Hapori Stalinist: te āhuatanga matua me ngā āhuatanga

hapori Stalinist huaina te pūnaha pāpori-tōrangapū, i hanga e ka vai i roto i te tau o Iosifa Stalina whakahaere tikanga i roto i te hawhe tuarua o te tau 1920 tae noa ki 1953. I roto i tenei wā, ite te Soviet Union ahumahi, collectivization, e rave rahi ngaru o te wehi. Hapori Stalin era - he āhua totalitarian matarohia ki te ōhanga whakahau me te taputapu repressive whanui.

ōhanga hou

Ko te mea tuatahi e pā ana ki te hapori Stalinist - ko te ahumahi tere, i tū i roto i te USSR i te 1930 tenei. Kia i roto i te mana, ka nga mua he whenua ta'irihia e tau o te whawhai metarahi me te kino raruraru ōhanga. Na reira, hoki te stabilization o te rōpū ahu e Lenin faaoti ahau ki te haere i runga i te ngāwari wä ka tīmataria te nép. Ko te ingoa i homai ki te kaupapa here öhanga hou, e uhinga a te oraraa o te hinonga mākete free.

Nép wawe tonu kua arahina ki te hangaia anō o te whenua. Na, i roto i te 1924, ka mate a Lenin. Power i etahi wa hei te ngā. Huri noa te faatere o te rōpū arotahi mua tairanga tu mo te whakahaere o te Oketopa Revolution me te wikitoria i roto i te Pakanga Civil. Stalin māmālie to'o ona whakataetae katoa. I te tahuri o nga 1920 me 1930 whakapumautia ia te mana anake totalitarian. Whiwhi ona tika motuhake ki te whakahaere i te āhua nui, eke General Hekeretari i ahumahi. ka te reira i te pūtake o te mea e hohoro riro mohiotia rite te hapori Stalinist.

E rima-Tau Mahere

Mahere o te ahumahi ngā o te maha ngā matua. ka anga te reira i te absorption o te rāngai tūmatanui o te ōhanga. inaianei kua i te ōhanga-motu ki te ora ki runga ki nga mahere-tau e rima. Karangatia "aratau ōhanga". nga rauemi katoa o te whenua i maka ki runga ki te hanga o wheketere hou.

I te pae hopea, te auraa hapori Stalinist te ahumahi rawa - te hanganga o te hanga mīhini i roto i te ahumahi, me te tahi atu rāngai o te ōhanga. Ko tōna whakaaro ko te haerenga mai i te toenga o te ōhanga agrarian. E kore e te whenua i nui ngā kaimahi ite, a ko te Soviet Union i wehe te ao. Na reira, rapu te Politburo ki te whakarato motuhake ohaoha, me te hangarau i te Te Hau-ā-uru.

kawea ahumahi Whakaū i roto i tika ki te tukuna nga rauemi kainga, loans kāinga, cheap mahi, mahi whare herehere, me te ngākau proletarian. "Aratau tiaki" whakaata i runga i nga mea katoa - noho, te kai, utu. hanga te āhua, he pūnaha o te faaohiparaa i pakeke o te taupori i te whāiti tona kohi. I roto i te 1928-1935 gg. i roto i te whenua i reira nga kāri raa. ahumahi takoha pana Māoritanga. i te mana Soviet tonu moe o revolution ao, ka tumanako ki te tango i te rawa o te taanga manawa poto mo te ōhanga hou, kahore nei e waiho e taea pakanga ki te imperialist. Na reira, nga tau o ahumahi i roto i te USSR (1930) hua i roto i te putanga e kore anake o te ōhanga qualitatively rerekē, engari e whakakaha ana hoki korero te whenua o.

hanga ru

Ko te mahere tuatahi-tau e rima ka haere mai i roto i te 1928-1932 gg. puta te nuinga whakaurunga ahumahi New i roto i tenei wā i roto i te mara o te pūngao, metallurgy me te engineering aunoa. Ka kia rite mahere takitahi mō ia rängai me etahi rohe ngā nui ohaoha (hei tauira, Kuzbass). Model ko te kaupapa Dnieper, i roto i nei i hanga teihana mana hurihiko me katua i runga i te Dnieper.

hoatu hapori Stalinist te whenua he waro hou, me te pokapū metallurgical i roto i te wāhanga o putunga i roto i Siberia me nga Urals. I mua i te nuinga o te hinonga kei i roto i te wahi Pākehā o te USSR. Ko te mahere tuatahi-tau e rima ki te huri i mea. Na, tohaina ahumahi Soviet i runga i te rohe o te whenua nui atu whārite. Whakawhiti o pakihi ki te rawhiti, a ka mangai ake e wehi o kaiārahi tōrangapū o te whawhai ki te ngā Te Hau-ā-uru.

