Hāora Biological. tauhohe pitihāoratanga: Tauira

Te kore pūngao e kore e taea e te tīariari i te taata ora kotahi. I muri i te katoa, nga tauhohenga matū, tetahi tukanga rapu tona aroaro. ngāwari e taea tetahi tangata matau i te reira, a ite i te reira. Ki te te ra katoa ki te kai kai, ka e te ahiahi, a pea mua, timata nui haere tohu rohirohi, nui heke ngoikore, kaha.

Pehea, Na, kua urutau te ara rerekē kaiao ki te hanga o te pūngao? e haere mai hea te reira i a he aha ngā tukanga puta i te wa ano i roto i te whare herehere? Whakamātauria ki matau i tēnei tuhinga.

Whiwhi kaiao pūngao

Noa'tu te huru e pau kahore pūngao, te pūtake takoto tonu TUHIR (tauhohe pitihāoratanga). He rerekē tauira. whārite o te ahotakakame, kawea nei i roto i o otaota matomato, me etahi huakita - ko reira ano hoki te TUHIR. Noatia, ka kia rerekē te tukanga i runga i te aha te huru o te oranga ora te tikanga o te rānei.

Na, nga kararehe katoa - heterotrophs reira. I.e. taua rauropi kore e ahei anake ki te hanga i roto ano rite hoki atu matū, me to ratou tuku wāhinga te pūngao o here matū e.

Plants, i runga i te tahi atu te ringa, ko te kaihanga kaha tino o te mea waro i runga i to tatou paraneta. kawe ratou i te tukanga matatini, me te nui i huaina te ahotakakame, e ko te hanganga o te kūhuka i te wai, te hauhā i raro i te mana o ngā matū motuhake - chlorophyll. A-hua i he hāora, i te mea te puna o te ora mo te takohe katoa mea ora.

tauhohe pitihāoratanga, tauira o nei e faahoho'ahia i roto i te tukanga:

• 6CO ₂ + 6H ₂ E = chlorophyll = C ₆ H ₁₀ E ₆ + 6o _2;

ranei

• hauhā + hauwai waikura i raro i te mana o te ngarahu chlorophyll (whākōkī tauhohenga) + = hukatahi free hāora rāpoi.

Ano, i reira e ano māngai o te koiora o te ao e e taea ki te whakamahi i te pūngao o here matū o ngā pūhui pararopi. E huaina ratou chemotroph. Ēnei ngā maha ngā momo o huakita. Hei tauira, microorganisms he hauwai, oxidizing he rāpoi ngota tïpako i roto i te oneone. puta te tukanga rite ki te tātai: 2H ₂ 0 = ₂ 2H ₂ 0.

Ko te hītori o te whanaketanga o te matauranga e pā ana ki te hāora koiora

Ko te tukanga e ko te pūtake o te pūngao, kua mohiotia ai tenei ra. Tenei hāora koiora. Biochemistry rite te ako taipitopito o nga kōrero me huarahi o kaupae mahi e kupu ngaro tata haere. Heoi, e kore i te reira tonu.

Ko te whakahua tuatahi o te meka e roto i mea ora pangia panoni matatini, e te hunga i te āhua o tauhohe matū, i reira i whakatuma i te rau tau XVIII. Ko reira i tenei wa, Antuan Lavuaze, te kēmihi French rongonui, tahuri tona whakarongo ki te ara rite ki te hāora koiora me te ngingiha. aru ia ara hi'oraa maitai no te kupukupu hāora whenumi ka mutu e puta i roto i te tinana o ngā tukanga piti hāora, engari pōturi ake i te waho i roto i te ngingiha o matū rerekē. Ko, te oxidizer - rāpoi hāora - e ähua ki ngā pūhui matū waro, a tino, ki te hauwai me te te waro i a ratou, me te faafariuraa oti, haere tahi i te whāwehe o te pūhui.

Heoi, ahakoa he tino tenei whakaaro tino tūturu, noho reira maha mea fakapuliki. Hei tauira:

• He tukanga wa rite, a kia waiho nga tikanga o te rere ōrite, engari puta te piti hāora i te pāmahana tinana iti;
• tahi mahi e te tuku moni rahi o te pūngao wera, me te hanganga mura e wahi;
• i roto i te mea e noho ana e kore iti iho i te 75-80% o te wai, engari e kore e aukati i te reira "tahu" ngā matūkai i roto ia ratou.

