e hāngai ana nga tau. E te tahi mau taime i huaina ēnei almanacs-ä-tau. Ko te tohutoro pai-mohiotia o tenei momo - ko te "Almanac o te Mura koroheke", whakaturia i roto i te 1970 e Francis Moore. Heoi, ko te tino rongonui, tuatahi i roto i Europe Western me ka i roto i ētahi atu whenua, ka anga ki te whakamahi i te tāia e tuhituhi. puta ratou i roto i te waenganui o te rau tau 18 i roto i France. Ko tētahi o te tuatahi ki te kia tukua i roto i Paris (1746-1833) «L'Almanach des Muses». I roto i Germany ka rongonui maramataka «Musenalmanach», i whakaputaina i roto i Göttingen i 1770-1807 gg. I muri mai ka puta «Musen-Almanach», i roto i nei whakaputaina Schiller ana whiti kore whakaputaina (1796-1800).

Almanac i Russia

Tuatahi whakaputaina i roto i te Almanac Russian - he kohinga o "anodes" N. M. Karamzina, hanga i roto i te mutunga o te rau tau 18 i roto i te peehia o te pāpāho te uru. I roto i 1920-1830-doma i Russia puta mai i roto hoki neke atu i te rua tekau kua tāia e. ka karanga a A. S. Pushkin "Almanashnik" he momo motuhake o ngā kaiwhakaputa. I ngā wā, hoa me hoariri o te punake nui hua he raupapa o tāia e tuhituhi. Almanac "Polar Star" (3 ngā pukapuka, 1823-1825 gg.) Published K. F. Ryleevym me A. A. Bestuzhevym, ki te whai wāhitanga o taua kaituhi rongonui rite V. A. Zhukovsky, A. S. Griboedov, Fv Bulgarin, I. A. Krylov, A. S. Pushkin, PA Vyazemsky, F. N. Glinka, VK Kyuhelbekker, EA Baratynsky. Collection o "Mnemosyne" (1824-1825 gg.) Turia wha putanga, whakaputaina ana e ia VK Kyuhelbekker me V. F. Odoevsky. ka puta mai i roto i Anthology "Flowers Northern" i 1824 ki te 1831 i raro i te aronga o O. M. Somova me A. A. Delviga. E rave rahi matahiti i muri mai, i roto i te tīmatanga o te rau tau 20 kua timata Symbolists ki te whakaputa i te kohinga tuhituhinga o te taua ingoa. Whakahoutia "Flowers Northern" tu rima putanga - i roto i te 1901-1904, me te 1911.

maramataka hou

Almanac teie mahana - te kohinga o ngā ki minenga rerekē. Ka taea e whai te reira i tetahi kaupapa kaipānui ngā. Kaituhi ahu ki te whakaputa i o ratou mahi i roto i te rōpū takirihia whakapumautia. He tauira ko te rongonui tuhituhi maramataka "Metropol", tukua putanga o tika 12 kape i roto i te 1979 i roto i Moscow ara samizdat. Whai wāhitanga i roto i tenei tuku kohinga uncensored ka mau Bella Akhmadulina, Evgeniy Reyn, Andrei Voznesensky, Vladimir Vysotsky, Yuri Kublanovsky, Henry Sapgir, Yuz Aleshkovsky Yuri Kurabchievsky me etahi atu kahore i whakaae hoki te press mōhiohio. kaituhi Recalcitrant i roto i te Soviet Union Nōna katoa o te inonotitanga, kua tangohia te kape o te "Metropolis" kua i roto i te United States, a wehea i reira anö ara, a Vasily Aksenov whakaraupapahia te aamu i roto i tona pūrākau "Korero tīhi".

Almanac "Ihirama i roto i te ao hou" whakatapua ki ngā raruraru fakalotu me pāpori-tōrangapū o te whenua Ihirama, he wātea i roto i te puka hiko, me te i runga i te pepa. Ko nga kaituhi o tenei whakaputanga aparau i te mana o te ao Islamic i te tirohanga tōrangapū, ōhanga, me te matawhenua.

almanacs Russian Top

"Hunting ngā wāhi" - anthology o ihirangi tuhituhi, me te toi, i whakaturia i roto i te 1950. I roto i tona hītori roa whakamanawanui reira maha mahinga o piki me ngā heke me te he inaianei tetahi o nga pukapuka hopu matamua i roto i Russian. I roto i ona kaituhi pūtaiao pai-mohiotia me kaitōrangapū, kaitito me kaituhi, kaiwhakahaere me kaiwhakaari, me te iwi o ngaio rerekē. "Hunting ngā wāhi" - morehu o te uara hītori, me te tuhituhi.

I roto i ngā wā tata nei kua puta almanacs kore anake i roto i te puka o ngā kohinga tāngia, engari ano hoki i runga i ngā mata pouaka whakaata. Hei tauira, te maramataka "te takiwā i te Ao" - he whakaatu TV e puta Irirangi me te Pouaka o te USSR te tāpiritanga ki "Travellers 'Club". päpäho Kinoalmanah i runga i te rangi i te tau 1988 ki te 1990-th tau, a ka i roto i te mōhiohio whakangahau e pā ana ki toi hōia, haere, āhua me te toi. koa Whakawhiti rongonui nui.

mutunga

Ko te kupu, ko te maramataka - he ahua o te tānga, e i nga wa katoa noho rongonui, me te hāngai. A faaite i to ratou whakaaro i runga i katoa o ngā take, ki te whakaputa i tona hanganga tuhituhi mōhiohio whakangahau o te moni ranei ki te whānui o ngā pānui taea i roto i taua kohikohinga. Na e wātea ana almanacs i roto i te momo o hōputu: tā, hiko, me te pouaka whakaata.