I roto i te wa o Stalin i reira ko Dalstroy-tahuri keri koura i roto i te Far Te Tai Rāwhiti (rawa i roto i te Kolyma). I roto i tenei rohe, kei te kaha whakamahia reira te mahi o herehere o te he Kemi. Kua hanga ēnei iwi maha tuatahi e rima pakihi. keria ano ratou i te rongonui White moana Canal, i honoa nga peihana awa Pākehā o te USSR.

Huringa i roto i te ahuwhenua

Āpiti atu ki te ahumahi collectivization - e ko te mea tano ki te hapori Stalinist ki te tuatahi. i whakarara, me te synchronously rua ngā tukanga. Te kore tetahi reira e kia kore atu. Collectivization - te whakangaromanga o pāmu tūmataiti i roto i te kainga, me te whakatūnga o pāmu ngā noa, e kua tetahi o nga pūāhua matua o te pūnaha hapori hou.

Ko te tekau tau Soviet tuatahi, e taui i roto i te rāngai ahuwhenua o te kāwanatanga tata kahore whiu. vai tahi pāmu Takimano ki hinonga tūmataiti ringa - i roto i te meka, kaimahi motuhake o te momo Western. I Enterprising ratou peasants e kua roaa te kainga te whakapaipai toharite. Hoki te wa e kore te hapori Stalinist i whakawhāiti ratou mahi.

I roto i te 1929, te tekau ma rua te huritau o te Oketopa Revolution, tukua te whānui hekeretari o te rōpū te tuhinga pai-mohiotia, "He Tau o Huri nui". ua faaite te reira i Stalin te timatanga o te wāhanga hou o te whanaketanga ōhanga i roto i te kainga. I roto i te Hakihea, ia ano nuitia kihai karanga ki te aukati i nga kulaks, a kia whakangaromia ai rite te piha haapiiraa. muri tonu i enei kupu aru e te "collectivization" pera-ka karanga.

cannibalization

Hei whakaoti whakamahi mana collectivization te tikanga rite ki te hōia. haere nga wae kainga whakararu Kominiusi. Ki te kore nga tono te rongo ahu whenua whānui i haere ki te pāmu, me te kore hoki i waiho e tona ōhanga takitahi, i repressed reira. Kawea atu te raupatu o taonga.

whakaaro ringa i rangatira ki te whakamahi i roto i te mahi pāmu utu, hokohokona hua, mau pe'ape'a o puritia Windmills ranei. i "tukatuka" katoa e pā ana ki 15-20% o kaimahi e kore nei i hiahia ki te haere ki pāmu ngā. He tokomaha o ratou ki o ratou hapu i tonoa ki puni mahi, whare herehere, me te whakarau. i tangohia tāngata motuhake pērā o tika ture.

"Dizzy ki Success"

E rave rahi tau o te tauira Stalinist o te hapori taa ê nanakia whanui. okana rōpū Local me te niupepa i huaina "rawa" e kore feaa ki whakaoho ake mauahara ki te manene piha ki te kulaks me ētahi atu counter-tahae. peasants waenganui me o ratou hoa houkura, maha whakakeke tāmitanga. i patu ratou Kominiusi me ngā tonoa rere collectivization ki te pa, ka whakaturia ahi ki pāmu ngātahi, tapahia ratou ake kararehe. i māhorahora He raupapa o mahi patu. kihai i tangohia e te reira i te natura whakaritea, a hohoro te crackdown kāwanatanga.

