He aha e tūranga o warowaihā i roto i te tinana tangata warowaihā

āhuatanga matū o te pūtau hanga ake nga kaiao ora whakawhirinaki matua i runga i te maha o ngā ngota waro whakatu ki runga ki te 50% i te taimaha maroke. ngā ngota waro Ko nga matū organic matua: pūmua, waikawa karihi, lipids me te warowaihā. Ko te rōpū whakamutunga ngā carbonyl pūhui, me te wai e ōrite ana ki te tātai (CH ₂ E) _n, kei hea he rite ki nui atu i te toru ranei, n. Haunga waro, hauwai me te oxygenation, i roto i te rāpoi ngota e taea ngā ūkuikui, hauota, whanariki. I roto i tenei tuhinga, tirohia tatou te tūranga o te warowaihā i roto i te tinana tangata, kia rite ki te pai kia rite ki te āhuatanga o ratou hanganga, ngā āhuatanga me ngā mahi.

whakarōpū

E wehewehea tenei rōpū o pūhui i roto i te mataora ki ngā akomanga e toru: huka ohie (monosaccharides), pūhui polymeric ki te hononga glycosidic - oligosaccharides me biopolymers o taimaha rāpoi tiketike - polysaccharides. Ko te akomanga i runga ake-whakahuatia o taonga i kitea i roto i ngā momo pūtau. Hei tauira, i reira he te kūhuka i me te māngaro i roto i whakato hanganga, glycogen - i roto i hepatocytes tangata, me taiepa pūtau o harore, te chitin - i roto i te angawaho kōhiwi waho. Katoa o nga matū runga ake - he warowaihā. Ko te tūranga o te warowaihā i roto i te tinana, ko te ao. Ratou - te kaiwhakarato matua o te pūngao mō ngā tukanga faufaa o tipu ngā pūtau, huakita, kararehe, me te tangata.

monosaccharides

A ani i te tātai C _n H _{2 n} e _n whānui, me te e wehea ki ngā rōpū i runga i te maha o ngā ngota waro i roto i te rāpoi ngota rānei: trioses, tetroses, pentoses, a na i runga i. Ka rite ki te wahi o nga organelles pūtau me te cytoplasm o huka ohie i rua whirihoranga mokowā: rārangi me te porohita. I roto i te take tuatahi, e hono nga ngota waro ki tetahi tetahi mā kotuari here sigma me ahua katia koropiko, i roto i te rua o nga take e kore e te katia te kōhiwi waro me kia kua wana. Hei whakatau he aha te mea te tūranga o te warowaihā i roto i te tinana, whakaaro te noa tino o ratou - te pentose me hexose.

Poinanaha: kūhuka me te huahuka

E ratou te tātai taua rāpoi C ₆ H ₁₂ E _6, engari ngā momo o ngā rāpoi ngota hanganga. Kua karangatia e matou i mua i te tūranga tuatahi o te warowaihā i roto i ngā kaiao ora - te pūngao. Kua pakaru te matū i runga ki raro i te pūtau. Ko te hua ko te tuku o te pūngao (17.6 kJ o tetahi karamu o te kūhuka). I tua atu, synthesized 36 ngā rāpoi ngota o ATP te. Puta whāwehe kūhuka i runga i te kiriuhi (cristae) pungaraungao me tohu te mekameka o tauhohe enzymatic - te huringa Krebs. Ko ia he wahi nui o te dissimilation e rerengia ana i roto i nga pūtau katoa o kaiao eukaryotic heterotrophic.

