He aha te mea te pāhekoheko ngoikore i roto i te ahupūngao?

Ko te pāhekoheko ngoikore - ko tetahi o te ope taketake wha e faatere i mea katoa i roto i te ao. Ko te tahi atu e toru - tōpapa, hiko, me te pāhekoheko kaha. Ahakoa mau tahi atu ope mea, e whai wāhi nui i roto i to ratou whakangaromanga te kaha ngoikore.

Ko te pāhekoheko ngoikore he mahara kaha, engari he reira whai hua anake i tawhiti poto rawa. Force mahi i runga i te taumata ira, a ka whai wāhi tino hira i roto i te whakarite i te pūngao o te whetu, me te hanga i ngā huānga. te kawenga mō te he wahi nui o te radiation tūturu i roto i te ao ano hoki te reira.

Fermi ariā

ahupūngao Italian Enrico Fermi i 1933, whakawhanakehia te ariā ki te whakamārama i te pirau peta - te tukanga o te faafariuraa o te iramoe ki te iraoho me te displacement irahiko, maha tuku ki roto i tenei horopaki, te matūriki peta. tautuhi ia he momo hou o te mana, te pāhekoheko ngoikore pera-ka karanga, i he kawenga mo te tiango, te tukanga tumu o te huringa o te iramoe ki te iraoho, he irahiko me te neutrino, i muri nei i tāutuhia rite antineutrinos.

Fermi tīmatanga riro e reira ko he tawhiti o te kore me te Clutch. i patata E rua matūriki ki faahepo mahi. Mai ka reira mārama e te ngā ngoikore mau ko te ope ātaahua, e faaite ake i roto i te tawhiti tino poto, rite ki te 0.1% o te diameter iraoho.

kaha electroweak

Ko te mehanga iratuki o he e pā ana ki 100 000 wa iti atu i te hiko te kaha ngoikore. Heoi, kua mohiotia ai tenei e ko te reira ä hiko, me e whakapono enei ari e rua rereke ki te tohu i te faaiteraa o te ope electroweak kotahi. whakapumautia tenei e te meka huihui atu e haere mai ratou i kaha atu i te 100 GeV.

Kei te te tahi mau taime mea te reira e whakakitea te ngā ngoikore te i roto i te pirau o ngā rāpoi ngota. Heoi e hiko i roto i te āhua ope mezhmolekulrnye. i kitea ratou e Van der Waal me waha tona ingoa.

Ko te tauira paerewa

Te pāhekoheko ngoikore i roto i te ahupūngao ko te wahi o te tauira paerewa - māmā ariā matūriki, e whakaahua ana i te hanganga taketake o mea, mā te whakamahi i te huinga o ngā whārite huatau. E ai ki tenei tauira te matūriki timatanga m. E. E kore e taea te wehea ki nga wahi iti, ko nga poraka hanga o te ao.

Ko tētahi taua matūriki he quark. e kore e Scientists whakapae te oraraa o te tahi mea iti, engari e rapu tonu ratou mo. E 6 momo momo o roa'ee no ranei. A tuu ia ratou i roto i te tikanga o te whakanui ake papatipu:

• i runga;
• raro;
• whenua;
• karakiatia e;
• ataahua;
• pono.

I roto i ngā ngā, i whai ahua ai ratou he whānui o ngā momo o matūriki ira momo. Hei tauira, iraoho me ngā iramoe - matūriki nui karihi ngota - quark ngā o toru ia. E rua o runga me raro Kei roto iraoho. Kura me raro e rua hanga i te iramoe. Ka taea e quark huringa kōeke e whakarereketia iraoho ki te iramoe, reira e whakaahua ana tetahi huānga ki tetahi.

Ko tētahi atu momo o te matūriki ko te boson. Ēnei matūriki - pere pāhekoheko, e ngā o kurupae o pūngao. Pūaho Ko te momo o te boson, gluons - te tahi atu. Ia o enei ope e wha Ko te hua o te ngā utu i waenganui i kawe. Kaha ngā Ko gluon me hiko - pūaho. Graviton takahi ko te kaikawe o te ope o te mahara, heoi kihai i kitea ai.

W- me Z-bosons

takawaenga taunekeneke ngoikore te W- me Z-bosons. I tohu ēnei matūriki e Nobel laureates Steven Weinberg, Sheldon Glashow Abdus Salam me i te 60raa o te rau tau whakamutunga, ka kitea ratou i roto i te tau 1983 i te Pākehā Organization mo Nuclear Rangahau CERN.

