Kautaha fakapa'anga - reira ... Whakamāramatanga

Money i roto i o ratou faaiteraa ngā, kua tonu kua a ka waiho i te pūtake o whanaunga ōhanga i te taumata moroiti, me te tonotono. kautaha fakapa'anga - ko te wāhi kaha i roto i te pūnaha moni o te whenua te mākete pūtea te ao ranei.

Ko te ariā o ngā pūtahi pūtea

Money, rawa, ko te kaupapa o te hokohoko, kaihoko e ko te kaituku. kautaha fakapa'anga - he kaihoko ōhanga (maha te hinonga ture), mahi i runga i te mākete pūtea i raro i te raihana, me te mau ana i roto i ngā ratonga i roto i tuku pūtea taurewa, hoko peeke me ētahi atu whakawhitinga e pā ana ki te hanganga o kapewhiti.

Ko te mahi o nga kamupene pūtea

I roto i te meka, kamupene pūtea kaiwawao mo te tohatoha anō o moni. Ratou rawa nāianei he putunga riro hoki tetahi utu i te taupori me te ture hinonga, e ka ko raro i te guise o taurewa "hokona" ki ētahi atu kaiuru o whanaunga nama. O te akoranga, ko te tauira tahito o te huarahi o te mahi o takawaenga pūtea tenei, engari ko tonu noa te parau tumu o te reira, te huri anake te tauine, puka me kaiuru. Ko te kupu, pūtahi nama i te mahi e whai ake nei:

• Whai wāhi i roto i te hanganga me te mahi o te mākete moni me te peeke.
• Tuhinga o moni i roto i te puka o penapena moni o te taupori, e ko, ratou huringa ki pūtea haumi.
• Tohutohu ngā kaiuru o whanaunga ōhanga, me te whakahaere pūtea.
• Aromatawai me te whakaiti mōrea.

pūtahi pūtea Modern, ratou momo me mahi

Etahi o nga āhuatanga motuhake o ngā kaiuru o whanaunga moni, me te āhuatanga o ratou ratonga whakaaetia ki te whakarōpū ratou ki te maha ngā rōpū. I te taumata o tetahi āhua hou e taea e te momo e whai ake nei o ngā pūtahi pūtea:

1. Banks - whakahaere takawaenga, te rerekē haere o e he tino rawa wai: moni (moni hiko) me te peeke.
2. pūtahi nama Non-pēke - autaki whai wāhi i roto i te Tuhinga o penapena. Ko kaua ratou mara o mahi he whakahaere tino motuhake pūtea o te moni kiritaki.
3. kamupene haumi - te mahi i te aromatawai o ngā tūponotanga ōhanga, me te tāutu i te wāhanga tino ātaahua o te haumi.
4. uniana Credit - whakarato penapena me ratonga taurewa ki ngā mema o te hapori. Rerekē i te kamupene arumoni kore e e whai ki te hanga i te pai

Banks, ratou āhuatanga me ngā momo

Banking kautaha fakapa'anga - he takawaenga, e āwhina ki te "hoko" i te moni te hua / ratonga ranei, whakarato ratonga tohutohu i roto i te mara o haumi pūtea. Ko te kupu, e nehenehe tatou e wehewehe toru ngā momo o pareparenga:

1. Bank pūtea whaiaro - ko reira he whakatū arumoni whakarato loans moni ki te taupori ngā ōhanga ranei mo te utu i whakaritea. Interest i runga i loans utua ki kiritaki riro te tuhinga matua o hua tahatika arumoni '. Utu o enei kamupene kāri nama ko nga ngä päpätanga huamoni i runga i ngā putunga (kiritaki haumi). Te reira i putunga depositors te hanga i te wahi nui o te whakapaipai mahi o te pēke.
2. hoko pūtea Bank. Ratonga o tenei momo o te institution ko ki takawaenga i roto i te hoko o taonga roa i roto i te utunga. I roto i tenei tono, a kihai i kawea te pēke iho i roto i te hoko o taonga, me te kamupene hokohoko. Ko te pēke anake i roto i te tiaki o te take o te utu hoko.
3. Investment Bank - he mema o ngā pūnaha pūtea motu, me te ao. Ana kiritaki he hinonga ture, me te ara te kāwanatanga o te kāwanatanga. Ko te whāinga matua o te haumi institution ko ki te kukume haumi i roto i ngā rāngai o te ōhanga, me te takawaenga, me te iti pakihi i roto i ngā whakawhitinga ki te peeke.