Village i roto i te wā Soviet, whakamamaetia hapori Stalinist kore anake. Kupu Whakataki o te toenga i roto i te Pakanga Civil, ka here i ngä ahuwhenua i ki te tango i tetahi wahi o to ratou kotinga ki te āhua, ano patua pakeke i te kaimahi. Ko te mua i nga wa kīnakinaki pēhanga me vaivai o tona pēhanga i runga i te kainga.

I roto i te puna o 1930, Stalin, wehi te ātete patu o te kulaks, i tuhituhi te tuhinga, huri "Dizzy ki angitu". tere ahua moe collectivization. He wāhanga nui o te peasants i mahue nga pāmu ngā. Heoi, anō tāmitanga i roto i te taka. Ko te wāhanga kaha o te collectivization mutu i roto i te 1932, a i roto i 1937 ngā nga pāmu ngātahi o e pā ana ki 93% o ngā pāmu.

Ringihia rauemi i te kainga

He maha ngā āhuatanga o te hapori Stalinist nga hua kino o te totalitarianism me te tutu. whakatikaia tāmitanga te hanga o te hapori hou, me te tūmanako o te heke mai te anaanaraa. timata Ko tētahi o nga tohu matua o te ōhanga-pāpori i roto i te kainga ki a WhM - teihana mīhini me te tarakihana. vai ratou i roto i te biennium 1928-1958. whakaratohia WhM pāmu ki taputapu hou.

Hei tauira, ka te pokapū o te tarakihana Soviet Stalingrad, tona wheketere i roto i te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao kua whakawhanake anōtia ki te tank. utua te āhua kohinga tikanga ake hua. Hei tauira, tōtika mäminga WhM i o nga rauemi kainga. I roto i te tau tuatahi e rima o te USSR kaha kaweake witi ki waho. kihai i Trade mutu noa i roto i wā o te hemokai i roto i te pāmu ngā. Ko te puta i te hoko o te purapura me hua atu, pau ārahitanga te whenua o runga tonu o te ahumahi whakatere me te hanganga o te matatini hōia-ahumahi hou.

arahina nga angitu o te roopu o te ōhanga i te wa ano ki te kino i roto i te ahuwhenua. i whakangaromia te nuinga paparanga rikarika, kaimahi mohio, me te kaha i te kaupapa pāmu hou āhuatanga e hōloa koraha. Turia atu tapahia te ringa 26 miriona kararehe (e pā ana ki 45%). ka mau taupori faaho'iraa mai 30 nga tau. Ahakoa e kore e te whakaaetia te mīhini ahuwhenua hou ki te kawe hua i te iti rawa tae noa ki te wa o te nép. E kore e nga whika tutuki te mahi te kounga tiketike, me te hua i roto i te eka.

Hanumi o te kāwanatanga me te rōpū

I roto i te waenganui-1930 i roto i te Soviet Union hopea i hanga hapori totalitarian. Tau o te kaupapa here pehanga kua tino puta ke hapori. Heoi, ka haere mai te tumutumu o tāmitanga noa te hawhe tuarua o 1930, a mutu reira te nuinga e tika ana ki te whawhai muri ki a Germany.

He āhuatanga nui o te tikanga totalitarian ko te hanumitanga o te okana rōpū me te kāwanatanga - te rōpū i roto i te mana oti o te mahi-ture, me te marae, a ka puritia te rōpū ake he piki ma'u ki noa te tangata kotahi. a Tapeke Stalin maha ngā ngaru o te purenga ā-. I ngā wā, e arotahi ana ratou i runga i te rōpū kaimahi hōia ranei, engari te aki me tangata noa.

Horoi i roto i te rōpū, me te ope

kawea te tāmitanga i te taha o te huringa te ingoa o te ratonga haumaru (NKVD-MGB) e rave rahi taime. Ko te āhua i ki te whakahaere ao katoa o te mahi pāpori, me te ora, i hākinakina me te toi ki Māoritanga. Hei waihanga i tētahi "raina kotahi" wā mahi Stalin ki katoa o ona hoariri i roto i te rōpū. Enei ko te mua o te whakatupuranga kaumatua, e mohio te General Hekeretari tonu pāhoro ture. Iwi rite Kamenev, Zinoviev, Bukharin ( "o Lenin Guard") - kua katoa o ratou patunga o tamataraa whakaatu, te wahi i whakaae nuitia ratou tinihanga o te motherland.

