He aha e nga otaota? E ngā rōpū o te uwhi ki reira?

Ko te tino kanorau Nature, i reira he mirioni o ngā momo o nga mea katoa o kaiao ora i roto i te rerekē pito o te whenua. E ai ki te tātai hono, kua wehea ratou ki e rua iloa he: kore-pūtau me te pūtau. Ko te mua ngā huaketo anake, me te rua o nga rōpū, i roto i te tahuri, hopoi mai tahi e rua rohe: prokaryotes (rauropi i roto i te karihi, ara archaea me huakita nei ngā pūtau) me eukaryotes (ko reira te karihi). Familiar ki a matou kararehe, me te puawai no ki te rua te ahua. E wehea Eukaryotes ki rima kingitanga: Konqueror, protists, kararehe, harore me otaota. Ko reira e pā ana ki te mua, a ka kia kōrero i roto i tenei tuhinga.

Ko te tūranga o te tipu

Te kore ratou e kore e taea ki te whakaaro te ora i runga i te ao. Plants mahi he mahi nui - o te ahotakakame i roto i nei tipu hāora te. Ko reira e tika ana ki enei kaiao, ariā o te whenua ka aha tatou e matau i te reira i teie mahana - ki te ihirangi tiketike o te hāora, me te pekerangi pōro, tiaki i te reira i ngā pānga kino o te radiation hihi katinga.

mahi hoki ratou hei puna nui o mea waro. Ka taea te mea Plants ki "whangai" te ao katoa, no te mea i roto i tetahi mekameka kai, ko ratou te hononga tuatahi.

whakarōpū pūtaiao

Ia hiahia ki te mohio he aha e nga tipu, na kia tīmata a ki te meka e whakaaro tatou ratou whakarōpū pūtaiao.

Kua wehewehea katoa o ratou ki ngā rōpū matua e rua: teitei me raro. ngā te whakamutunga pükohu (wha tari: whero, parauri, puru, me te puru-matomato). tipu Teitei ngā ono wehenga: lycopsids, Horsetail, horahia Moss, aruhe, gymnosperms me angiosperms (tupu otaota). Whakarōpū o ngā tipu he rite whai: Mua - te piha - kia - te utuafare - puninga - momo.

Ko te hītori o te ako o ngā tipu

Na ka aha te hunga i te otaota mai i nga wa onamata paanga maha iwi - pūtaiao e rua, me te tika tuakiri pākiki.

Ka karanga te "papa o te huaota" tika te pūtaiao Kariki onamata Theophrastus, e noho i roto i te 370-285 tau. BC. e. Ko ia tetahi o te tuatahi nei ka anga ki te tūhura i te kaupapa i runga i nei i reira he otaota. tuwhaina e ia ratou ki ngā rōpū rerekē rite ki o ratou ahua, tupu wa, me te pera i runga i. D.

Ano, he ako nui e pā ana ki te tipu, whakahaere aivanaa Roma Dioscorides. noho ia i roto i te BC rau tuatahi. e. Nona ia mahi, e whakaahua ana i te ngā āhuatanga o e pā ana ki te ono otaota.

Ko te pūtaiao e hanga te whakarōpū tuatahi o ngā kaiao ora katoa, ko Karl Linney. roa tona ora i 1708 ki te 1778. I roto i tana mahi "Systema Naturae" me te rauemi hakari i runga i reira he otaota. Tupu ia systematized e te maha o pūtawa i roto ia ratou.

Hoki kairangahau tino nei i oti rawa ratou ako mahi whakato, ko Augustin Pyramus de Candolle (1778-1841). Nona ia mahi "pūnaha kawainga huawhenua tūturu kingitanga", e whakaahua ana e pā ana ki 60 mano o momo rerekē.

Ano he takoha nui ki te pūtaiao i hanga e Adolf Gustav Heinrich Engler (1844-1930), e i whai wāhi i roto i te whakapai ake o te tipu whakarōpū. rawa hoki e ia mahi pērā i te "pūnaha tūturu o te tipu mau utuafare", "rangatiratanga huawhenua", "Program o mau utuafare puawai tipu" Kua hanga i roto i te taha ki te tahi atu huaota. E whakaahuatia ratou i roto i te taipitopito i ngā rōpū o ngā tipu he. I tua atu ki te whakarōpū, whai wāhi hoki Engler phytogeography. Mohiotia hoki tona mahi i roto i tenei ahumahi ko te "Vegetation Whenua" i roto i te tekau ma rima buka, a "Ao o ngā tipu Africa Te Tai Rāwhiti me te rohe e karapoti ana."