Kūhuka te hanga e hoki myocytes i roto i ngā kararehe e tika ana ki te wāwāhi i te uaua glycogen. I roto i te heke mai, kei te whakamahia te reira hei taonga ngāwari decomposable rite whakarato pūtau ki pūngao - ko te tūranga matua o te warowaihā i roto i te tinana tenei. Plants he phototrophs me takitahi hanga kūhuka i roto i te ahotakakame. E huaina ēnei tauhohe huringa Calvin. Ko te rauemi tīmata he hauhā me te acceptor - ribolozodifosfat. Synthesis o te kūhuka i puta i roto i te kopu pūkano tipumata. Huahuka, he te tātai rāpoi taua rite te kūhuka i, kei roto i te rāpoi ngota he rōpū mahi o ketones. Ko ia reka atu i te kūhuka, ka kei roto i te honi me te wai o nga oriwa, me hua. Ko te kupu, ko te tūranga koiora o warowaihā i roto i te tinana takoto matua i roto i tona whakamahi rite te puna tere o te pūngao.

Ko te tūranga o te whakapapa i roto i te pentose

Kia whai whakaaro ano tatou tetahi rōpū o monosaccharides - ribose me deoxyribose. takoto ratou ahurei i roto i te meka e he wahi o te waerau ratou - waikawa karihi. No te rauropi katoa, tae atu ki ngā puka ora kore-pūtau, DNA me te RNA ko nga kawe matua o ngā mōhiohio tuku. ngā Ribose te i roto i te rāpoi ngota RNA me nucleotides deoxyribose roto i DNA. Nō reira, ko te tūranga koiora o warowaihā i roto i te tinana tangata, ko te e whai wāhi ratou i roto i te hanganga o ngā waeine o te whakapapa - nga ira me ngā pūira.

pentose hi'oraa maitai kei roto i te rōpū hāparo-tahi, me te whānui i roto i te rangatiratanga tipu he xylose (i roto i roto i ngā tātā me purapura), Arepa-arabinose (rongoa i roto i nga pae o nga rakau hua kohatu). Ko te kupu, e nui te tohatoha me te tūranga koiora o warowaihā i roto i te tinana o te tipu teitei nui.

He aha te mea oligosaccharides

Ki te toenga o nga rāpoi ngota o monosaccharides, pērā i te kūhuka huahuka ranei, hono e here kotuari, te oligosaccharides i hanga - warowaihā polymeric. Ko te tūranga o te warowaihā i roto i te tinana o rua tipu me ngā kararehe rerekē. Ko rawa pono o disaccharides tenei. Ko te tino noa i roto ia ratou he sucrose, reihuka, maltose me trehalose. Ko te kupu, sucrose, te kore e mohiotia rite kakaho ranei pīti huka, i roto i roto i te otaota rite ki te otinga, me te rongoa ki o ratou pakiaka ranei kakau. Tauhohenga wai o te rāpoi ngota i hanga o te kūhuka i me te huahuka. Milk huka, reihuka he o mai i te kararehe. No te tahi mau iwi, i reira he ātete ki tenei taonga e pā ana ki hyposecretion paru lactase, e wawahi iho te galactose waiu huka me te kūhuka. Ko te tūranga o te ora o te rauropi warowaihā kanorau. Hei tauira, te trehalose hukarua, tito o rua toenga kūhuka i, wahi o te hemolymph o waimāori, pūngāwerewere, ngā ngārara. Ka puta mai hoki i roto i te pūtau o te harore me etahi pükohu.

Ko tētahi atu hukarua - Maltose, morota huka ranei, kua roto i caryopses o parei rai ranei i roto i to ratou germination, he mea he rāpoi ngota arā, o rua toenga te kūhuka. Kei te hanga e te reira e te pirau o te huawhenua kararehe ranei te māngaro. I roto i te kōpiro iti o te tangata, me kararehe maltose piri e te paru - maltase. I roto i tona ngaro i roto i te wai pancreatic puta māuiuitanga meinga e ātete ki glycogen huawhenua ranei hua māngaro kai. I roto i tenei take, he kai motuhake, me te te tapiritia ki te kai o te pūmua whākōkī iho.

