Ko te mahi o Gorky: he rārangi oti. Maxim Gorky: wawe mahi whaiāipo

whanau te kaituhi nui Russian Maxim Gorky (Peshkov Aleksey Maksimovich) i Maehe 16, 1868 i roto i te Nizhny Novgorod - ka mate a Pipiri 18, 1936 i roto i Gorki. I te wawe tau, "ka haere ahau ki te iwi", i roto i ana kupu ake. ora ia pakeke, ka moe i roto i hawa i roto i te hunga mangere, haereere noa, haukotia e te wahi wā o te taro. puritia ia rohe nui, tae mai te Don, i Ukraine, i roto i te rohe Täingäwai, i roto i te tonga o Bessarabia, te Caucasus me Crimea.

timata

Mātātoa te whai wāhi i roto i ngā mahi pāpori, me te tōrangapū, mo e kua toutou kua hopukina ia. I te 1906 ka haere ia ki waho, i reira ka ia he angitu tuhituhi ratou mahi. Na roto i te 1910, ka rongonui Gorky, ko tana mahi o moni nui. I mua, i roto i te 1904, ka anga matou ki te waiho tuhinga tino, a ka te pukapuka "Te kawa". Ko te mahi o Gorky kaitōrangapū hiahia me tau tūmatanui. Ua ite etahi o ratou e he free rawa marū te mau mea e tupu i roto i te whenua te kaituhi. Katoa e tuhituhi Maxim Gorky, mahi hoki te whare tapere ranei tuhinga kairīpoata, kōrero poto, ranei maha-kōrero, na'u a ka maha haere tahi e te whakaaturanga anti-kāwanatanga. I roto i te Pakanga 1 Ao, ka mau te kaituhi te tū nuitia anti-militarist. Revolution o 1917, ka tutaki te tau ki te anaanatae, a tahuri ana fare i roto i te mua ki te huihuinga mo kaitōrangapū. E mea pinepine, Maxim Gorky, nei mahi kua piki haere wā, whakamana ki arotake o tona ake mahi i roto i te tikanga ki te karo hē.

ki waho

I roto i te 1921, ka tonoa ki waho te kaituhi mō te maimoatanga hauora. I roto i nga tau e toru, i ora Maxim Gorky i Helsinki, Prague ko Berlin, ka oho ki Itari, ka noho i roto i Sorrento. I reira ka timata ia te whakaputanga o ana tohinoa e pā ana ki Lenin. I te tau 1925 ka tuhituhi ia te pūrākau "Te Artamonov Pakihi". i politicized nga mahi katoa o Gorky i taua wa.

Hoki ki Russia

1928 ka he wāhi tahuri mo Gorky. I te aniraa o Stalin, ka hoki ia ki a Russia me puta noa i nga nekehanga marama i pa ki te pa, te whakatau iwi, kia maheni ki te whakatutukitanga i roto i te ahumahi, mataara whakawhanake hanga rite hapori. Na ka mahue Maxim Gorky mo Italy. Heoi, i roto i te muri (1929), te kaituhi mai kotahi ano ki Russia, a tae mai tenei wa Camp Tumu Motuhake Solovki. Reviews kupu rau rawa pai. I runga i tenei haerenga Gorky whakahuatia Alexander Solzhenitsyn i tona pūrākau "Te Kemi tinomoutere."

ka mau te hokinga whakamutunga o te kaituhi i roto i te Soviet Union wahi i roto i Oketopa 1932. Mai taua wa ora Gorky i roto i te mua Ryabushinsky fare i runga i Spiridonovka, i tona dacha i Gorki, ka haere i runga i tau faafaaearaa i roto i te Crimea.

Congress Tuatahi o Writers

Etahi wa i muri mai, e tango te kaituhi whakahau tōrangapū i Stalin, e tukua ia ki te faaineineraa o te 1 Congress o Soviet Writers. I roto i te marama o tenei tono, hangaia e Maxim Gorky rave rahi niupepa me ngā moheni hou, hua te raupapa o ngā pukapuka i runga i te hītori o te wheketere Soviet, whawhai metarahi me te tahi atu mau ohipa o te wā Soviet. I te wa ano i tuhituhi e ia te tākaro "Yegor Bulychev me etahi", "taha me ētahi atu." Ētahi mahi o Gorky, tuhituhia mua, i whakamahia ano hoki ratou i roto i te faaineineraa o te Congress Tuatahi o Writers, i tangohia e wahi i roto i August 1934. I te Congress, te nuinga ngā take whakahaere, i whiriwhiri te kaiārahi heke mai o te Union o Soviet Writers, hanga wāhanga tuhituhi i te momo. utua nga mahi a Gorky hoki aro i te 1 Congress o Writers, Heoi, i pōtitia ia hei tiamana mō o te poari. Tairanga, whakaaro te hui i te angitu, me fakafo'ituitui haamauruuru Stalin Maksima Gorkogo mo tona mahi hua.