Ko ahua noho te wehenga o tahatika arumoni i runga i te kē whakaarohia, mai hipokina te nuinga o ngā whare tuku moni wāhanga katoa mohiotia: pūtea me te haumi whakahaere pūtea.

rōpū nama Non-pēke

pūtahi nama Non-pēke - he hinonga arumoni e taea i runga i te pūtake o te raihana ki te mahi i etahi ngā mahi pēke. iti te parau tumu o te mahi te ki ngā mahi whakataunga, mai i taua hanganga nui iti mana i te pēke pūtahi pūtea. Tauira o tenei rōpū o kamupene ngā:

• kamupene Insurance. iti te parau tumu o te mahi te ki tuku nama e whakamahia ana e te kiritaki ki te taupoki ana utu i möhio, whakaritea te rārangi o nei i roto i te kirimana. Hei hoko i enei tipenetua kiritaki utu te moni inihua. Ko te rerekētanga i waenganui i nga moni o utu inihua me utu e te moni insurer (ki te e tupu taua), me te utu whakahaere o te kamupene hanga he pai UK.
• moni penihana i runga i te tetahi wa ki te kohikohi moni i kiritaki, te hanga me te piki whakapaipai mahi. Ki runga ki pa te whakatā tau o nga moni putu ki te kiritaki whakawhirinaki utu marama. I roto i tenei take, tuku te kaiurupare pūkete rokiroki whaiaro, e whakaata anake te nui o te whakahere hapahapai, engari e kore e hoatu i te tika ki te whakamahi i ratou i roto i ki tonu. Kei te tatau hāngai te nui o utu i runga i te tātai tikanga, me te kua he rohe wā. Ka taea e moni penihana mahi rite te whakahaere e rua rāngai tūmatanui pūtea i roto i Russia, a rite te kamupene arumoni tūmataiti.
• Kei te mahi Pawnshops i te mara o te pūtea whaiaro, me te hua loans kiritaki iti. puta ana te taurewa i runga i anake pēra whakapaipai me te rauemi tino mea, e i roto i te take o te utu-kore o te nama e mau pu, ka hokona i te makete. I mua i te paunga o te wā o te taurewa te pawnshop e te tika ki te hoko o te taonga taumautia, takoto te whakahaere te ki te whakarite i te haumaru o mea. Income i roto i tenei take ko te moni e kore e anake i whakapaipai hokona, engari ano hoki i runga i te moni i runga i loans tino, te, me hoki e te kiritaki e kore anake te nui taurewa, engari ano hoki i te ōrau whakaritea.

pūtahi Investment

Investment institution pūtea - he faanahoraa e tohunga ana i roto te kukume haumi o ngā (pūtea). ahanoa haumi he peeke (rakau, here, ngā kōrero promissory). Ka taea e te utu rerekē i runga i te āhuatanga mākete o nāianei rānei. Ngā momo o tenei rōpū o ngā rōpū:

• Brokers me kaihokohoko - takawaenga i roto i te whakawhitinga o te hoko, me te hoko o peeke, e mau ana i roto i to ratou mahi i runga i te pūtake o te raihana.
• kamupene Investment - te hanga i te hapori whakawhirinaki whakahaere haumi o ratou kamupene nei i te mau melo. he uniana taua e tika ana ki te pūkete haumi o pūtea takitahi ka taea tatou ki te whakaiti i te tūpono ki te kore.
• pūtea haumi - he takawaenga i waenganui i te tangata nana i, me te nama, e rere ke i te reira i brokers tikanga e take ona ake here, ka huihuia e i roto i ngā whakaurunga raro ki te hokotanga o ētahi atu kamupene. Moni i te hoko o ona moni peeke e kuhuna mo te hoko o here o te tahi atu rōpū. Ko te rerekētanga i waenganui i te hoko me te hoko o te Central Bank me o te moni moni, a ka hanga e te pai i te mutunga o te tau pūtea i roto i te puka o pānga tohaina i roto i to'na mau melo.
• Stock Exchange - he mākete kararehe, e, i roto i te meka, ratou me hua me te whakarato i te tikanga mō te whakawhitinga ki hea, me ngā kōrero promissory.