warowaihā Matatini i roto i te āhua

He tino whānui ratou, ina koa i roto i te ao huawhenua, he me biopolymers i te taimaha rāpoi tiketike. Hei tauira, te māngaro ko reira 800 000, me i roto i te penupenu - rerekē 1 600 000. Ko te polysaccharides i te hanganga o te waetahi, tohu polymerization, me roa mekameka. Roto i te rerekē ki huka ohie me oligosaccharides e he, me te ngāwari wairewa i roto i te wai i te reka reka, polysaccharides hydrophobic me te akeake. A feruri i te tūranga o te warowaihā i roto i te tinana tangata rite te tauira o te glycogen - māngaro kararehe. Kei te synthesized te reira i te kūhuka i me waiho e i roto i hepatocytes me ngā pūtau uaua kōhiwi, kei hea he rua ki runga ake i roto i te ate ona ihirangi. Na roto i te hanganga o te glycogen e nehenehe o ngako subcutaneous, neurocytes me macrophages hoki. Ko tētahi atu hukarau - māngaro huawhenua ko te hua o te ahotakakame me te te hua i roto i plastids o matomato.

Mai te timatanga rawa o te ao tangata, ko nga kaituku matua o te māngaro hua tino: raihi, rīwai, te witi. E tonu ratou te pūtake o te kai o te nuinga o te iwi i runga i te whenua nui. Ko te aha te mea warowaihā na faufaa. Ko te tūranga o te warowaihā i roto i te tinana, ko te, i kite ai matou, i roto i to ratou tono rite te mea organic mana-hiakai, me te hohoro pänga.

He he he rōpū o polysaccharides i he waetahi toenga waikawa hyaluronic. Ko ratou ka karanga pectins me ko nga rauemi hanga o te tipu ngā pūtau. Ngā taonga i roto i a ratou te aporo kiri, pīti penupenu. matū pūkoro pectins whakahaere pēhanga intracellular - turgor. I roto i te ahumahi rare, e whakamahia ratou rite te rimurimu, me te thickening āpiha i roto i te hanga o ngā momo-kounga tiketike marshmallow, me te tiēre. Ko te kai e whakamahia rite matū kaha biologically te pai te kimi i tāoke i te kopirua.

He aha te mea glycolipids

Ko te he rōpū ngā o pūhui matatini o warowaihā me ngako e te hunga i roto i te kiko io. Kei a ia ko te roro, me te ua o whāngote. E kitea ana hoki Glycolipids i te hanganga o kiriuhi pūtau. Hei tauira, kei te whai wāhi huakita i roto i ngā hoapā pūtau-pūtau. Ētahi o ēnei pūhui he ki antigens (matū e kitea pūnaha rōpū toto Landsteiner AB0). I roto i te pūtau o kararehe, otaota me te tangata, ki te kahore glycolipids, he rāpoi ngako hakari, me te motuhake. mahi ratou matua mahi pūngao. Ki runga ki wāhinga o tetahi karamu o te ngako tukua 38,9 kJ o te pūngao te. Kei te āhuatanga hoki hanganga mahi (wahi o te membrane pūtau) ki lipids. Ko te kupu, e whakamana e te warowaihā me te ngako enei mahi. Ratou tūranga i roto i te tinana, ko te tino tiketike.

Ko te tūranga o te warowaihā me lipids i roto i te tinana

I roto i ngā pūtau tangata me te kararehe e taea te kite interconversions o polysaccharides me ngako puta rite ki te hua o te pākia e. Scientists me me'akai kitea e te horomanga nui o kai starchy arata'i ki whakaeminga o te ngako. Ki te mea he tangata disorders o te repe taiaki i roto i ngā o te wehe amylase ranei arata'i te āhua sedentary, kia kia te taimaha rawa nui. Ko reira utu te haamana'oraa e te pakaru te kai warowaihā-taonga iho te nuinga i roto i te duodenum ki te kūhuka. riro ia te tōiti o te Villi o te whēkau iti a whakatakotoria i roto i te ate, me uaua rite glycogen. Ko te atu utu kaha o matū i roto i te tinana, te atu kua wahia reira ki te kūhuka. Kei te ka whakamahia reira rite te pūtau tuatahi, te rauemi hihiri. whakarato ana tēnei kōrero i te whakahoki ki te pātai o te tūranga takaro e warowaihā, te tinana tangata.