rongonui

Gorky, nei mahi i runga i te tau meinga tautohetohe kawa i roto i te intelligentsia, tamata ki te tango i te wahi i roto i te aparauraa o ana pukapuka, me te rawa o whakaari. Mai i te wā ki te mutu te kaituhi ki te haere i te whare tapere, te wahi i taea e kite ai ia mo ratou e kore te iwi e tau'a ki tona mahi. He pono hoki he tokomaha ka te kaituhi Maxim Gorky, kua mohio ki te tangata noa nei mahi, he pēne o te ora hou. haere hunga Theatre ki te whakaatu e rave rahi taime, te pānui me te tai'o faahou i te pukapuka.

mahi Early whaiāipo Bitter

Ka taea te wehea te mahi o te kaituhi ki te maha ngā kāwai. He whaiāipo, ara hoê mana'ona'oraa mahi wawe a Gorky. kihai i ratou ite te rigidity o whakaaro tōrangapū, e kua moe ki nga kōrero i muri mai, me pukapuka kaituhi.

Tona kaituhi tuatahi poto kōrero "Makar Chudra" - he aroha poto Gypsy. E kore e pera memeha noa "Kua tae mai te aroha me te haere" e, engari no te mea roa te reira kotahi anake te po, i waho i te kotahi pa. noho ahau aroha i roto i te ua, kahore mo te tinana. Na ka kua mate te mate o te kotiro i te ringa o te tetahi aroha te hunga whakakake gypsy Pāremata, aru e ia loiko zobar - rere tahi puta noa i te rangi, ringa i roto i te ringa.

kōrero faahiahia, maere kōrero kaha. Ko te kōrero "Makar Chudra" ko te tapao o Maksima Gorkogo, kua noho te wahi tuatahi i roto i te no te tau e maha "mahi wawe o Gorky."

Kaituhi nui te mahi hua i roto i tona tamarikitanga. mahi Early whaiāipo Bitter - he raupapa o ngā kōrero, ngā pūāhua nei ko Danko, Sokol, Tchelkache me etahi atu.

hanga te kōrero poto e pā ana ki te painga i te pae varua o fifili koe. "Chelkash" - te kōrero o te tangata noa, e mau ana i te tikanga rerehua tiketike. Rere atu i te kāinga, vagrancy, Tuhinga i roto i te hara. Hui rua - kotahi rave i roto i te kitea, i tetahi atu take ārahi. Hae, te kore whakapono, hinaaro ki raupatutia haehaa, te wehi me te raupatutia Gavrila ātete ki te itoito, whaiaro-whakawhirinaki, aroha o te haere noa Chelkash. Heoi e kore e hapori Chelkash hiahia, rite te ātete ki Gavrila. pathos whaiāipo tu'ati ki te fakamamahi. Kei te kāpehu, ano Whakaahuatanga o te āhua o te kōrero i roto i te arai o te romance.

I roto i te kōrero "Makar Chudra", "Isergil Old" me te hopea, i roto i "Te waiata o te Falcon" takina hihiri "te haurangi o te toa." Ko te kaituhi e te pūāhua i roto i ngā āhuatanga uaua, a ka, kahore tetahi arorau, ārahi ratou ki te whakamutunga. Kaupapa me mahi ngā o te kaituhi nui, e he ohorere te aamu.

Mahi toi Gorky "Isergil Old" ngā o te maha ngā wāhanga. Ko te huru o tona kōrero tuatahi - te tama a te ekara, me te wahine, te aroaro siokita, hē o mana'o teitei koi-kanohi Larry. A, no te rongonga ia te parau e te taniwha, i ki te utu mo te tahi mea i tangohia e etahi faaite ti'aturi ore, e mea ana e "hiahia ana tatou ki te noho whara." paopao reira iwi, whakataua ki te moemoe. i mate ki a ia te whakakake i Larry.

Danko kahore iti whakakake, engari e pā ana ia ki te iwi ki te aroha. Na reira hua te haere noa e hiahiatia ana ki te whakapono a ia Hohua. Ahakoa te riri o te turaki i te mea e taea ki te arahi i te iwi o ia ngahere podocarp, tonu te rangatira taitamariki te ara, toia iwi haere. A, no nga ope katoa i runga i te wane, me te ngahere e kore e mutu, ka haea e Danko tona uma, ka tangohia e atu te ngakau tahunga, a tahuna mura ake te ara i arahina ratou ki te mahinga. teina kahore he, rere ki te tikanga herekore, e kore ara titiro i roto i te ahunga o Danko, ka hinga ia, ka mate. rere iwi atu, ka oma takahia mura ngakau, a rerere reira puru korakora.

mahi Romantic o Gorky mahue te tohu e ngaropoina ana i roto i toku ngakau. Atawhai mai kaipānui ki te toa, te unpredictability o te wahi pupuri ana te mānukanuka, me ko te maha ohorere te mutunga. Haunga nga mahi whaiāipo o Gorky rerekē morare hohonu e unobtrusive, engari hanga reira fifili koe.