Ako e pā ana ki te akomanga rerekē o te tipu

Kei te wehea ia tari whakato ki ngā akomanga. Lycopsids i te kotahi anake o te taua ingoa. E Horsetail pā equisetopsida piha haapiiraa. Horahia e Moss wehea ki talingelingá sphagnum, pururu, Andreeva, politrihovye, tetrafisovye, takakievye. Te tari aruhe ngā te piha Pāoa me salvinievye me psilotovidnye. Gymnosperms ngā ginkgovidnye, sagovnikovye, gnetophyta me te pine koroī ranei.

Karaehe o ngā tipu whaipua: dicotyledons me monocotyledons. Kei roto i tēnei te nuinga o to tatou tipu mua. Ko te piha haapiiraa tuatahi ngā pīni, Rosaceae, birch, wōnati, paukena, whiro, hamarara, me te maha atu mau utuafare. Ko te tuarua - rengarenga, orchid, totokore, panana, riki, iris, nikau me etahi atu.

Whakarōpū o ngā tipu i te hanganga o ratou wahi vegetative

I mua i runga i tenei parau tumu i reira e toru ngā rōpū: pātītī, rakau me rakau. Na e taea te wehea te tipu ki whitu ora-puka. Tenei tarutaru, Otaota Maroke (kakau kikokiko rawa, e roto i nui o te wai, ngā enei tiotio, aroe, kalanchoe, agave, me ētahi atu), waina, rakau, rakau iti, rakau.

Ētahi atu tikanga o te tipu whakarōpūtanga

taea hoki te wehea ratou ki ahurea, mohoao me ngā tarutaru. Tuatahi - aua tipu e kua tupu e te tangata mo te etahi take, ka taea hoki te systematized ratou. kairangahau mohiotia NI tuhituhi Vavilov e pā ana ki te mea he rōpū o te uwhi ki reira. Tenei kaupapa Ko ētahi atu ngā, me te tokomaha. Ka taea te wehea te uwhi ki ma toru ngā rōpū. I a ratou e te kōrero i raro nei.

Na e rōpū o te uwhi ki reira?

• Inulinonosnye. Plants e roto i te hukarau i huaina "inulin". whakamahia ana tēnei taonga i roto i te rongoā, me te whakamahia hei whakakapinga huka mo wharewhare. Tenei rōpū ngā Dahlia, chicory, Hiruharama artichoke.
• Zhirnomaslichnye. Ko nga otaota e kua whakamahia hoki hinu rerekē ēnei. ngā putirā, hēhami, rapeseed, safflower, a na i runga i enei. D.
• Kai: sochnoplodnye, rakau tverdoplodnye me purapura reka. Tenei rōpū ngā terise, aporo, paramu, āperekoti, karepe, currants, he aramona, here, nikau, a na i runga i. D.
• Pūmua. Plants ki te ihirangi pūmua tiketike i roto i te hua. Tenei soy, pī, te pīni, rüpini, te tahi atu rēkiumu.
• Krahmalonosnye. Tenei matua rīwai, te witi, ōti, witi, Buckwheat, raihi, rai, rai, Sorghum, uwhi, rīwai reka.
• Muka. Plants e kua whakamahia mo te hanga o kakawaea. Tenei miro, Hemp, muka, hipora.
• Ko te huka. Tenei rōpū ngā kakaho me beets anake.
• Huawhenua. Tenei tōmato, kūkamo, kamokamo, eggplant, pepa, kāpeti, kāreti, uhikura, herewi, te pāhiri, kāriki, riki, eggplant me te ake.
• Whakaongaonga me te whakapōauau. Tenei tea, kawhe, koukou, tupeka, nani me etahi atu.
• Whangaia. Ko ētahi o ēnei clover, te keha, tōnapi, rutabaga, alfalfa.
• O rapa. Tenei rōpū ngā Hevea, te taru kawa, aihere, milkweed.
• engineering Wood me pharmaceuticals. Ko ētahi o ēnei Eucalyptus, cinchona, bamboo.
• Whakapaipai. Tenei rōpū ngā tipu rapa, te rōhi, maples, etahi momo o te kaponga me nikau, ano konei e taea te runga me houseplants.

I te mea e ngakia tipu, ka taea e ako i te pukapuka Zhukovskogo P. M. "Cultivated tipu me o ratou teina," i tuhituhia i roto i te 1964.