Hafnium: tono me ngā āhuatanga

Mohio ki tenei tuhinga ka taea te kaipānui ki te kitea i roto i te mea he hafnium (huānga matū), te whakamahi o nei te whānui e whakamahia ana e te tangata i roto i te maha ngā wāhi o tona mahi. Na hoki kia whakaaro āhuatanga o te natura matū, me te tinana o te rauemi, tikanga o te hanga, me te aroaro i runga i te ao, ka kia whakaaro te hītori poto o te kitea o tenei huānga.

He aha te mea hafnium

Hafnium - he āhuatanga matū i roto i te ripanga pūmotu. Penapena i roto i te wha o nga rōpū, te ono o te wā, te tau ngota ko whitu tekau-rua. E pā ana ki te momo o matū ohie, he kiato tiketike, me te ira whakakoero tiketike, tae, whakarewa he hiriwa-ma. Ka taea e Hafnium te tīariari i roto i rua akatuke'anga. I raro i te mana o te pāmahana o e pā ana ki 2016 momo Kelvin ripekapeka hexagonal, ka oti huringa allotropic ki te puka ripekapeka pūtoru kāwanatanga tinana-fakatefito, i te pāmahana rūma, te mea he mea ripekapeka karaihe o te pūnaha hexagonal.

Mai i te hītori o te huānga tuwhera

Ko te kitea o te huānga puta i roto i 1923, i hanga i tona Derd De Heshevi ko Dirk Coster. i taea e ki te matapae i te honohono,, me ngā āhuatanga kounga o te hafnium e hāngai ana i runga i whakaaroaro ana o Bohr, e, i roto i te tahuri, tātarihia te mahi o te Wīwī Jean Urbena, ko wai i whakapono i i kitea e ia nga Celt ratou - he āhuatanga hou. Heoi, i muri ka tahuri te reira i roto i taua i nga Celt he ranunga o te nui iti o te hafnium ki lutetium me ytterbium.

Niels Bohr, ako te mahi me te whakamahi i roto i o ratou mahi whakakitea aronui tātaitanga pūkaha e hafnium ko he orotahi o te huānga i te tau 71 i roto i PTHE, ara zirconium. ka mea a Derd De Heshevi ko Dirk Koster e pā ana ki te kimi i te hafnium huānga hou, te ingoa i muri i te pa i roto i nei i hanga te kitea, i muri i te whakamahi i te tikanga X-ray, toutou tātarihia nga zircons Norway me Greenland. Kua whakaaetia te kitea o te X-ray rārangi ttara o faitatau pūtaiao ki te kauwhau i te kitea o te huānga x-rangi hou.

Methods mō te te whakarite me te rāhui ao

he Hafnium i kirinuku o te whenua, engari e kore e ake te kohuke, engari no te mea ko reira te "hoa" o te zirconium. Tau o Hf i tokahuke e pā ana ki 2.5%, me te production ā-tau, ko te pā ana ki whitu tekau taranata. Hafnium - he rauemi kaua utu, hāngai tona wāhi matua i roto i Ahitereiria, Āwherika ki te Tonga, USA, India ko Brazil. Wāhi ki whakarārangi te whenua i roto i nga wahi e tika ana i runga i te maha o te aroaro Hf i te whenua. Ko utu te whakahua e whai Russia me Ukraine rāhui tika nui o tenei whakarewa, te nui tino o nei hāngai i roto i tsirkonome, taka me te baddeleyite hoki reira.

whakaahuatanga tinana

Wāhanga o te āhuatanga ōkiko o te hafnium i whakahuatia i runga ake. Ka taea te tāpiri enei, e tenei whakarewa, kei te tango i te puka wehea miro, he reira tata mangu. Rewa i 2233 degrees, tīmata koropupu i 4603 ^C. wāhanga ripeka mo te hopu o ngā iramoe waiariki he momo tiketike rawa. Zirconium, hafnium, pērā, ko te taumata o te tekiona toru whakahau o nui ngoikore. I hopu Hf rite ki te 115 kaho, i zirconium ia anake e pā ana ki 0.2 pae. Hafnium he taumata rite o te kaha o te germanium (Ge) wera he rerekē. Ko tihi wera motuhake i 60-80 Kelvin. E kore e taea ki te whakamārama i tetahi ariā e pā ana ki te kaha Hooke, meinga nei e te ngoikore o Einstein superposition o mahi ki te whakarato i te ānau ki te mōrahi.

āhuatanga matū

Hafnium kua Ko nui kaha atu i te zirconium e ngákaunuitia x-iCal resistance. whakarewa ano he tūpuku pai nui, e pā nei te ki te kiriata waikura momo hāngū i hanga nei i runga i te hafnium. Best tareka Hf i te waikawa hydrofluoric, waikawa hydrofluoric, ranunga o te waikawa hauota me te aqua regia. I pāmahana teitei, e ngingihatia reira i roto i te hāora, me te waho tīmata ki oxidize. Ka taea e uru ähua nga x-tawhā ki kōnakonako. He nga āhuatanga o te āhua hydrophobic.

Pūhui di- tauro me tetravalent Hf

I roto i tenei uara honohono huānga he tāupe me, i roto i runga i ngā uara ngā o te maha o taea hononga x-raa, i reira e rave rahi pūhui hafnium nui ki ētahi atu matū.