Ko te kaupapa o te haere noa takitahi ngoi ana i roto i nga mahi wawe o te kaituhituhi. Heroes o Gorky haere noa-aroha me e rite ki te hoatu i tana ora mo te tika ki te whiriwhiri i ratou ake iku'anga noa.

Ko te ruri "mate me te E ko" - he tauira oraora o te whaiaro patunga-i roto i te ingoa o te aroha. Young, ki tonu i te ora, ko ia ki te mahi ki te mate, mo te kotahi te po o te aroha. He rite ki te mate, kahore tatarahapa i roto i te ata ia, anake ki te whakatau ano ki to koutou tino.

Kingi, e whakaaro ia katoa-kaha, whakaritenga te kotiro ki te mate anake te mea, e haere mai hoki i te whawhai, i roto i te huru kino, me te kihai i rite ia ia kata hari. i tohungia Mate Love, ko ora, me te ano ia "tūpuhi ki he toronaihi," ko kua i runga te mea kahore he kaha.

Ko hoki Romanticism hakari i roto i "Te waiata o te Stormy te tītī." he free manu whakakake, ko reira rite te uira pango, mau i waenganui i te mania hina o te moana, me nga kapua e iri ana i runga i nga ngaru. Kia te tupuhi e wawahi i kaha, he rite ki te whawhai manu toa. Ko te kororā nui ki te huna i te ngako tinana i roto i te pari, kua ia te huru rerekē ki te tupuhi - kore mea huruhuru pehea haurangi.

Te tangata i roto i nga mahi o Gorky

he hakari i roto i ona kōrero katoa e whakaritea tonu te tūranga matua i roto i tenei tangata Motuhake, hinengaro mohio Maksima Gorkogo. Ahakoa he hīkoikoi manene, pūāhua flophouse, a kua aroaro ratou ki te kaituhi rite tangata whakaaro, ahakoa to ratou ati. Ko te tangata i roto i nga mahi o Gorky hoatu i te mua, he tuarua katoa atu - nga ngā whakaahuatia, te āhuatanga tōrangapū, ara nga mahi o tinana kāwanatanga kei roto i te papamuri.

Gorky novella "Kōhungahunga"

parau te kaituhi te kōrero o te ora o te tamaiti Aleshi Peshkova, me te mea i runga i tona mo ake. tīmata Cheerless kōrero ki te mate o tona papa, me pito mate o whaea. Mahue te pani, i rongo te tamaiti i tona koroua, te ra i muri i hunaraa o tona whaea: "E kore koe kei te mētara i runga i toku kaki ki te whakairi koe tika e kore e ki te ... Haere-ka koe ki te iwi ...". Na peia.

Na mutu te mahi o "Childhood" a Gorky. A i roto i te waenganui ko reira he tau torutoru o te ora i roto i te whare o tona papa ruau, okioki te tangata koroheke iti, e whakamahia ana ki Rāhoroi whiua whiua te tangata nei i ngoikore atu ia ia. He koroua iho i roto i te mana anake e ona mokopuna, e ora i roto i te whare, whiua ia ratou tāmuri, maka ana i runga i te pae.

Aleksey Ros, e tautokona ana e tona whaea, a ka i roto i te whare whakairia he mauahara kohu matotoru o te katoa ki te katoa. Mātua kēkē i whawhai ki a ratou ano, whakawehi tona koroua e ka whiua reira whanaunga inu, a ka i taea ki te whanau a ratou wahine. tamata Alyosha ki hei hoa ki te mau tamaroa tata, engari ko o ratou matua, me te tahi atu whanaunga i roto i taua hononga uaua ki tana koroua, kuia, me te whaea e taea e nga tamariki te kōrero anake i roto i te poka i roto i te taiepa.

"E nga wai hohonu Lower"

I roto i te 1902, ka tahuri Gorky ki kaupapa taumauri. hanga e ia he tākaro e pā ana ki te iwi, i heke whakarau ki te raro o te hapori Russian. He maha ngā pūāhua, i te tangata o te whare Doss, tuhia te kaituhi i te tino ohorere. I roto i te pokapū o te kōrero iwi manene i runga i te mimiha o te hepohepo. Kei te whakaaro te tangata e pā ana ki whakamomori, tetahi atu kei te tumanako mo te pai. maha tahuri te pikitia oraora o te paruru pāpori, me te kāinga i roto i te hapori, ki te ati - te hua o Maxim Gorky "te Lower Rire,".