Kei te electrically whakatupato W-bosons me e denoted e W ⁺ (pai whakatupato) me te W ^- (tōraro i ako). W-boson ketia te hanganga o nga matūriki. Emitting electrically whakatupato W-boson, taui quark kaha ngoikore te māka, tahuri te iraoho ki te iramoe hurihia ranei. Ko tenei te mea ai hononga karihi , me te hanga tahu whetu.

hanga ana tēnei tauhohe huānga taimaha e te pae hopea tuha ki wāhi e pahūtanga supernova, ki te riro nga poraka hanga o aorangi, otaota, iwi me te mea katoa atu i roto i te ao.

nāianei kūpapa

he kūpapa Z-boson me he nāianei kūpapa ngoikore. He uaua ki te kitea tona pāhekoheko ki te matūriki. arahina rapu whakamātau mō te W- me Z-bosons i roto i te 1960 kaimātai pūtaiao ki te ariā, te whakakotahi i te hiko me te ope ngoikore ki te kotahi "electroweak". Heoi, ka ui te ariā e ki te matūriki-kawe e weightless, engari kua matau pūtaiao e kia kia taimaha ki te whakamārama tona whānuitanga poto te ariā W-boson. Pūkenga taimaha W kawea i runga i te pūkete tikanga e kitea i huaina Higgs tikanga e whakarato mo te oraraa Higgs.

I roto i te 2012, ua faaite CERN e pūtaiao whakamahi whakatere nui rawa o te ao - te nui Hadron Collider - kitea he matūriki hou, "te Higgs boson tika."

pirau peta

whakakitea ngā ngoikore i roto i β-pirau - he tukanga i roto i nei te tahuri te iraoho ki te iramoe me te hurihia. Puta reira ka he karihi ki maha rawa ngā iramoe iraoho tetahi o ratou ranei faafariuhia ki te tahi atu.

Ka taea te mahi te pirau Beta i roto i tetahi o ara e rua:

1. A, no te beta-tango te pirau, i ētahi wā i tuhituhia rite β ^- pirau, wahia iramoe ki te iraoho me te antineutrino irahiko.
2. whakakitea taunekeneke ngoikore e te pirau o te karihi ngota, i ētahi wā i tuhituhia rite β ⁺ pirau, ka te wahia te iraoho ki te neutrino iramoe me te positron.

Ko tētahi o nga mea timatanga taea tahuri i roto i te tahi atu, ka māhorahora puta ki te iraoho tetahi o ona iramoe mā te pirau beta tōraro, ranei ka māhorahora puta ki te iramoe tetahi o ona iraoho i roto i β ⁺ pirau.

puta pirau peta Double ka he matua 2 i te wa ano puta ki te iraoho iramoe 2 tumuaki tuarua ranei hurihia, ai te tukuna irahiko antineutrinos 2 2 me te peta matūriki. I roto i te hypothetical Neutrinoless pirau beta rua o neutrinos e hanga e.

hopu irahiko

Ka taea e iraoho tahuri ki te iramoe i roto i te tukanga i huaina irahiko hopu K-hopu ranei. A, no te te pata he maha te taikaha o ngā iraoho i roto i pā ana ki te maha o ngā iramoe, ngā irahiko, te tikanga i te roto o te anga irahiko rite taka ki te karihi. riro orbitals irahiko te karihi whaea, te hua nei ko te karihi tamahine, me te neutrino. decremented te tau ngota o te karihi tamahine whiwhi e 1, engari tonu te tapeke maha o ngā iraoho me ngā iramoe te taua.

tauhohe

whai wāhi te pāhekoheko ngoikore te i roto i te hononga karihi - te tauhohenga i te kaiwhakawhiwhi te pūngao o te ra me te thermonuclear (hauwai) poma.

Te taahiraa matamua i roto i te hanumi, o te hauwai ko te tutukinga o rua iraoho ki te kaha nui, ki te hinga te repulsion tahi ongo'i e ratou e tika ana ki to ratou ngā hiko.

Ki te whakaritea nga matūriki e rua tata ki tahi i te tahi, e pāhono ratou he pāhekoheko kaha. hanga tenei te puka iu o te haumāmā ⁽² ia), e kua he matua ki e rua iraoho, pērā i te puka pūmau (No ^4), e kua rua iraoho me rua ngā iramoe.

I roto i te wā i muri mai ki te tākaro pāhekoheko ngoikore. Nā ki te maha atu o ngā iraoho te whakamamaetia tetahi o ratou peta te pirau. I muri i taua, ko te atu tauhohe, tae atu hanganga takawaenga me te hononga o ^{te 3} ia te mutunga hanga he kainga ⁴ ia.