Hei whakahoki enei pātai katoa me ki te matau te mea tino ko te hāora koiora, e hiahiatia ana neke atu i te kotahi tau.

He rerekē ariā i Poiete te faufaa o te tukanga o te hāora, me te hauwai. Ko te tino noa, me te angitu tino i:

• ariā o Bach, ka karanga hauwai;
• ariā o Palladin, e hāngai ana i runga i te ariā pērā i "chromogens".

I muri mai i reira i tokomaha aivanaa i roto i Russia me ētahi atu whenua o te ao, i āta hanga tāpiritanga me ngā huringa ki te pātai o te mea ko te hāora koiora. Biochemistry o tenei ra, no te mea o ratou mahi, ka taea e korero ki a koutou e pā ana ki ia o te tukanga tauhohenga. I roto i te ingoa tino rongonui i roto i tenei mara ko te whai:

• Mitchell;
• SV Severin;
• Warburg;
• VA Belitser;
• Lehninger;
• VP Skulachev;
• Krebs;
• Green;
• V. A. Engelgardt;
• Kaylin me ētahi atu.

Ngā momo o hāora koiora

taea te kitea e rua ngā momo taketake o te tukanga e tango te wahi i raro i ngā āhuatanga rerekē. Ko te kupu, ki te tino noa i roto i te maha ngā momo o microorganisms me harore ara tahuri te kai hua - te hāorakore. Tenei hāora koiora, kawea nei i roto i kahore hāora me kahore tona whai wāhi i roto i tetahi puka. E hanga taua tikanga i roto i nga wahi te wahi i reira he kore uru rangi: raro, pirau substrata, paramāmā, uku, repo, me te ara i roto i te wāhi.

He ana tēnei momo o te piti hāora ingoa tetahi - glycolysis. Ko reira ano hoki tetahi o nga kaupae he tukanga atu uaua, me te wa-e kai ana, engari itoito taonga - tahuri te tukupūngao takohe kiko ranei. Ko te rua te momo o te tukanga tenei. puta te reira i roto i te katoa ora takohe taata-heterotrophs, e whakamahi hāora mō te respiration.

Ko te kupu, enei momo o piti hāora koiora.

1. Glycolysis, te ara hāorakore. Aita e titauhia ia te aroaro o te hāora, me te mutu ki momo rerekē o te FERMENTATION.
2. respiration Tissue (oxidative phosphorylation), ranei te momo kori tinana. E titau te reira i te aroaro obligatory o te hāora rāpoi.

Actors

whakaaro tatou inaianei tika āhuatanga ratou e kei te piti hāora koiora. Whakatautuhia te pūhui taketake me o ratou whakapotonga, e ka tonu ki te whakamahi i.

1. Acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-ropu mai) - tōhau o waikawa oxalic me waikawameha ahetiki, coenzyme, i hanga nei e i roto i te taahiraa matamua o te huringa waikawa tricarboxylic.
2. huringa Krebs (huringa waikawa citric, waikawa tricarboxylic) - he maha o piritahi panoni, pitihāoratanga matatini e pā ana i te tuku o te pūngao, hauwai whakaiti, te hanganga o nui iti hua taimaha rāpoi. Ko te reira i te catalyze hono matua me te anabolism.
3. Nad me nad * H - paru dehydrogenase, tu nicotinamide dinucleotide adenine. Ko te tātai tuarua - he rāpoi ngota ki te hauwai piri. NADP - Phosphate nikotinamidadenindinukletid.
4. FAD me FAD * H - flavin adenine dinucleotide - dehydrogenase coenzyme.
5. ATP - triphosphate adenosine.
6. PVK - waikawa pyruvic pyruvate ranei.
7. Succinate waikawa succinic ranei, H ₃ PO ₄ - waikawa phosphoric.
8. GTP - triphosphate guanosine, he piha o nucleotides purine.
9. ETC - te mekameka irahiko waka.
10. Whākōkī tukanga: peroxidase, oxygenase, cytochrome oxidase, flavin dehydrogenase, ngā ngā hoa, me te tahi atu pūhui.

E whai wāhi tika enei pūhui katoa i roto i te tukanga o te hāora e puta i roto i te kopa (pūtau) o ngā kaiao ora.