Te tikanga o glycoproteins

Pūhui o tenei rōpū o matū fakafofonga'i e te warowaihā matatini + pūmua. Ko ratou i huaina glycoconjugates. Tenei antibody, hormones, membrane hanganga. Kua whakapumautia Latest rangahau matüora e ki te timata glycoproteins ki te huri i tona taketake (taiao) hanganga, arata'i te reira ki te whanaketanga o enei mate matatini pērā i huangō, kaikōiwi, mate pukupuku. Ko te tūranga o glycoconjugates i te pākia o te pūtau he tiketike. Hei tauira, interferons tautāwhi i te whakareatanga o wheori, immunoglobulins tiaki te tinana ki tukumate. no hoki pūmua toto ki tenei rōpū o matū. whakarato rātou i ngā āhuatanga tiaki me te pūreirei. whakapumautia katoa o nga mahi i runga ake e te meka e te tūranga whaiaroaro o warowaihā i roto i te tinana, ko te kanorau, me te tino nui.

Hea a pehea warowaihā e hanga e

kaituku Major o huka ohie, me te matatini - he tipu matomato: pükohu, spore teitei, gymnosperms me te pua. Kei roto ratou katoa i te pūtau chlorophyll ngarahu. Ko wāhanga o te thylakoid ia - hanganga o chloroplasts. ako pūtaiao Russian KA Timiryazev te tukanga o te ahotakakame, hua i roto i te warowaihā hanganga. Ko te tūranga o te warowaihā i roto i te tinana o te tipu ko te haaputuputuraa o te māngaro i roto i te hua, purapura me topuku, arā, i roto i nga whekau vegetative. Ko kaua uaua ahotakakame tikanga me ngā o te raupapa o tauhohe enzymatic e tango i te wahi e rua i roto i te marama, me te i roto i te pouri. synthesized kūhuka te i te hauhā i raro i te mahi o whākōkī. kaiao Heterotrophic whakamahi otaota matomato rite te puna o te kai, me te pūngao. Ko te kupu, i te reira tipu ko te hono tuatahi i roto i te katoa mekameka kai me e huaina kaihanga.

Ko te pūtau o heterotrophic kaiao warowaihā synthesized i roto i takere maeneene (agranular) kiriuwhi. Na e whakamahia ratou rite rauemi pūngao me te whare. I roto i te tipu pūtau warowaihā ato'a i hanga i roto i te Golgi, a ka haere ki te hanga i te taiepa pūtau cellulosic. I roto i te tukanga o vertebrates kararehe nakunaku pūhui taonga i roto i te warowaihā, wāhanga pakaru iho i roto i te mangai, me te kopu. dissimilation Main taua tauhohe puta i roto i te duodenum. Ka rite ki tu te reira wai pancreatic kei roto amylase paru e te māngaro piri ki te kūhuka. Ko nga mea i mea mua, kua riro te kūhuka ki te toto i roto i te kōpiro iti me te te horahia ki runga pūtau katoa. Here te whakamahia reira hei puna pūngao me te rauemi hanganga. E whakamārama ana tēnei i te tūnga e warowaihā tākaro i roto i te tinana.

