He kararehe i roto i te tikanga tupuranga kaiakopono?

manga Various o pūtaiao mahi kūmara tupuranga, ahu o kararehe pāmu me taumahatanga kitakita whakamahia e rua ngā tikanga tuku iho, me te pupū ake me te tikanga mahi. matua ratou ka whakawhirinaki ki runga ki te mahi ahanoa tīpakonga. I roto i te mau parau te tahi atu, te whakahaere ngā ki tipu, kia whakamahi i te pūtaiao kōwhiringa papatipu tikanga ranei Mentor, te mea i roto i nga kararehe microorganisms ranei e whakamahia taua tikanga he iti, a te tahi mau taime e kore e whakamahia i te katoa.

Ko te whāinga o tēnei tuhinga, ko te ki te whakamārama i te pātai o mehemea tenei ahua o te tupuranga, ka rite ki te tikanga o te kaiakopono, he reira kē taea, me te ngā whaihua ki te waihanga hou whakapai ake ahu ngā o kararehe, poaka, me te heihei ranei.

tupuranga Rawa kararehe

Whānuitia mohiotia i roto i te hapori pūtaiao te mahi o Charles Darwin "Huringa i roto i kararehe, me te mahinga otaota i raro i te mana o te domestication," i tuhituhia i roto i te rau tau pokapū o-19, kei te tonu e hiahiatia ana i te reira pānui mo te tupuni katoa o pūtaiao hou mahi i roto i ngā mahi. tāutuhia te reira i te tikanga tupuranga matua: hybridization, heterosis me te inbreeding e hāngai ana i runga i te kōwhiringa tāwhaiwhai.

I roto i ngā ki kararehe e karohia reira ki te tono ahua nui, pera i te rua o te mau taata matua te tikanga homai he nui iti o hybrids, ia ia i te uara etahi i roto i te ōrite rauemi. Kia tatou e kore e wareware i hoki ngā mema o te akomanga o manu me kararehe, i waiwai ko nga taonga matua o tupuranga, āhuatanga anake o te uri fakasekisualé. Tenei te tikanga e te tikanga e hāngai ana i runga i ngā puka vegetative (tapahi, pihi, meangia), hoki kararehe he Kāore. Ki te mahi ki te pātai o mehemea ki te whakamahi i roto i nga kararehe tupuranga tautäwhi e kia arorau ki te tuatahi kitea i roto i te mauri o tenei tikanga tikanga.

tikanga kaiwhakaako

Ko te tino Russian pūtaiao kaiwhakatupu I. V. Michurin, rangahau ngingila i nga taketake ki te pūtaiao ao, tono ngā maungārongo vegetative i waenganui i nga otaota e rua o ngā momo rerekē. Ka rite ki te hua, ka anga nga takitahi e rua ki te whiwhi hou hoki koe i te āhuatanga me ngā āhuatanga. Hei tauira, ki te huri i te āhua, te rahi ranei te tae o te hua, me te ratou kounga hā. Na roto i täpiritanga i roto i te karauna o te rootstock tipu, i taea e ki te hanga i tētahi taiao i roto i nei te i horahorangia timata ki te farii i ngā matūkai i te manu matua I. V. Michurin.

Ko tenei katoa te hua mutunga ko ki te huri i te akoranga o ngā tauhohe pūkoro i roto i ngā pūtau me te kopa honoa haea, a konei ona āhuatanga tohuāhua. Kua riro te tikanga i runga ake-whakaahuatia o werohanga mohiotia i roto i te tupuranga tipu rite te tikanga o te kaiakopono.

Tauira o te hanganga o ngā momo hou o hua

Ko tētahi o te tuatahi hua I. Michurin i 1908, ko te momo o te aporo-Kitaika Bellefleur. Ka rite ki ka mau te kaitiaki toronga raau nga momo Amerika Bellefleur kōwhai ki te hā tino. mahi huero rootstock Kitaika nui-fruited - momo Local tukua i roto i te rohe o Central Russia. Ko tōna painga matua i ātete matao, me te ātete ki matua mate aporo - paku me te paura koriri. Hoatu ana te tikanga o te kaiako pono, ko te mataotao rite ki te hua o te hybridization he momo hou, te pai taunga ki te tikanga huarere pakeke i roto i ahopae raki, ngā ki te reka nui hua. Michurinist aporo momo i te kikokiko te hukarere-ma o te reka reka ki ngawari kakara i ahuareka ai.