Ko te atamira o te hāora koiora: Ripanga

He tukanga katoa e haere tahi i te hāora koiora e pā hāora enei. Noatia, e kore e tino whakaahuatia ratou, engari anake i roto i te natura, rite hoki he whakaahuatanga taipitopito Me te pene katoa o te pukapuka. te tukanga matüora katoa o kaiao ora ko tino maha ngaa tuumomo aronga me te matatini.

tukanga tauhohenga pitihāoratanga

tauhohe pitihāoratanga, tauira o nei e faahoho'ahia tukanga piti hāora tïpako whakaahuatia i runga e whai ake nei.

1. Glycolysis: hukatahi (te kūhuka) + 2NAD ⁺ = 2ADF 2PVK 2ATF + 4H + ⁺ e ₂ + 2H + NADH.
2. Hāora o pyruvate: pūmua whākōkī = STC + te hauhā + acetaldehyde. Katahi te taahiraa e whai ake nei: Acetaldehyde + coenzyme A = acetyl-ropu mai.
3. He plurality o panoni raupapa o te waikawa citric i roto i te huringa Krebs.

Ēnei tauhohe pitihāoratanga faahoho'ahia i runga, whakaata te ngako o nga tukanga anake i roto i ngā whānui. Kei te mohiotia te reira e pā ana te pūhui i roto i te pātai ki te macromolecular he kōhiwi waro nui ranei, pera ki te whakaatu he tika e kore e taea te tātai oti katoa.

Ko te putanga pūngao o te tukupūngao kiko

E ai ki te whakaahuatanga i runga ko reira mārama e ki te tātai, ko ngāwari te katoa putanga o katoa o te pūngao o te piti hāora.

1. E rua ngā rāpoi ngota o ATP homai glycolysis.
2. Hāora o te pyruvate 12 rāpoi ngota ATP.
3. 22 pūkete rāpoi ngota mo te huringa waikawa tricarboxylic.

Tapekeroto: katoa hāora koiora takohe i ara homai e tukua pūngao rite ki te 36 ngā rāpoi ngota o te ATP. Te tikanga biooxidation kitea. Ko tenei pūngao whakamahia e te kaiao ki te ora me te mahi ora, me te ki te whakamahana tona tinana, te nekehanga me te tahi atu mau mea e tika ana.

hāora hāorakore tïpako

Ko te momo tuarua o te hāora koiora - te hāorakore. Ko te kotahi kawea e te atu i te katoa, engari e mutu etahi momo o microorganisms. glycolysis reira, a ko reira konei e mārama te rerekētanga kitea i roto i te faafariuraa o matū i waenganui i te kori tinana, me te hāorakore heke mai.

taahiraa pitihāoratanga koiora o tenei ara maha.

1. Glycolysis, arā hāora o ngā rāpoi ngota kūhuka i ki pyruvate.
2. Fermentation, ārahi ki te oranga tonutanga o ATP.

Ka taea e Fermentation kia o ngā momo rerekē, i runga i te rauropi, tona whakatinana rānei.

FERMENTATION lactic

Kawea atu e huakita waikawa lactic me etahi harore. Ko te ngako ko ki whakahoki te pvc ki te waikawa lactic. whakamahia ana tēnei tukanga i roto i te ahumahi ki te whakaputa:

• hua miraka;
• î huawhenua me hua;
• matie mō kararehe.

Tenei momo o te FERMENTATION ko tetahi o te tino whakamahia i roto i ngā hiahia o te tangata.

FERMENTATION waipiro

iwi kia mohiotia i nga wa tino tawhito. Ko te ngako o te tukanga, ko te ki te tahuri STC ki rua ngā rāpoi ngota o te waihā me te rua hāorarua waro. Na roto i tenei putanga hua, tenei momo o te FERMENTATION whakamahia ki te whakaputa:

• taro;
• waina;
• pia;
• rare me te tahi atu mea.

Kawe atu tona rewena mushroom me microorganisms kitakita.

butyric FERMENTATION waikawa

Kati te momo matatau motuhake o te FERMENTATION. huakita kawea o te puninga Clostridium. Kei roto i te ngako i roto i te faafariuraa o te pyruvate ki te waikawa butyric,'oatu kakara kai, me te reka rancid.

Na reira biooxidation tauhohe haere i runga i tenei ara, Kei te ngā whakamahia i roto i te ahumahi. Heoi, enei huakita he whaiaro-Matete kai me te kino, e tukupu ana ratou kounga.