uniana nama

He ētahi Credit i roto i nga whakahaere nama pēke-kore, engari e tika ana ki te meka e kore e he whakahaere taua whai pai, e taea te pēnei te reira ki te rōpū motuhake. hāngai ana te parau tumu o te mahi i runga i pūtea tahi mema-āhua o te Union.

He momo o ngā uniana nama he moni tahi, e taea te whakaturia e te rōpū o takitahi me hinonga i runga i te āhuatanga noa tetahi, pērā i rohe. uniana Credit, me te tahatika arumoni, loans i te moni, me te tango i te putunga i roto i te puka o putunga. Ko te rerekētanga anake ko e he wātea ana enei ratonga anake ki ngā mema o te mahi ngātahi, ka tohaina te ōrau o taurewa whakaaetia te i waenganui i ngā kaiuru i roto i te rahi ki o ratou takoha.

Me MFIs ki te waihanga i

Te Topatariraa Rahi, i tangohia e wahi i roto i te 30raa o te rau tau whakamutunga, te parariraa o te mākete rohe Pākehā rite ki te hua o te Pakanga o te Ao Tuarua, te kore o te nuinga o nga whenua i runga i te paerewa koura, i maha mōrearea rohe, me te ao i roto i te wā pou-pakanga nga hiahiatanga mo te hanganga o te pūnaha centralized kotahi o te moni ture o whanaunga he halá.

Ko te kupu, i roto i te 1944, ka rite ki te hua o te mau a'oraa, i tae nei e 29 whenua, i whakaritea e te reira ki te hanga i tētahi pūnaha moni hou - te Monetary Fund International (MFIs). whakaturia te International Bank mo whakatikatika me Development (IBRD) i runga rite he tinana matua.

Meiha pūtahi pūtea o te ao

O te akoranga, mo te mahi o te ao whanaunga moni, me te pūtea o MFIs ko Bank te Ao e kore he nui. whakaratohia te whai huatanga o whanaunga ōhanga ao e te pūtahi e whai ake nei:

• Te International Development Association (Ida), taurewa tino ki whenua whakawhanake i runga i ngā pai.
• International Finance Corporation - tautoko te rāngai tūmataiti whenua.
• International Investment Guarantee Agency - regulates te rere o te haumi i roto i te whenua te whakawhanake.
• Bank International Settlements hoki - whakaraupapa ao whakawhitinga utu pūtea, me te ke i waenganui i nga tahatika pokapū o whenua ngā.

Āpiti atu ki te ao o te ao pūtahi pūtea, ā, e rohe:

• Te Pākehā whakatikatika me Development Bank kua ngā haumi i roto i te Rohe Ōhanga Uropi, me te te mauria i ngā mahi pūkete -.
• Pākehā hapori pūtea - ngā mahi pēke i roto i te rohe Pākehā.
• Pākehā Investment Bank.
• Āhia Development Bank - whakarato taurewa ngohengohe ki nga whenua Āhia.
• Ko te African Development Bank.
• Inter-American Development Bank.
• Ko te League o Arab States - whakarato hononga ōhanga whai hua o te whenua Arab.

whakarāpopototanga

I tua atu i te tono hanga supply i roto i te mākete kiritaki, te oraraa o te utu moni, me te ke, me whanaunga ōhanga homai ara ki te putanga o pūtahi pūtea, puka o e tēnā i runga i te pau o ratou mahi. mahi anake etahi o ratou i roto i te mara o te tuku moni tūmataiti, ētahi atu i te whakarato ratonga ki hinonga ture me ngā pokapū kāwanatanga. I roto i tenei take, i te kāwanatanga pūtahi pūtea, te kawenga takohanga kāwanatanga, mahi i roto i te hononga tata ki pakihi moni arumoni.