I roto i tenei tikanga hoki, nui atu i te rau tau tonu ki te kia tupu i roto i nga whare tūmataiti, Russia kore anake engari ano Ukraine, Armenia, te lepupilika Te Tai Tokerau Caucasus. mauruuru Māra tenei momo hoki mō loto wā tiketike, me te ātete ki te huka. I runga i nga teihana tupuranga me nurseries o wana hua te whakamahia rauemi Bellefleur-miro hoki rite te rootstock i roto i te tukanga hybridization, na i hanga reira e pā ana ki 13 ngā momo hou.

Whāinga me ngā whāinga o te mātauranga te fariiraa i tipu ranu aronga

I runga anō i te meka i runga, riro te reira mārama tino nui I. mahi whakamātautau V. Michurina, e whakawhanakehia e kore anake te tikanga kaiakopono, engari i hanga ano hoki ia i tetahi o te ārahi i roto i te tupuranga o ngā momo hou o te hua, me te kākano hua.

Ngā riiwhi kaiputaiao - E. S. Stroeva, E. N. Sedova me ētahi atu kaimahi o katoa-Russian Scientific Research Institute o tupuranga hua hua whakaräpopototia te whāinga ki te kia tutuki rite ki te hua o te tono o tikanga hāngai mātauranga o wana ranu.

Ko te tino nuinga o enei ngā: rapataumata āhuatanga tohuāhua kino i roto i te mau taata ranu, me te whiwhi i te āhuatanga e hiahiatia ana mo te tangata i roto i ngā tipu hua momo. Generalizing nga hua o te tupuranga tipu maha, ka tae mai nga kairangahau ki te māramatanga o etahi ture e haere tahi i te whakamahi o te kano i roto i te mahi. Kia titiro tatou ratou i roto i ngā kōrero.

Tikanga mō te whiwhi hybrids vegetative

Mā te whakamahi i te tikanga o te kaiakopono i roto i tupuranga kararehe, he mea e tika ana ki te tango i ki pūkete te ture e whai ake nei:

• Me kia vegetatively taitamariki, e kore pakeke atu i 1-2 tau te tipu, e tango kakau tupu (toronga) ranei, me rite ki te kaiakopono o maha nga tau o te whakamahi i te uri o te rakau;
• tata mawhiti inoculum vegetative tika he maha nui o manga rootstock puritia, whakarato mana i runga i tohuāhua tipu āhuatanga educability.

Nā ki te tikanga i runga ake tutu'a taea ki te hanga i roto i te hua, me te kākano hua ōhanga āhuatanga tino. Ka rite tetahi o nga ara tino rongonui, me te noa o hua momo hou o kai, tenei tikanga, kāore, kua tonu hei painga matau e biochemists hou, me te cytology.

Engineering kiko

I runga i te pātai o te kararehe tupuranga whakamahia i roto i te tikanga o te kaiakopono e kore ranei, ko te whakahoki, ko te kahore. Interesting faatura tenei i roto i he rangahau i runga i pā ana hangarau koiora ki tou, i.e. te kōtuitui o kopu (kotahi, neke atu rānei ngā pūtau somatic), he tārua oti o te rauropi. I roto i tenei take, te faaauraa ki te whakatö vegetative o te tipu rauropi puka, rite kararehe ahu ki tou ngā o ngā pūtau tohuira ōrite. kawea ngā i roto i te mara o te kikokiko, me te te engineering ira i roto i te tipu ratou i roto i te reo matūkai. Pūira otaota rongoa katoa mōhiohio tuku o te rauropi, e te tikanga e taea te tiki e koe tau nui noa te pūtau kotahi ake o takitahi - kape.

tikanga tupuranga kararehe āhuatanga

whakawhanakehia I. V. Michurin he tikanga kaiakopono anake hoki te whakamahi i roto i ngā ki whakato kaiao, ki te motuhake atu, ko reira he hua, me te kākano hua. Ka rite mea matou mua, he ona ake pau rangahau kararehe. Tuatahi, me te tuatahi ko te kore o te whakatö vegetative i roto i vertebrates teitei.

Me mahara tatou e kua āhuatanga o ratou tinana i te nui rawa o te tuitui o whēkau me ngā pūnaha katoa, na te tauiraa i roto i te kotahi huru tinana motuhake i raro i te mana o te kaiakopono te taniwha, ka arahi ki raruraru nui i roto i te pūnaha e pā ana anatomically me physiologically. I roto i te mahi, e kia tika ki te mahi ki nga kararehe e whai ake tikanga, ara te whakatinanatanga: inbreeding (inbreeding) me hybridization tawhiti. Origin whakamahia ki te hanga i ngā rārangi ma, me te atu whiwhi i te pānga o te heterosis me te whakamahia te tuarua mō te kimi i te ahu kararehe hou.