Divalent dibromide hafnium he tae matomato pouri. I te pāmahana o 400 nekehanga haamata degrees te tukanga whāwehe ki te hanga i te Hf me HfBr4. I roto i te ahumahi tangohia disproportionation HfBr3 i vacuo i raro i te mana waiariki.

Trivalent Hf fakafofonga'i tribromide (HfBr3) - he pango, me te puru, tino totoka te taonga. I raro i te mana o te pāmahana o 400 nekehanga tīmata Celsius ki taikaha ki e rua ngā wāhanga tetrabrombity dibrombidy me hafnium. Kei roto i te tikanga i roto i te whiwhi whakaora HfBr4 i te para i roto i te hauwai, kōwhiri ki te tua o te konumohe.

Pūhui o tetravalent hafnium pā maha tika nui o pūhui, ara HfO2 - reira hauhā me te waihā x xyz tātai Hf (OH) 4. Tonu e tretrahlorid (HfCl4), tetrafluoride (HfF4), tetraiodide (HfI4) me te hafnium tetrabomid i faahitihia (HfBr), i reira te hydrogenphosphates tonu hafnium (Hf (HPO4) 2).

Whakamahia i roto i te ora ia rā, me te kōrero ki te rongoa

kitea Hafnium te i roto i te whakamahi o ona wāhi maha o te mahi o te tangata. Ko tenei e tika ana ki te whānuitanga o ngā āhuatanga kounga, āhuatanga e hanga i taua he rauemi rauemi mahuinga i roto i te whānuitanga o rāngai o hopu tangata, hōia, me te ara ahumahi karihi.

Na me pehea e whakamahi koe hafnium? Te whakamahi i roto i te rongoā - ko tetahi o kōwhiringa maha, te wahi e taea e koe te whakamahi i te āhuatanga o te whakarewa. Mai Hf carbides o taimaha-ohipa, whakaritea kore raro ki te waikura, e taea te whakamahi e ratou mo te hanga o te rīnena, e whakamahia ana e nga rata, me o ratou whakamahinga i roto i te hanga o te whakaata X-ray.

Huānga ki ngā āhuatanga pai o rua natura matū me te tinana - he hafnium. Te whakamahi i roto i te kāinga, ko te reira rite he rauemi i roto i te hanga o ngongo irirangi, reo irirangi me te pouaka whakaata. Kei te whānui whakamahia te reira i roto i te ahumahi metallurgical i roto i te tikanga ki te whakawhiwhi i ētahi atu konganuku āhuatanga pai physico-hangarau, me te hangarau e. Ko tono Hafnium ano i roto i te engineering x-rangi, engari kei te varavara whakamahia hoki o tona scarcity me nga whakamahinga nui atu.

Ko te whakamahi o te hafnium i roto i te mahi hōia

Pehea atu koe e taea e te whakamahi i te hafnium? Ko te whakamahi o te kaingārahu, - ko tetahi ruri o mahi a te tangata, e kore te mea oti nei i waho o tenei huānga. Waikura, silicides, borides me carbides o hafnium he pūhui tino whakangutungutu, mo tenei take, e taea te whakamahi rite te paninga tiaki i roto i te mahi hōia. Ko reira ano hoki tino sverhzharoprochnym e taea Hf me pūhui mo te hanga o ngā wāhanga tikanga rererangi ultrafast me missiles, me waka ātea.

Mai 1998, i hanga whakamātau ki te waihanga i tētahi "poma hafnium", e hāngai ana i runga i te poinanaha 187m2Hf. Engari kia rite ki te hua o te rangahau, me te whakamatautau i Mäori te whakaaro, he reira e tika ana ki te kore o ngā whai wāhitanga ki te hangarau o nāianei ki te whakatutuki i te tuku o te pūngao i te taikaha i te matua o te puka o te poinanaha.

Ētahi atu whakamahi taonga ohie Hf

I roto i te mana karihi, me te wāhi i runga ake-whakahuatia, engari he tokomaha noa nui e whakamahi hoki hafnium. Hea whakamahia tenei whakarewa te? No te mea o tona kaha ki te iramoe hopu o rakau Hf e hanga mo te ture o te karaihe motuhake me uku.

I roto i te hafnium mahi mahi āhua iti (3,53eV) me mo tenei take e taea te whakamahi i te reira i roto i te hanga o cathodes me pū irahiko. Ka taea te kitea te jet o hau-wāhanga engines karihi borides me carbides o hafnium, me te ake ïa i roto i te tahi mau o te huānga hanganga.

Hafnium ara kitea e tono i roto i te hanga o generators hiko momo thermionic me te maha kitea i roto i engines katote. I runga i te pūtake o HfO2 he dielectrics he taumata teitei tonu uruhanga. I roto i te heke mai kei te whakaritea te reira ki te whakakapi i te katoa o te waikura silicon mua i roto i Microelectronics i runga i HfO2 waikura. Ka whakanui i tenei whakakapinga te taupū o ngā huānga kiato i runga i te maramara.

I roto i te mutunga e taea te mea tatou e te hafnium, te whakamahi o nei e wahi i roto i te whānuitanga o ngā rāngai o mahi a te tangata, tīmata me te mutu ki te hōia rā, me te karihi, ko te huānga tino nui. Ko te tono nui rawa tenei, me te whakarewa i roto i te natura te tahi tonu zirconium. Ko te rarity me ona āhuatanga whakatau i te āhuatanga kounga o te utu ngā tiketike.