Braille - pūnaha tuhi tūturu whakamahia i roto i te pukapuka, inscriptions, Moni, me ētahi atu tūemi mo te iwi matapo, me te whatu waimaero. whakaatu Nā hangaia e hāngai ana i runga i Braille, Ka taea e te tangata matapo whakamahi rorohiko, me te tahi atu tikanga hiko. Kia mau ki he taea te lekooti e te tikanga o ngā pūrere motuhake, pērā i pukatuhi kawe Braille papapātuhi ranei.
ko Braille te i muri i tona kaihanga - te Wīwī Louis Braille, ko wai i matapo i roto i te tamarikitanga tika ki te whara. I roto i te 1824, i te 15 tau, whakawhanakehia e ia te momotuhi mo te tātai reta French rite te whakapai ake o te hangarau po-pānui hōia. ka mau Tānga o tenei pūnaha, i ngā muri momotuhi puoro, wahi i roto i 1829, putanga tuarua, whakaputaina i roto i te 1837, ka te tuatahi pūnaha ā-rua record.
Rārangi pū mo te matapo ko te tohu, he te ahua o poraka tapawhā (pūtau) ki ira koropuku. Te maha me te wāhi o enei ngā wehewehe tetahi reta i tetahi. Mai matapô te pūnaha tuhinga tīariari, te tikanga, me te maha o ngā pūāhua tuhituhi rerekē i runga i te reo. Ngā mihi ki te pūmanawa, te kaha ki te whakaputa uri i te tangi o te kuputuhi, kua tino heke te whakamahi momotuhi. Ko te ABCs o te matapo tonu ki te tākaro i te wāhi nui i roto i te whanaketanga o ngā pūkenga pānui i roto i ngā tamariki matapo, a taea matatini ake i te taumata o te mahi i roto i te iwi ki te hauā.
hāngai Braille i runga i te KarereHuna hōia, pera-ka karanga "tuhituhi po" whakawhanakehia e Sharlem Barbe i whakautu ki te hiahia ki te whakawhiti mōhiohio i te po, i waho kukume aro o te hoariri i te tikanga o te reo te marama ranei. Ko te pūnaha Barbier huinga o ira whakaarahia 12 hāngai ki tetahi o nga oro 36. Kua tēnei tikanga kua whakakahoretia ano ia e te ope, kia rite ki whakamatauria ki te kia uaua rawa mo te hōia. I te tau 1821 tae mai Barbier te Royal Institute mo te matapo i roto i Paris, i reira ka tutaki ia Louis Braille. Braille tuhia e rua drawbacks nui o tenei KarereHuna. Tuatahi, tohu ōrite ki te tangi anake, a na reira e kore e taea te whakaatu i te takikupu tuhi. Tuarua, he nui rawa ki te mohio ki a ratou i te pa, kahore neke koutou maihao, e tino pakanga iho te tukanga o te pānui i te tohu o te 12 ira whakaarahia. Braille Ko te whakarerekē ai hāngai te pūtau o 6 ngā ki reta takitahi o te tātai reta.
I te tīmatanga, ngā Braille nga pukapuka anake o te tātai reta French, engari hohoro i reira ko tetahi huinga o whakapotonga, acronyms me ara logograms e kua hanga whakamahi o te pūnaha atu watea. I teie mahana, Braille he pūnaha tuhituhi atu motuhake mo te matapo, nui atu i te waehere tuhi kupu takikupu. E toru ngā taumata o te kuputuhi. whakamahia Tuatahi e te hunga e tika tīmata ki te pānui i roto i Braille, me ngā o reta me tohu kārawarawatanga. Ko te tino noa ko te rua o nga taumata, te wahi i reira he ngä i roto i te tikanga ki te whakaora i wāhi i runga i te whārangi. Iti nuitia, ka taea e kitea e koe te toru o nga taumata, te wahi e heke kupu katoa ki te torutoru reta tuhituhi ki pūāhua motuhake ranei.