Nadmembrannye complexes pūtau heterotrophic

He āhuatanga o te kararehe, me te harore ratou. Ko te hanganga matū me te whakahaere rāpoi o enei hanganga e faahoho'ahia e pūhui pērā i lipids, pūmua me te warowaihā. Ko te tūranga o te warowaihā i roto i te tinana - te whai wāhi i te reira i roto i te ka pākia pūngao me te whare kiriuhi. I roto i ngā pūtau tangata me te kararehe i te wāhanga hanganga ngā huaina glycocalyx. Tenei kahu mata angiangi tito o glycolipids me glycoproteins e pā ana ki te membrane cytoplasmic. E whakarato ana i te hono hāngai ki te waho o ngā pūtau. Tenei mai te tirohanga o whakaohooho, me te kūnatunga wahopūtau. Nā ki o ratou pūtau anga warowaihā piri ki tetahi ki tetahi hanga i te papanga. huaina ana tēnei āhuatanga te adhesion. tāpiri hoki tatou e te "hiku" o ngā rāpoi ngota warowaihā kitea i runga i te mata pūtau me e whakahaua i roto i te wai interstitial.

Ko tētahi atu rōpū o kaiao heterotrophic - harore taputapu hoki kua he mata, ka karanga te taiepa pūtau. Kei roto te reira i huka matatini - chitin, glycogen. Ētahi momo o harore i roto i hoki warowaihā wairewa pērā i trehalose, ka karanga mushroom huka.

I roto i te kararehe rauropi pūtau pērā i ciliates, apa mata - hoki kei pellicle complexes oligosaccharide ki pūmua me lipids. Ētahi pellicle ohie kikokore nui, me te kore e aukati i te huringa i roto i te āhua tinana. Otiia i roto i ētahi atu thickens reira me riro rite patu kaha, e mau ana i te mahi tiaki.

taiepa Plant pūtau

Kei reira hoki nui o te warowaihā, rawa cellulose kohia rite paihere o muka. Enei hanganga hanga te anga, rumakina i roto i te kopu colloidal. Kei reira matua o oligosaccharides me polysaccharides. Ko nga taiepa pūtau o ngā pūtau huawhenua e taea lignificated. I roto i tenei take, kua ki tonu te wāhi i waenganui i te kurupae ki ētahi atu warowaihā cellulose - lignin. whakarei ake te reira i te mahi tautoko o te membrane pūtau. E mea pinepine, rawa i roto i ngā tipu ligneous te koiora, te kahu waho arā o cellulose pani taonga ngako-rite - suberin. ārai te reira i te tomo ki o te wai ki roto ki te kiko whakato, na te pūtau waiwai tere mate atu, ka hipoki e te apa o te puru.

I roto i te whakarāpopototanga, kite tatou e i roto i te taiepa tipu pūtau he warowaihā tata hono me te ngako. Ratou tūranga i roto i te phototrophs tinana hoohonutanga mai whakarato complexes glycolipid he mahi tautoko, me te tiaki. Ka ako mātou i te whānuitanga o te warowaihā, motuhake ki te kingitanga huakite o kaiao. Tenei ngā prokaryotes, pērā i te huakita. kei to ratou taiepa pūtau he warowaihā - murein. Tei runga i te hanganga mata o te taputapu e wehea ki huakita Gram-pai, me te karamu-tōraro.

He matatini atu te hanganga o te rōpū tuarua. Enei huakita i rua ngā papa: kirihou me te mārō. Ko te tuatahi kei mucopolysaccharides, hei tauira murein. Ko tōna rāpoi ngota i te puka o ngā hanganga whatunga nui, hanga he capsule huri noa te pūtau kitakita. Kei te kahu tuarua o peptidoglycan - polysaccharides pūhui me pūmua.

lipopolysaccharides pakitara pūtau tukua huakita ki piri mau ki ngā substrates, pērā i niho i tohu membrane pūtau eukaryotic ranei. I tua atu, whakatairanga glycolipids adhesion o ngā pūtau kitakita ki tahi i te tahi. Ko te kupu i hanga e, hei tauira, streptococci mekameka kāhui staphylococci, ano, etahi momo o prokaryotes i atu mucosa - peplos. Kei te reira i roto i tona hanganga nga polysaccharides me ngāwari whakangaromia e radiation pakeke i te whakapā ki etahi matū pērā i paturopi ranei.