Ko te rangatira o Doss-whare Mihail Ivanovich Kostylev ora me e kore e mohio e te mōrearea tonu tona ora. kukume tana wahine Vasilisa tetahi o nga manuhiri - Vaska Pepel - ki te whakamatea tana tane. mutu hoki tenei tahae Vaska whakamate Kostyleva me haere ki te whare herehere. tonu te toenga o nga tangata o te whare Doss ki te ora i roto i te huru o te koa haurangi me whawhai toto.

I muri i te tahi mau wa, i reira ko tetahi whanoke Luke me te chatterbox. Ia "whakakiia", porowhiu, he kōrero roa, fafau heke mai noa hari, me te te pai tonu. Na ka riro Luke, me te iwi meapango nei whakatenatena ia, i te mate. He ko he oto nui. tukua e wha tekau manene, tapaina a te kaiwhakaari whakamomori. E kore nga ētahi e matara atu ana i reira.

whare Doss rite te tohu o te sikalú o te hapori Russian i te mutunga o te rau tau XIX, te whiu rahi pāpori kia.

Creativity Maksima Gorkogo

• "Makar Chudra" - 1892. He kōrero o te aroha me te aituā.
• "Ruau Arkhip me Lenka" - 1893. Rawakore te tangata koroheke mate, a ki a ia te tama o Lenka, he taiohi. koroua Tuatahi kore te tu i te ati, ka mate, mate ia ka mokopuna. iwi pai tanumia i roto i te aituā ara.
• "Isergil Old" - 1895. He maha ngā kōrero o te wahine tawhito e pā ana ki pipiri me siokitá.
• "Chelkash" - 1895. Ko te kōrero e pā ana ki "he haurangi rerekē, me te tupato, maia tahae."
• "Faaipoipo Eagles" - 1897. He kōrero e pā ana ki te hoa faaipoipo urikore nei faaoti no te tauturu i te iwi e mate ana.
• "Konovalov" - 1898. Ko te kōrero o te pehea taronatia te pūtau herehere Aleksandr Ivanovich Konovalov, nei i mauheretia mō te vagrancy.
• "FOMA Gordeev" - 1899. Korero o nga ngā i te mutunga o te rau tau XIX, i tangohia e wahi i roto i te pa Täingäwai. Mō te tamaiti, ko Tamati, ko wai i whakapono tona tahae tino mīharo papa.
• "Pirihitini" - 1901. Ko te Kōrero o te pakiaka Pirihitini me ngā hou o te wa.
• "I te raro" - 1902. tākaro wā whakapeka e pā ana ki te iwi manene nei i ngaro tumanako katoa.
• "Mother" - 1906. Roma i runga i te kaupapa o te mana'oo pāhoro i roto i te hapori e pā ana ki te mau mea e tupu i roto i te wheketere ahumahi, me te whai wāhitanga o ngā mema o tetahi utuafare.
• "Vassa Zheleznov" - 1910. He tākaro e pā ana ki te wahine-tau 42-tau taitamariki, rangatira o te kamupene kaipuke, kaha, me te kaha.
• "Kōhungahunga" - 1913. e kore ko Tale o te tamaiti ohie, me reira he ora ohie.
• "Tales o Itari" - 1913. He raupapa o ngā kōrero poto e pā ana ki te ora i roto i te pa Italian.
• "Ko te Passion-whakatoi" - 1913. He iti ngā kōrero e pā ana ki te utuafare hohonu oaoa.
• "Ko te iwi" - 1914. He kōrero e pā ana ki te kopera i roto i te toa hu huatau.
• "Taku Universities" - 1923. Tale o Kazan University me te ākonga.
• "Life Blue" - 1924. He kōrero e pā ana ki moe me ahua.
• "Pakihi Artamonov" - 1925. Korero o nga mau mea e tupu i te wheketere whatu papanga.
• "Life Klim Samgin" - 1936. Events timata o te rautau XX - Petersburg, Moscow, nga parepare.

lau takitaha he kōrero, he kōrero i te pukapuka ranei, rau te mana'o o te toi tuhituhi tiketike. kawe nga pūāhua he maha o ngā āhuatanga ahurei me ngā āhuatanga. mahi Bitter Analysis Ko tā ngā āhuatanga whānui pūāhua aru motuhake. Ko te hohonu o te kōrero pararopi ngā ki te pūrere tuhituhi uaua engari mārama. nga mahi katoa o te kaituhi nui Russian tomo Maksima Gorkogo te moni koura o te ahurea Russian.