ka haere mai te tihi o te tāmitanga ki cadres rōpū i roto i roto i 1937-1938. I te wa taua i reira ko tetahi tahia o te Army Whero. i whakangaromia tona hanganga whakahau katoa. wehi Stalin whawhai, whakaaro ratou he riri ki tona kaha whaiaro. i tukua e ia e kore anake te matamua, engari ano hoki te tokotoko whakahau waenganui. tohunga tohu ki wheako o te Pakanga Civil, kua tata ngaro. pāngia pēhia tenei katoa te ope, e tika i te tau torutoru i ki te tīmata ana whawhai nui.

Pest me hoariri o te iwi

Ko te mau tamataraa whakaatu tuatahi, whatitiri puta noa te whenua, ka mau wahi i roto i te mutunga o nga 1920. Ko enei te "take Shakhty" me te whakamatautauranga o te "Party Industrial". I roto i tenei wā, pehia te tāmitanga mātanga hangarau, me te engineering. Iosif Stalin, i roto i te kingitanga o i tangohia e wahi i roto i te raupapa o whakamataaratanga whakatairanga,, ko te tino aroha o clichés nui me ngā tapanga. I roto i tona tāpaetanga i reira i taua ngā me ngā tohu o te wā rite "pests", "hoariri o te iwi", "cosmopolitans".

Tahuri ki te tāmitanga timata i 1934. I mua ki taua kāwanatanga ki whakamataku te taupori, a inaianei kua riro te reira i runga i nga mema o te rongonui rōpū. haere taua tau kua XVII Congress, i meinga mohiotia rite te "Congress o te pere." ka mau te reira i te pōti mo te hekeretari whānui hou. I pōtitia anō Stalin, engari kihai i tokomaha i tautoko tona kaitono. He ahua nui o te Congress te Sergei Kirov katoa whakaaro. A marama torutoru i muri i koperea ia mate i te porangi kaimahi rōpū Nikolaev i Smolny. whakamahia Stalin te ahua o te mate o Kirov, hanga o reira he tohu tapu. ua faaite pakanga ki nga poka, me he, i taua, rite faataa whakatö, kohurutia he mema nui o te rōpū, me te haere ki te ururua i te reira.

He nga tapanga tōrangapū nui: Whites, Zinoviev, Trotskyists. āpiha Intelligence "whakatuwheratia" he whakahaere huna hou, ngana ki te kino i te whenua, me te rōpū. I pēnei mahi Anti-Soviet ki te iwi tupurangi me, rite e waimarie kua hinga i raro i te tio maita mīhini totalitarian. I roto i nga tau kino o te wehi i roto i te NKVD whakaaetia tikanga i runga i te maha o herehere mahi ana, a kia kua ata mahi mana ā-rohe. Ko te tāmitanga kawea atu i raro i te kara o te pakanga o te piha haapiiraa (i te tuhinga kua hoatu mua ko e ka waiho i te angitu atu te hanga o te hapori, riro te whakapeka ake te pakanga piha).

Kaua e wareware ki te kawe i roto i horoi me Stalin ratou i roto i ngā ratonga motuhake, nei ringa me whakahaere maha executions me ngā kōti. ora NKVD maha ngā kaupapa pērā. patua I roto i to ratou tino piro te matenga o tenei tari - ko Yagoda, Yezhov. Ano, e kore e te kāwanatanga tango ona kanohi atu o te intelligentsia. Ko ratou me kaituhi, kiriata me te whare tapere (Mandelstam, Papera, Meyerhold), me he kaitito, physicists me kaihoahoa (Landau, Tupolev, Korolev).

mutu hapori Stalinist ki te mate o te rangatira i roto i te tau 1953, aru e te koero Khrushchev ka whakawhanakehia te Brezhnev hapori. I roto i te USSR, rerekē te aromātai o te ngā i runga i te āhuatanga rānei. haere mai Khrushchev ki te mana i whakatara te XX Congress o te CPSU te fifi o te huru o Stalin me tona tāmitanga. I raro i Brezhnev, ka atawhai te ahua o te rangatira o te Māoritanga mōhiohio ata.